AIA News 140 Spring 2007 · mbe rPatick Flat 2, 14 Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham GL50 2SX Librarian...

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY

NEWSTHE BULLETIN OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY FREE TO MEMBERS OF AIA

Gasholder reuse in Europe � Elsecar in actionFootpads and highwaymen � Industrialising prison

173SUMMER

2015

The attitude of different countries towards theirgasworks varies from dislike to reverence. In theUK we are not reusing our surviving gasholders inthe way they are doing in many other places. Thisarticle is a selection from a comprehensivegazetteer of gasholders in Europe and elsewhere,many of which have been reused for otherpurposes. These range from apartments toperformance spaces and include parking,television studios and even a diving tank.Regrettably, lack of space prevents the inclusionof many other interesting examples.

Robert Carr

British open framed gasholders are unsuitable forcolder climates where gasholder buildings aregenerally preferred to prevent the water sealsfreezing. The reuse of gasholder buildings iscommonplace but gasholders with guide framesdo not suggest adaptive reuse so obviously;nonetheless there are examples in Dublin andBerlin, and nearer home the intended re-use ofthe guide frames of the gasholder triplet at StPancras in London provides a third example. Ascheme for the reuse of the large East Greenwichgasholder has been proposed by two architectsfrom BDP (formerly Building Design Partnership).A model was exhibited at the Royal Academysummer exhibition in 2014. Search – ‘BDP modelchosen for summer exhibition’.

AustriaVienna – SimmeringOne of the most famous examples of the re-use ofgasholders. Four large gasholder houses werebuilt here 1896-1899 and were in use until 1986.The gasholders they contained were each 70mhigh and 60m in diameter. These buildings areutterly stunning – four Albert Halls in a row! Forcomparison, London’s Albert Hall is 41m high.

Following a competition in 1995, fourarchitects were chosen and each allotted agasholder building to adapt. The interiors havebeen reused for apartments, offices andentertainment. There are interconnectedshopping malls on the ground floors. www.archi-ninja.com/excellent-examples-of-adaptive-reuse/

GermanyOberhausenPerhaps the most famous gasholder conversion ofall. This is a MAN type holder 120m high and isnow an important cultural centre. Built 1927-29,it is the largest of its kind in Europe. It wasdecommissioned in 1988. Described as ‘thelandmark of the city of Oberhausen’ – it hasbecome ‘an entire region’s identification sign thatcannot be overlooked’.

Tauchrevier, Duisberg – Indoor diving centreAn above ground single-lift gasholder with guideframe built in the 1920s, the tank has become an

indoor diving centre with the original single-liftbell still in place. This serves as a dome for thepool beneath. The largest such diving and trainingcentre in Europe, the tank here has a diameter of45m and is 13m deep. An unusual gasholderredevelopment, it is part of the Landscape ParkDuisburg Nord, a former steel works complexnow a public park.

AugsburgGaswerks Augsburg is a large partly preservedgasworks which dates from 1915. Threegasholders remain and most of the 1915buildings, including some of their contents.Augsburg is the home of the companyMaschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nürnberg (M.A.N.)which originated the M.A.N. dry gasholder. Theseholders consist of a fixed steel tower and have avertically running piston inside with a tar sealretaining the gas which is admitted beneath thepiston. They have been built in large numbersaround the world. The example at GaswerksAugsburg is the oldest of this type, the first drygasholder in the area and also the smallest M.A.Ngasholder.

Leipzig The second gasworks to be built in Leipzigopened in 1885. At one time there were fourgasholders here, the two surviving were built in1885 and 1909-10. The 1910 gasholder has beenconverted for commercial exhibition purposesand at present has a long running specialexhibition – the Asisi panometers. These display360 degree panoramas designed by the artistYadegar Asisi. Subjects have included MountEverest, Ancient Rome, Amazonia and the GreatBarrier Reef and they form a major touristattraction.

DresdenThere is a gas holder house here built 1891 whichhas been turned into an art gallery for apanorama, showing Dresden as it might haveappeared in 1756 – as seen from the KatholischeHofkirche. Known as the Panometer, it wascreated by the Austrian-born artist Yadegar Asisi,who coined the name as a portmanteau of‘panorama’ and ‘gasometer’. A great touristattraction nearly ten stories high, the DresdenPanometer had over 500,000 visitors in the firsttwo years following its opening in 2006. There isalso a large reinforced concrete gas holder houseclose by built 1907-09. This is the ErlweinGasometer, named after the Dresden municipalarchitect, Hans-Jakob Erlwein.

Berlin – The Fichte BunkerA gasholder building designed by the civilengineer Johann Wilhelm Schwedler and built in1874; this Berlin gasholder house has a brick shell21m high and 56m in diameter. The holder inside,now removed, stored gas for street lighting inBerlin until the 1920s. During World War II thebuilding was reinforced and used as a six-level air

2—INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—173

INDUSTRIALARCHAEOLOGY

NEWS 173Summer 2015

Honorary PresidentProf Marilyn Palmer63 Sycamore Drive, Groby, Leicester LE6 0EWChairmanKeith Falconer32 Fromefield, Frome, Somerset BA11 2HEVice-ChairmanDr Michael NevellSecretaryDavid de HaanAIA Liaison Office, Ironbridge Gorge Museum,Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DXTreasurerJohn JonesHines Farm, Earl Stonham, Suffolk IP14 5HQIA Review EditorsDr Mike Nevell and Dr Ian WestIA News EditorChris BarneyThe Barn, Back Lane, Birdingbury CV23 8ENAffiliated Societies OfficerLynne WalkerConference SecretaryJohn McGuinness29 Altwood Road, Maidenhead SL6 4PBEndangered Sites OfficerAmber PatrickFlat 2, 14 Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham GL50 2SXLibrarian and ArchivistJohn PowellIronbridge Gorge Museum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DXPublicity OfficerRoy Murphy3 Wellington Road, Ombersley, Worcestershire WR9 0DZRecording Awards OfficerShane KelleherSales OfficerRoger FordBarn Cottage, Bridge Street, Bridgnorth, Shropshire WV15 6AFCouncil MembersDavid Alderton (Heritage Alliance)Bill Barksfield (overseas trips)Dr Robert Carr (BA Awards)Dr Paul Collins (Conservation Award & Partnerships)Tony CrosbySteve Dewhirst (Conservation Award)Bruce Hedge (Membership development)Shane KelleherMichael Messenger (Website manager)Ian MillerStephen Miles (Conference bookings)Dr Tegwen RobertsPaul Saulter (E FAITH)Mark Sissons (Restoration Grants)Mark Watson (TICCIH GB National Representative)Dr Ian West (Health & Safety)Honorary Vice-PresidentsProf Angus Buchanan Sir Neil CossonsProf John Hume

Liaison OfficerDavid de Haan and Anne Sutherland (assistant), AIA LiaisonOffice, The Ironbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum,Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX. Tel: 01740 656280. E-mail: [email protected]: www.industrial-archaeology.org

COVER PICTURE

Riga, aerial view of gasworks showing the two watertowers

Photo: Gvido Puk,e

Gas holders Part 2

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS—173—3

raid shelter – known as the Fichte Bunker. Despiteheavy bombardment it survived the war more orless undamaged. It is Berlin’s last remaining brickgasholder building. Exclusive new flats have beenconstructed at the top, under the dome.

Gasholder SchönebergA giant water sealed gasholder built 1908-10with a guide frame 78m high. Listed in 1994 it isregarded as an important local landmark. Insideat the bottom, a structure resembling the GermanReichstag dome was built in 2009 in the aboveground water tank. It is used as an event spacefor up to 600 people and hosts a regulartelevision political talk show. For a charge of 30Euros and accompanied by a guide it is possibleto climb to the top of the gasholder frame. There

are 456 steps.

LatviaRigaThe first gasworks in Latvia opened in Riga in1862, designed by C A Kühnell, the technicaldirector of the Berlin gasworks. It sported twocastellated gasholder buildings, generallyconsidered very picturesque, and even depictedon postcards in the early twentieth century. Bothgasholder houses were demolished in 1934. Therest of this complex was reused in the interwarperiod and survives today.

Clearly, gas in Riga was a success as a secondgasworks opened in the city in 1875. Both theseworks were municipal. By the early twentiethcentury this second gasworks had threegasholder buildings. Gas production finished atthis works in 1962. The oldest gasholder, nowdemolished, dated from 1873-4; a secondgasholder building designed by the civil engineerA Hartmann was built in 1882. The largestgasholder designed by the architect K Felsko wascompleted in 1901.

