PowerPoint Presentation

HIV/AIDS STIGMA

Whats the difference between HIV and AIDS?HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) may be thought of as two stages of an autoimmune disease.HIV is the initial infectionAIDS is when the immune system is so depleted that the body has no ability to fight back not normally fatal infections(AIDS.org)Helper T (TH) cells are critical to coordinating the activity of the immune response.The normal CD4 T helper cells is 500-1500/mm3 of blood and normal life span is 100 days.HIV asymptomatic = more than 500CD4+/mm3 and last for 8-10 yearsHIV symptomatic = 200-499CD4+/mm3AIDS = CD4T helper cells= 50-200/mm3

WHICH BODY FLUIDS CONTAIN HIV?CONTAIN HIVDO NOT CONTAIN HIVBloodSemenPre-seminal fluidBreast milkVaginal fluidsRectal (anal) mucousAmniotic fluid

SalivaTearsSweatFecesUrine

Photo from: AIDS.gov

Stigma and DiscriminationStigma refers to unfavourable attitudes and beliefs directed toward someone or something. It happens when others devalue a person or a group of people because they are associated with a certain disease, behaviour or practice. Discrimination is the treatment of an individual or group with partiality or prejudice Stigmatization reflects an attitude Discrimination is an act or behaviour

Root CausesThe role of knowledge about HIV and AIDS and fear surrounding it.Ogden and Nyblade believe that the fear of transmission from casual transmission, and the various "what if scenarios" are the result of 1) the lack of specific, in-depth information about HIV transmission, 2) fear-based public messaging, and 3) the evolving nature of knowledge about HIV and AIDS. 2. The role of values, norms, and moral judgmentThis stigma is exacerbated by the seriousness of the illness, its mysterious nature, and its association with behaviours that are either illegal or socially sensitive (e.g., sex, prostitution, and drug use). Also relevant is the perception that HIV infection is the product of personal choice: that one chooses to engage in "bad" behaviours that put one at risk and so it is "one's own fault" if HIV infection ensues."

Forms of stigma Verbal stigmaGossip, taunting, scoldingLabelling: in Africa: "moving skeleton," "walking corpse," and "keys to the mortuary." In Vietnam: "social evils," and "scum of society.

Institutionalized stigmaBarred from jobs, scholarships, visasDenial of health servicesPolice harrassment

Factors that can lead to AIDS Discrimination and Stigma HIV is a deadly disease that many people fear. Some adults still wrongly believe that they can catch HIV through casual contact, such as sharing and drinking glass or touching a toilet seat. This greatly increases their fear about being near people who are infected. Many people connect HIV and AIDS with behaviors that are already stigmatized, such as sex between men or injectingdrugs. Some people believe that having HIV or AIDS is the person's own fault. For example, they might think it's the result of moral weakness and deserves to be punished.

Expressed in many ways:Ostracism, rejection, and avoidance of people with AIDS (PWAs)Discrimination against PWAsCompulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentialityViolence against persons who are perceived to have AIDS or to be infected with HIVQuarantine of persons with HIVSelf explanatory

10The Different RightsThe right to non-discrimination, equal protection, and equality before the law. The right to the highest attainable standard of health resources. This ensures that patients with HIV/AIDS can be able to access health treatment and they may not be refused emergency medical treatment. The right to work. This right ensures that they can acquire work and not be discriminated regardless of their health status.

The Different RightsThe right to liberty and security of the person. - This right empowers the patients to make their own decisions about medical treatment and it protects them from being treated in a cruel and inhumane manner. The right of freedom of movement. - It allows persons who are infected to freely move around the country, hence they cannot be forced to live in a separate place away from the society. The right of freedom of movement. - It allows persons who are infected to freely move around the country, hence they cannot be forced to live in a separate place away from the society

Confidentiality - Ethical reporting of HIV/AIDS requires that confidentiality of those with the virus and their family and friends, is respected. Identities or addresses should not be revealed or hinted at without their permission. Information given in confidence should never be passed or made accessible to others, inside or out the media.

Equity/distributive justice Respect for the person Informed consent LEGAL ISSUESBragdon v. Abbot Supreme Court Case: Court ruled that HIV is included in the 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) designed to protect the privacy of patients records.

14Legal Issues PHThe Revised Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy and Program Act of 2012.

House bill 6751 aims to protect the rights and freedom of those infected with hiv/aids

15Religious IssuesChurches and Mosques have been the source of stigma and religious leaders have been slow to respond to the epidemic.Societal beliefs that associate HIV with sin have caused many religious leaders to label the virus as a punishment from God.

Morality According to PragmatismGovernmentRestrictions on Traveling &Stay EmploymentCommunity Family

Useful, workable, beneficialMorality According to Categorical ImperativeFirst Formulation:Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction.Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals

Second Formulation:Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never merely as a means to an end, but always at the same time as an end.Immanuel Kant, Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals

BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/how-you-get-hiv-aids/http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4968085_how-aids-transmitted.htmlhttp://www.manilatimes.net/philippine-officials-struggle-to-erase-hivaids-stigma/28886/http://www.congress.gov.ph/press/details.php?pressid=6770http://www.aidstar-one.com/sites/default/files/resources/external/health_policy_initiative/877_1_KENERELA_FINAL_acc.pdf