AIM: How can we describe the basic characteristics of plants?

Do Now: Name all the plants you saw today

H.W. Read pages 238-245 and do questions 1-5 on 245.

List The 5 Characteristics of Plants1. They perform photosynthesis to

make GLUCOSE.2. Can NOT move from place to

place.3. They have CELL WALLS for

support.4. They are MULTICELLULAR and

have SPECIALIZED tissues.5. Must have LIGHT, CO2, H2O, O2,

and minerals.

What is VASCULAR TISSUE??

- tubelike cells that transport food & water through a plant.

How does vascular tissue help aplant?- allows plants to be large

organisms since it enables them to transport important nutrients from one part of a plant to another.

What are the 2 kinds of vascular tissue?

1.1. XYLEMXYLEM – carries H2o from roots (zylum) to leaves.

2.PHLOEM – FOOD from leaves to (flowum) roots and vice versa.

What are the 2 kinds of plants?• Vascular = TRACHEOPHYTES =

plants that have roots, stems and leaves. Ex: trees, grasses

2. Non-vascular = BRYOPHYTES=plants WITH NO roots, stems, or leaves.ex: mosses

Aim: How can we describe Roots, Stems, and Leaves?

Do Now: 1.Hand in HW.2.Describe some

characteristics of Plants.H.W.: Read pgs 246-260 do

questions 1-5 on 251 and 1-5 on 260

What is a ROOT??

- organs of vascular plants (usually below ground).

What are the FUNCTIONS of a root?1. Anchor a plant to the ground2. Collect water & minerals from

the soil3. Store food, vitamins, minerals

What are the 2 KINDS OF ROOTS?1.TAP ROOT – large slender root used to store foodEx: carrot, radish, dandelion

2. FIBROUS ROOT – long branching roots.Ex: trees, grass

ROOT TIP DIAGRAM:

1.ROOT HAIR – absorbs H2O2.CORTEX – stores food3.EPIDERMIS – protective layer4.ROOT CAP – protects root tip5.PHLOEM – carries food 6.XYLEM – carries H2O up to leaves7.GROWTH REGION – dividing

cells, area of growth.

Cross Section of a root

What is a STEM?

- organ which connects roots & leaves.

FUNCTIONS:- supports leaves for light- Stores food- Contain vascular tissue to

transport food & water.

What are the TYPES OF STEMS?1. HERBACEOUS - soft, green, flexible- live 1-2 years- can do photosynthesisex: grass, tulips, weeds

2. WOODY- hard, brown, rigid- live many years- cannot do photosynthesisex: shrubs, trees

What are the rings in a tree trunk?- layers of old

xylem cells.- New xylem is

formed every year by the CAMBIUM

**Rings do not form in herbaceous stems.

What is a LEAF?- plant organ that produces food

(glucose) by photosynthesis.LEAF DIAGRAM:1. CUTICLE – waxy layer, prevents H2O loss2. EPIDERMIS –clear,protective layer of cells3. PALLISADE LAYER-most photosynthesis

occurs here; cells w/lots of chloroplasts4. SPONGY LAYER-little photosynthesis

here5. VEIN – vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)6. STOMATE – pore for gas exchange7. GUARD CELLS – open & close stomates

How do plants make their own food?- by photosynthesis- They use CHLOROPHYLL (green

pigment) to trap light energy and store the energy in glucose.

What is the formula for photosynthesis???

CO2+H2O+sunlight+chlorophyll+enzymes ---- C6H12O6+O2+H2O

How does the plant get the reactants?CO2 – enters leaf thru stomatesH2O – roots absorb it & xylem

carries it to leafLIGHT – from the sunENZYMES & CHLOROPHYLL are

made by the cells in the leaf.

What does the plant do with the products?

GLUCOSE – broken down for energy by mitochondria during respiration

OXYGEN + WATER are excreted through the stomates.

What is the relationship b/w photosynthesis & respiration?

THEY ARE OPPOSITES! . . .- respiration releases energy while- Photosynthesis stores energyHow are the reactants different?

respiration – glucose & O2

photosynthesis – energy, CO2, H2O

How are the products different?resp. – energy, CO2, H2Ophotosyn. - glucose & O2

Where do they occur in the cell?resp. occurs in the mitochondria of

ALL cells.photosyn. occurs in the chloroplasts of

SOME leaf cells.Resp. = C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O +

energy

Photosyn = CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2 +H2O energy

What is a TROPISM???

- growth of a plant in response to a stimulus.