Czech Republic Ostrava, North MoraviaAt the Vitkovice steelworks a gas holder for blastfurnace gas has been converted into amultifunctional auditorium known as the Gong –a popular venue for education, cultural events,conferences, congresses and all kinds ofexhibitions. It has excellent acoustics. Built 1922-24, the holder ceased operation in 1998 andopened as a concert hall in 2012. The AIA SpringTour visited in 2014.

The NetherlandsAmsterdamThirteen heritage buildings here formed part of‘Westergasfabriek’. Most were originallydesigned by the famous Amsterdam architectIsaac Gosschalk (1838-1907) in the Dutch Neo-Renaissance style. Westergasfabriek has beenreused as ‘Culture park Westergasfabriek’,including a large area of parkland. There aretelevision studios and a large circular gasholdernow hosts trade fairs.

ItalyVenice – San Francesco della VignaClose to the walls of the Arsenal is the site of thefirst gasworks in Venice: San Francesco dellaVigna. There are two water sealed gasholders ofthe two lift telescopic type which have their tanksentirely above ground.

The original bell-type gasholder n° V of 1882was enlarged in 1890 by adding a second liftdoubling its capacity. It is column-guided with itsguide frame horizontally divided into two partscorresponding to the two lifts. Gasholder n° V hasa height of 21m and a diameter of 30m. Becauseit was built in two phases this gasholder n° V islisted as a monument.

Gasholder n° VI was built in 1928 as a two-lift, frame-guided telescopic gasholder with aheight of 23m and a diameter of 25m. Bothgasholders were in use until 1971.

Demolition was proposed but did not takeplace owing to local protest.

Florence – San FredianoThis is the first gasworks site in Florence. Onlyone historic gasholder remains here, an originalbell-type holder built in 1882 by ‘V-Ve-Moussy-Constructeur-Lyon’. The water tank is partiallyunderground and the guide framing has columns.These have a circular cross section and at the topterminate in an ornamental ‘flame’ decoration.This gasholder was one of the smallest survivinggasholders in Italy. However in 1955 the holderacquired a second spiral-guided flying lift. Todaya public park surrounds it and it is now part of asocial centre.

Rome – San PaoloBy the Tiber in zona San Paolo there are fourwater sealed gasholders whose guide frames andwater tanks have survived.

In 1908 two telescopic gasholders were builthere under a patent of Samuel Cutler & Sons ofLondon. A third much larger Cutler-type followedin 1912. All of them have water tanks which arepartially underground.

The tallest holder at San Paolo, probably thetallest in Italy, has five telescopic lifts. Known as‘gazometro’ it is 90m high and 63m in diameter.This gasholder, built in 1936, is a German patentdesign by August Klönne. Today the Cutler-typegasholders have been repaired and re-used bytheir owner ‘ITALGAS’ (a power supply company)for warehousing, parking, etc. The concept isminimally invasive so that the guide frames canstill be seen as an important part of the cityscape.

Berlin, Schöneberg 1910 gasholder. photo Oliver Frühschütz.

Venice, Gasometro VI 1928photo Barbara Berger 2008

Rome, Klönne gasholderphoto Barbara Berger


Because of its great size the Klönne holder isa special landmark for Rome. Now the‘luxometro’, an art installation, it has beenilluminated at night.

GreeceAthens – TechnopolisThis is the Athens Gasworks which was built from1857 by the French Gas Light Company,production starting in 1862. Near the city centreand Acropolis, it closed in August 1984 and wasredeveloped in the 1980s as an industrialmuseum and cultural centre – the Technopolis.The gasworks have been impressively restored soas to maintain their social and architecturalsignificance. Three gasholders remain on site; theframes of the two water sealed gasholders havebeen reused. This is a Museum which aims tohighlight both the work’s history and theindustrial development of Athens over the lasttwo centuries.

‘The charm of a bygone era conveyed throughstacks, large gasholders, chimneys and ovens,conspires with reverence to establish the site as afactory for the protection and production of art.Etymologically, the word ‘gas’ (derived from theancient German galist, later geist) means spirit.’

