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Transcript of air-economizer experiment at LBNL.
Authors: William Tschudi, Lawrence Berkeley Authors: William Tschudi, Lawrence Berkeley National LabNational Lab
Stephen Fok, Pacific Gas and Electric Stephen Fok, Pacific Gas and Electric CompanyCompany
Presented atPresented atASHRAE Winter Meeting in Dallas, TexasASHRAE Winter Meeting in Dallas, Texas
January 31, 2007 January 31, 2007
BEST PRACTICES for ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA CENTERS INDENTIFIED THROUGH CASE STUDIES and DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS
Northern California service territory Northern California service territory including the Silicon Valleyincluding the Silicon Valley
Estimated 400-500 MW of Data Center Estimated 400-500 MW of Data Center electricity load in our service territoryelectricity load in our service territory
Partnering with LBNL in addressing Data Partnering with LBNL in addressing Data Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities & Center Energy Efficiency Opportunities & Emerging TechnologiesEmerging Technologies
In 2006, major utility EE Program In 2006, major utility EE Program Implementation produced 132 MW and 677 Implementation produced 132 MW and 677 GWh in Electricity SavingsGWh in Electricity Savings
BEST PRACTICES for ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA CENTERS INDENTIFIED THROUGH CASE STUDIES and DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS
BEST PRACTICES for ENERGY EFFICIENT DATA CENTERS INDENTIFIED THROUGH CASE STUDIES and DEMONSTRATION
PROJECTS OVERVIEW:
LBNL Data Center Benchmarking - Roadmap Best Practices and Design Guidelines Sourcebook Air Management Demonstration Air Economizer Demonstration Centralized Air Handling Case Study Free Cooling using Water-Side Economizer Case Study Efficient Uninterruptible Power Supplies Case Study Q&A
A “research roadmap” was A “research roadmap” was developed for the California developed for the California Energy Commission and Energy Commission and outlined key areas for energy outlined key areas for energy efficiency research, efficiency research, development, and development, and demonstrationdemonstration
LBNL Data Center Benchmarking
LBNL Data Center LBNL Data Center BenchmarkingBenchmarking
23 Data Center Case Studies 23 Data Center Case Studies --
Banks/financial institutionsBanks/financial institutions Web hostingWeb hosting Internet service providerInternet service provider Scientific ComputingScientific Computing Recovery centerRecovery center Tax processingTax processing Storage and router Storage and router
manufacturersmanufacturers
LBNL Data Center LBNL Data Center Benchmarking -IT equipment Benchmarking -IT equipment load densityload density
IT Equipment Load Intensity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Data Center Number
Wat
ts/s
q. ft
.
2003 BenchmarksAve. ~ 25
2005 BenchmarksAve. ~ 52
Benchmarking energy end useBenchmarking energy end use
local distribution lines
to the building, 480 V
HVAC system
lights, office space, etc.
UPS PDU computer racks
backup diesel generators
Electricity Flows in Data CentersElectricity Flows in Data Centers
computerequipment
uninterruptible
load
UPS = Uninterruptible Power Supply
PDU = Power Distribution Unit;
Overall power use in Data Overall power use in Data CentersCenters
Courtesy of Intel Corporation
Server fans 15W
UPS +PDU 25W
PSU 50W
Load Load 100W100W
VR 15W
HVAC system 40W
Total Total 245W245W
Server fans 15W
UPS +PDU 25W
PSU 50W
Load Load 100W100W
VR 15W
HVAC system 40W
Total Total 245W245W
Data Center performance Data Center performance differencesdifferences
Variation in Data Center Energy End Uses
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
AVERAG
E 1 2 3 4.1 4.5 5 6.1 6.2 7 8 8.2 9
Facility Number
% o
f tot
al e
nerg
y us
e Other
Lighting
UPS Losses
Total HVAC
DC Equipment
Servers
HVAC system effectivenessHVAC system effectiveness
HVAC Effectiveness Index
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
Data Center Number
Rat
io o
f IT
Equi
pmen
t Po
wer
to H
VAC
Pow
er
We observed a wide variation in HVAC performance
Best Practices topics identified Best Practices topics identified through Benchmarkingthrough Benchmarking
HVAC – Air Delivery – Water Systems
Facility Electrical Systems
IT Equipment
Cross-cutting / misc. issues
Air management
Cooling plant optimization
UPS systems
Power Supply efficiency
Motor efficiency
Air economizers
Free cooling Self generation
Sleep/ standby loads
Right sizing
Humidification controls alternatives
Variable speed pumping
AC-DC Distribution
IT equip fans Variable speed drives
Centralized air handlers
Variable speed Chillers
Standby generation
Lighting
Direct liquid cooling
Maintenance
Low pressure drop air distribution
Commissioning/ continuous benchmarking
Fan efficiency Heat recovery Redundancies Method of charging for
space and power Building envelope
CA utility Design Guidelines CA utility Design Guidelines SourcebookSourcebook
Guides available through Energy Design Resources Website
Air Management DemonstrationAir Management Demonstration
Goal: Demonstrate better cooling and energy savings through improvements in air distribution in a typical and a high density environment.