** caused by plant hormones called AUXINS

What are some plant tropisms??Phototropism = growth in

response to lightGeotropism = growth in response

to gravityHydrotropism = growth in

response to waterThigmotropism = growth in

response to touch

What is a POSITIVE tropism?- growth toward the stimulus

What is a NEGATIVE tropism?- growth away from a stimulus

How do plants reproduce asexually?- plants use spores OR roots,

stems, or leaves to reproduce ASEXUALLY

What are SPORES?- reproductive cells produced by

MITOSISWhich plants use spores?Moss & ferns

What is VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION?- reproducing new plants from

vegetative structures (roots, stems, leaves) of a plant.

TYPES:1) Bulb – short underground stem

surrounded by fleshy leaves. - contain stored food & can

form new plantsEx: onions, tulips, lillies

2) Runners – horizontal stem that grows along the surface of the ground.

- where stem touches soil it can form a new plant

Ex: strawberry plants, grasses3) Tuber –swollen portion of

underground stem with buds or “eyes”

- new plant develops from eye ex: potato, yams

4) Rhizome – underground stem that produces new plants.

Ex. Grass, iris5) Cuttings – leaf which can

produce roots Ex: ivy, geranium6) Grafting – combining the parts

of 2 different plants.

How do plants reproduce sexually?- Plants produce sperm and egg in special

structures called cones and flowersWhat is a cone?- Reproductive structure with overlapping

scales.Male Cone = small, produce pollen (sperm)Female Cone = large, produce egg and

seedsConifers = plants that use cones - most have needles- EX: Pine tree

What is a FLOWER?Reproductive structure of most plantsParts and functions1. STIGMA- sticky catches pollen2. STYLE- Supports the stigma3. OVARY - becomes the fruit4. OVULE- produces the egg5. EGG- becomes the seed6. POLLEN - holds sperm7. ANTHER - produces pollen8. FILAMENT - supports the anther9. PETAL - attracts insects with color and odor10. SEPAL - protects the “bud”11. STEM - supports the flower

The pistil is the complete female part of the flower (stigma, style, ovary, ovule, egg)

The stamen is the complete male part of the flower (anther, filament, pollen)

3 Types of Flowers1. Complete - contains both male and

female parts2. Incomplete - has either male or

female parts3. Compound - has many sets of parts

What is POLLINATION?

- The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma

How???- When wind, water, or animals

carry pollen from flower to flower

What is cross POLLINATION?

Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower

What is self POLLINATION?

- a complete flower transfers Pollen to its own stigma

Exploring Fruit

Where do seeds come from?

•With your partner, make observations about your fruit

•Once you’ve gathered enough info, walk around and share your information with two other groups

•Why is there so much diversity among all these fruits?

What is FERTILIZATION?

• The Uniting of a pollen grain (sperm) with an egg.

Pollination to fruit development in a

flower•1. Pollination - pollen

transfer to a stigma

After Pollination….

2. Pollen/Sperm make a tube to the egg

3. Fertilization occurs and the flower petals wither

4.The seed and ovary develop5.The ovary ripens

Bud on the end of a stem.

The Bud is beginning to open.

Still opening.

Almost there.

Just a little more.

The flower petals are about to emerge.

You can see the red petal well now

Several buds with red petals

The petals begin to unfold.

You can now see the sexual parts in the flower.

Can you Identify the sexual parts of the flower.

The pollen makes a tube down to the ovary and the petals fall off.

Fertilization occurs and the flower’s petals wither completely

away.

The seed and ovary Develop.

Still developing….

The Fruit begins to ripen.

You can start to tell that it is an apple.

Notice the seeds in the apple ready to be dispersed.

Why are the seeds encased in fruits, which we eat?

Why is the seed casing (hard shell) built so tough?

What other types of food have seeds in them? (What do squirrels eat?)

SUMMARY

What is SEED DISPERSAL?

- Moving the seeds away from the parent plant.

- Why would you want to move the seeds away from the parent plant?

- How?????

Wind

•Dandelion seeds

More Wind Dispersion.

• Maple

seeds.

Animals

raspberry, cherries

Water

•Coconut Seeds

What is GERMINATION?The growth of a seed into a plantStages of germination:1. Seed sprouts a root and pushes

up through the soil2. The cotyledon feeds the plant3. Leaves form and develop4. The cotyledons wither away

What are ANNUALS?Live for one year - dandelion

What are BIENNIALS?Live for two years - celery

What are PERENNIALS?Live for many years - trees

What is a MONOCOT?Seed with one cotyledon - grass,

cornWhat is a DICOT?Seed with 2 cotyledons

MONOCOTS DICOTS

SEEDS 1 cotyledon 2 cotyledons

FLOWERS parts in groups

of 3 parts in groups

of 4 & 5

STEMS vascular bundles

scattered vascular bundles

in rings

LEAVES veins parallel veins netlike

Differences in monocots and dicots: