AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured...
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![Page 1: AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located? OBJ: Given notes and activity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d215503460f949f7046/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located?
OBJ: Given notes and activity sheet SWBAT describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located with 70% accuracy.
DN: HW Check- Forces in Earth’s Crust Act. Sheet
ACT: Introduction to earthquake anatomy, types of seismic waves, measuring and locating the epicenter of an earthquake.Watch Nova Video (14 min): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SPbLpE5tQ_A
HW: Work on Tectonics Activity Sheet; Tectonics Exam, Friday, Feb. 13.
![Page 2: AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located? OBJ: Given notes and activity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d215503460f949f7046/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EARTHQUAKE ANATOMYEarthquake: shaking of Earth’s surface due to movement of rock along a fault. This movement comes from the release of stress occurring within rocks of the tectonic plates.
Focus: the location beneath Earth’s surface
(~ 100 km depth) where rock that is under stress breaks; earthquake (P- & S-wave) origin.
Epicenter: location on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus
![Page 3: AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located? OBJ: Given notes and activity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d215503460f949f7046/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of Seismic WavesEarthquakes produce seismic (energy carrying) waves that race outwards from the focus in all directions. These waves move through the earth’s interior and across the surface.
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Types of Seismic Waves:
P-waves: “Primary”, fastest, S,L; waves compress and expand the ground like an accordian/slinky.
S-waves: “Secondary”, slower, S; waves move side to side and up and down shaking ground back and forth; violent building/bridge damage; Absent from Earth’s outer core.
Rayleigh Waves: when P- & S- waves reach the surface, these surface (rolling) waves cause severe damage
![Page 5: AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located? OBJ: Given notes and activity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d215503460f949f7046/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: AIM: Describe the origin of an earthquake, types of seismic waves and how earthquakes are measured and their epicenter located? OBJ: Given notes and activity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062714/56649d215503460f949f7046/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Measuring Earthquake Strength:
Seismograph: instrument used to measure and record seismic wave magnitude.
Magnitude: amount of energy released.
Mercalli Scale: descriptive scale (containing 12 steps) to measure level of damage from an earthquake.
Richter Scale: measures magnitude (strength) of earthquake by the size of the seismic waves.
Each one-point increase equals 32 times more energy released (logarithmic scale)
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Seismograph
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Richter (logarithmetic) Scale
Mag
nit
ud
e
relative strength
Richter ValueMildModerate
Severe
Catastrophic
LEGEND
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Locating The Epicenter:
To determine the location of an epicenter, scientists determine the difference between the arrival times of the P-wave and S- wave.
The farther away an earthquake is, the greater the time between the arrival of the P-wave and the S-wave.
By drawing at least three circles using data from different seismographic stations, the intersection of the circles is the location of the epicenter.
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