Aim: To discuss the effects of World War I

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Why do you thinkThat the Ottoman Empire

Was called “theSick man of Europe?”

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PAYBACKTIME!!!

Wilson

Clemenceau Lloyd George

The Treaty of VersaillesJune 28, 1919

• There was a definite clash of goals at the Treaty of Versailles.

• Wilson wanted to make the world peaceful and prevent future wars.

• The European Allies’ were out for revenge against Germany.

Germany is slammed!

• War guilt (Article 231) Germany had to assume blame for the war

• Losses of territory (including Alsace and Lorraine back the French). France and Belgium were able to occupy the resource-filled Saar region until 1935. The Rhineland was to be occupied until 1935 as a demilitarized zone.

• Germany lost her colonies and were placed under the auspicies of the Allies. Wilson didn’t let Britain and France colonize them directly.

• The Germans were forced to reduce their armies, navies, and artillery.

• War payments- Germany was to make war payments of $32 billion.

Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Called for:

• An end to secret treaties

• Freedom of the seas

• Self-determination

• Decolonization

• The establishment of

The League of Nations

Why didn’t the United StatesEver join the League of NationsIf this was Wilson’s“brainchild?”

How did the Treaty of Versailles redraw the world map?

• http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/ushistory/ww1/preww1.htm

Territorial Losses and Gains• The Hapsburg Empire was destroyed and Austria and Hungary

became two separate states.• From lost German and Hapsburg lands new countries were created

including Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia (“self-determination.”)

• Italy received only a portion of the Austrian territory it was promised.• The Ottoman Empire lost all of its Middle Eastern possessions and

were placed under temporary British and French control (Mandate System). They were supposed to be prepared for eventual independence. The Arabs were disappointed since they had aided the Ottomans during the war. The Arabs were further irked by the Balfour Declaration of 1917 that stated the British position that the Jews should have a homeland in Palestine.

November 2nd, 1917 Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country." I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation. Yours sincerely, Arthur James Balfour

The Balfour Declaration

Q: How did the British make conflicting promises to the Jews and Arabs in Palestine?

The Hussein-McMahon AccordCorrespondence (1915-1916)

“As for those regions lying within these frontiers wherein Great Britain is free to act…I am empowered to give the following assurances:

1) Subject to the above modification, Great Britain is prepared to

recognize and support the independence of the Arabs

in all the regions within the limits demanded by the Sharif (Husayn) of Mecca.

2) Great Britain will guarantee the Holy Places against all external aggression…I am convinced that this declaration will assure you beyond doubt of the sympathy of Great Britain…”

But while the British made promises to both Arab

Nationalists and Jewish Nationalists….

The British and French had already agreed to

carve out Ottoman territory for their own

national self-interest!!!

• The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916• It is accordingly understood between the French and British

governments: • That France and great Britain are prepared to recognize and protect

an independent Arab states or a confederation of Arab states (a) and (b) marked on the annexed map, under the suzerainty of an Arab chief. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall have priority of right of enterprise and local loans. That in area (a) France, and in area (b) Great Britain, shall alone supply advisers or foreign functionaries at the request of the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.

• That in the blue area France, and in the red area Great Britain, shall be allowed to establish such direct or indirect administration or control as they desire and as they may think fit to arrange with the Arab state or confederation of Arab states.

• That in the brown area there shall be established an international administration, the form of which is to be decided upon after consultation with Russia, and subsequently in consultation with the other allies, and the representatives of the Sherif of Mecca.

How the Sykes-Picot agreement redrew the map of the Middle

East

Don’t forget the women!

• Women worked as truck drivers, factory workers, and other occupations while men were at war.

• In Britain over 1.35 million women who never worked took jobs.

• In Germany women comprised about 38% of the workforce.

• In France women working in the textile industry producing uniforms were granted a minimum wage.

• But once the men returned from war many women lost their jobs!

• http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/dms/past/ww1/women.html

Barrons AP World Review