Air Management Demonstration Air Management Demonstration ––High Density Data Center High Density Data Center The as-found conditions were monitoredThe as-found conditions were monitored
– TemperaturesTemperatures– Fan energyFan energy– IT energyIT energy
An area containing two high-intensity An area containing two high-intensity rows and three computer room air rows and three computer room air conditioning units was physically conditioning units was physically isolated from rest of the center – isolated from rest of the center – approximately 175 W/sfapproximately 175 W/sf
Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Center - (First alternate) Data Center - (First alternate) ColdColdAisle IsolationAisle Isolation
Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Center - (Second Data Center - (Second Alternate): Alternate): Hot Aisle IsolationHot Aisle Isolation
Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Center - ProcedureData Center - Procedure
Once test area was isolated, air conditioner Once test area was isolated, air conditioner fan speed was reduced using existing VFD’sfan speed was reduced using existing VFD’s
Temperatures at the servers were monitoredTemperatures at the servers were monitored IT equipment and fan energy were monitoredIT equipment and fan energy were monitored Chilled water temperatures were monitoredChilled water temperatures were monitored Hot aisle return air temperatures were Hot aisle return air temperatures were
monitored – monitored – ΔΔT was determinedT was determined
Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Center - Fan energy Data Center - Fan energy savingssavings:: 75% 75%
Since there was no Since there was no mixing of cold supply air mixing of cold supply air with hot return air -with hot return air -fan speed could be fan speed could be reducedreduced
Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data Center - Better temp control would Center - Better temp control would allow raising the temp in the entire allow raising the temp in the entire data centerdata center
Cold Aisle NW - PGE12813
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
6/13/2006 12:00 6/14/2006 0:00 6/14/2006 12:00 6/15/2006 0:00 6/15/2006 12:00 6/16/2006 0:00 6/16/2006 12:00
Time
Tem
pera
ture
(deg
F)
LowMedHigh
Baseline Alternate 1
Setup
Setup
Alternate 2
ASHRAE Recommended Range
Ranges during demonstration
Air Mgmt Demo, Air Mgmt Demo, High Density Data CenterHigh Density Data Center
Since air is not mixing, the overall air Since air is not mixing, the overall air supply temperature could be raised supply temperature could be raised (typically centers are below ASHRAE (typically centers are below ASHRAE recommended minimums because of recommended minimums because of mixing)mixing)
Hotter air is returned to the computer Hotter air is returned to the computer room air conditioners - Larger room air conditioners - Larger temperature difference (temperature difference (ΔΔT) allows air T) allows air conditioning unit to have more capacityconditioning unit to have more capacity
Air Economizer DemonstrationAir Economizer Demonstration
Goal: encourage use of outside air Goal: encourage use of outside air economizers where climate is economizers where climate is appropriateappropriate
Strategy: Strategy: – address data center professional’s biggest address data center professional’s biggest
concerns: contamination and humidity concerns: contamination and humidity controlcontrol
– quantify energy savings at one centerquantify energy savings at one center
Air Economizer DemonstrationAir Economizer Demonstration
Total of EIGHT data centers were studied. Total of EIGHT data centers were studied. Snapshot/monitoring over several daysSnapshot/monitoring over several days
Continuous monitoring equipment in Continuous monitoring equipment in place at one center. Data collection over place at one center. Data collection over several monthsseveral months
Before and after capability at TWO Before and after capability at TWO centerscenters
Energy savings estimate based on utility Energy savings estimate based on utility billing records. billing records.