IrelandDublin UK LtdCloser to home and looking westward, we havean excellent example of the reuse of a gasholderguide frame in Dublin at the Barrow Streetgasworks by O’Mahony Pike Architects. A watersealed holder, the Alliance, was erected here in1884 by S Cutler and Sons of London. The guideframe has been fully restored and repainted;within it has been built a circular nine-storey 240apartment residential building with a central lightwell. This is an exemplary conversion, seeomparchitects.com/en/projects/the-gasworks/

DenmarkCopenhagen – Oestre Gasveark Teater,Roughly two kilometres from the city centre, arenovated gasholder building houses the citytheatre with about 800 seats. It has a diameter ofroughly 45 metres and a height of about 26

metres. Service facilities are housed in a newextension, connected to the theatre by a tunnel.The stage is against a wall; this is not theatre inthe round. Toilets, workshops and other supportfacilities are beneath the stage.

SwedenStockholm – Värtan In Stockholm in an area known at NorraDjurgårdsstaden; the former dockland area isnow run down and is being massivelyredeveloped. Over the next 20 to 30 years some30,000 workplaces and 10,000 apartments are tobe created – The Royal Seaport development.Central to this area is a gas works,Värtagasverket, which a group of local actors andofficials intend to turn into a cultural centre. Thereare four low pressure gasholders here: tworedbrick gasholder houses, built 1893 and 1900, asteel multi-lift holder built in 1912 and a largeMAN piston-type holder dating from 1932. Thelatter is be replaced by an even taller tower block.The red brick gasholder buildings which weredesigned by Ferdinand Boberg (1860 – 1946) willbe retained. It is intended that relocating the

main stage of the Royal Swedish Opera willtransform the 65m diameter gasholder housebuilt in 1900 into a 950-seat auditorium.

Ballet, opera, art, a library and a museum areall planned for this area.

There are also plans for a data storage centreinside the 1893 gasholder building. Search –gigaom.com/2013/04/04/caves-ships-and-aging-gasometers-3-unlikely-homes-for-data-centers/

Gävle – Gefle Gasverks, This complete gas works has two gasholderhouses, now used for theatre performances. Onehas a diameter of 26 metres and height of 12metres, the other has a diameter of 25 metres anda height of 8 metres. Both gasholder buildingshave flexible seating and stage areas. Supportfacilities are underground and in the surroundingbuildings. They are used by independent theatregroups and organisers of fairs and similar events.The other buildings are also being renovated withmunicipal and EU funds.

FinlandHelsinki – Suvilahti, At Suvilahti there are nine buildings, two largegasholders and 2.5 hectares of open-air yard. It isintended that a cultural centre will be formedgradually as the buildings are renovated andtenants move in. Suvilahti is already anestablished venue for new circus and otherperforming arts. The circus performers at Suvilahticover the entire range from amateur toprofessional.The original buildings were designed more than acentury ago by Selim A. Lindqvist (1867 – 1939),who was inspired in part by the Art Nouveauarchitecture of Vienna. The property management company Kiinteistö OyKaapelitalo is responsible for the renovations anddevelopment of Suvilahti, as well as for rentingout space. This company is owned by the City ofHelsinki and operates entirely on income fromrents with no outside support.Inside view of converted gasworks, Dublin.

Stockholm, general view of the gasworks. photo Katriina Etholén

TurkuThere is a gasholder house here built in 1913,about 30m in diameter and 25m high. Thisgasholder house was saved from destruction bythe local power company Turku Energia and thesite is now used as a thermal battery for thedistrict heating network, storing hot water. Thegasholder house contains tanks which can easilyhold several million litres of water at 100°C.Public spaces have been created on several floors

inside the building. Before this it had hostedmusic events in the attic space and twosuccessful concerts were held there in 2010. Thesite also has a Horton sphere gasholder.

AcknowledgementsMany people have been helpful in preparing thisarticle; in particular special thanks are due toKatriina Etholén, Inga Karlštr�ma, Barbara Berger,Oliver Frühschütz and Rasmus Radach.

The recently published papers on gasholdersby Louis Bergeron and Katriina Etholén inIndustrial Patrimony 27 have been consulted. Usehas also been made of numerous websites andthe excellent work of Dr Russell Thomas deservesspecial mention. These sources have beeninvaluable in preparing this article on theretention and reuse of gasholders overseas.


Helsinki, gasholders of 1910 (rear) and 1929 (front).photo Katriina Etholén, February 2012

St Petersburg, photo Katriina Etholén, March 2009.