Air Economizer DemonstrationAir Economizer Demonstration
Water soluble salts in combination with high Water soluble salts in combination with high humidity can cause failureshumidity can cause failures
Static electricity can occur with very low humidityStatic electricity can occur with very low humidity Humidity control for make-up air (or no controls) is Humidity control for make-up air (or no controls) is
usually sufficientusually sufficient Particle concentrations with normal filtration are Particle concentrations with normal filtration are
orders of magnitude lower than recommendedorders of magnitude lower than recommended Site No. 8 energy savings was estimated to be
about 1% of total energy depending on economizer set point.
Air Economizer Demo - Air Economizer Demo - Contamination is orders of Contamination is orders of magnitude less at serversmagnitude less at servers
0.3-5 Particulate Matter
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
5/15/060:00
5/15/0612:00
5/16/060:00
5/16/0612:00
5/17/060:00
5/17/0612:00
5/18/060:00
5/18/0612:00
5/19/060:00
5/19/0612:00
5/20/060:00
5/20/0612:00
5/21/060:00
5/21/0612:00
5/22/060:00
5/22/0612:00
5/23/060:00
Par
ticle
Con
c. (
mg/
m3 )
OutsideSupplyReturnrServer
150 mg/m3: IBM Suspended Particulates Limit
Air Economizer Demo - Particle Air Economizer Demo - Particle Concentrations by SizeConcentrations by Size
Particle Concentrationat Server Rack
0.0E+00
2.0E+03
4.0E+03
6.0E+03
8.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.2E+04
1.4E+04
1.6E+04
1.8E+04
2.0E+04
5/5/06 0:00 5/5/0612:00
5/6/06 0:00 5/6/0612:00
5/7/06 0:00 5/7/0612:00
5/8/06 0:00 5/8/0612:00
5/9/06 0:00
Parti
cle
Coun
t
2.0
1.0
0.7
0.5
Centralized Air Handling Case Centralized Air Handling Case StudyStudy
Utilize larger & more Utilize larger & more efficient fans and efficient fans and motors vs CRACmotors vs CRAC
Use of variable Use of variable frequency drivesfrequency drives
Located outside of Located outside of the data center the data center enhances space enhances space allocation and allocation and maintenance of IT maintenance of IT equipmentequipment
Free Cooling using Water-Side Economizer Case Study
Best suited for Best suited for climates with wet bulb climates with wet bulb temp < 55 deg F for temp < 55 deg F for >3000 hrs per year>3000 hrs per year
Very effective for Very effective for chilled water systems chilled water systems designed for >50 deg designed for >50 deg FF
Possible chilled water Possible chilled water plant energy savings plant energy savings of up to 75%of up to 75%
(1) At the same level of redundancy, approx 5% (1) At the same level of redundancy, approx 5% efficiency gains is possible from operating the efficiency gains is possible from operating the UPS at 33% vs 25% of full loadUPS at 33% vs 25% of full load(2) Additional HVAC savings improves life cycle (2) Additional HVAC savings improves life cycle costingcosting
Efficient Uninterruptible Power Supplies Case Study
Measured UPS Efficiency
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100
Load Factor (% of rated load)
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
William Tschudi, P.E.:William Tschudi, P.E.:E-Mail – WFTschudiE-Mail – [email protected]@lbl.gov
Stephen Fok, P.E.:Stephen Fok, P.E.:E-Mail – E-Mail – [email protected]@pge.com
Best Practices for Energy Efficient Data Centers Identified through Case Studies and Demonstration Projects - Q & A