So much is said and written about the hazardousworking conditions faced by the miners andsmelters that we can be forgiven for overlookingthe fact that being a lead company owner orsteward could also be a dangerous occupation.Business correspondence transcribed by membersof the ‘Reading the Past’ group of the DukesfieldSmelters and Carriers Project (see below) hasuncovered some illuminating examples of this.

Mike Powell, Reading the Past Group

In the eighteenth century the Blackett-Beaumontlead company’s miners in Allendale, Coalcleughand Weardale received payment annually for theore they won from the mines. In between these‘great pays’, they received small subsistencepayments to keep themselves and their familiesgoing. This system was convenient for the ownersin terms of cash flow as it gave them time toprocess, transport and sell the lead before theywere obliged to pay the miners. On the downside,it meant that when a great pay was approachingthe company had to lay its hands on largequantities of cash, which then had to be takenout to the mines by the stewards. Amassingsufficient cash for a pay was always a headacheof significant proportions for the Beaumonts andtheir Chief Steward, John Erasmus Blackett, inNewcastle.

In a letter of 22 April 1793 Blackett wrote toCol. T.R. Beaumont indicating how they weregoing to lay their hands on £43,300 in cash in

order to make the next pay due in May. Blacketthad succeeded in securing £30,000 in cash andnotes from the company’s bankers but thebalance of £13,300 was to be delivered toNewcastle in person by the Colonel in gold andsilver coin. This appears to have been a commonarrangement as the miners were somewhatsuspicious of bank notes and preferred to receivea proportion of their pay in hard currency. In thedays before Securicor and Group 4 this was notan undertaking to be approached lightly. In apersonal note at the end of the letter Blackettrecounted the cautionary tale of Mr RowlandBurdon, a Newcastle banker, who a few weeksearlier was transporting a large quantity of cashin a post chaise through Oxfordshire when hewas ‘attacked on the road … by three foot pads’.He had succeeded in fighting off the highwaymenbefore they discovered the large cashconsignment he was carrying. Blackett concludedhis note by saying ‘I mention this to you that youmay be very well arm’d and to be cautious howyou travel late at night. I wish you safe traveldown.’

The ‘Oxford Journal’ of 18 May 1793 confirmsthis story. One John Wiltshire appeared in court,‘charged on suspicion of having committedseveral footpad and highway robberies’, one ofwhich was that upon Mr Burdon: ‘Mr. Burdonsaid, that between the hours of one and twoo’clock, on 17 April last, he was stopped in a postchaise, in which was his servant also, by threefootpads, one of whom opened his chaise door,and presented a pistol at him; he immediately

drew a couteau, with which he made a blow atthe robber, but the fellow jumped back, avoidedthe blow, and snapped his pistol at him. Mr.Burdon turned round, and found that his servanthad been dragged out at the opposite side of thechaise, and a man, who he believes to be theprisoner, jumped in, and after some scuffle withhim, in which he wounded the footpad, the fellowpinioned down his arms, and rifled his pockets,from whence he took 25 guineas, and a goldwatch.’

Col. Beaumont was not the only person in thelead company who travelled armed whencarrying cash. An entry in the company’s accountjournals for 1787 reads:

‘Pd Jno Knubley for Pistols for the LeadStewards £16-10-6Pd William Nicholson for Holsters &c forthe Lead Stewards £6-14-0’

(My thanks to Ian Forbes who tracked down the‘Oxford Journal’ report in the British NewspaperArchive and to Ian Hancock for information fromthe lead company account journals.)

The Dukesfield Smelters and Carriers Projectaimed to discover and celebrate the heritage ofthe Dukesfield Arches & lead carriers’ routesbetween Blaydon and the lead mines of Allendaleand Weardale. A two year community project, itwas led by the Friends of the North Pennines inpartnership with Hexhamshire and Slaley ParishCouncils and the active support of AllendaleEstates. It is now drawing to a close.

Of Footpads and Highwaymen


VISIT THE AIA WEBSITEwww.industrial-archaeology.org

I was late for the big event, and getting later. ‘Itwas a dark and stormy night. The rain came downin torrents’ (Lord Lytton). Sheffield’s eveningrush-hour traffic was more congested than ever.It was Friday 2 November, and I was on my wayto the ‘unveiling and activation’ of the 1795Newcomen atmospheric engine at Elsecar.

Derek Bayliss

This is one of the most important monuments ofthe Industrial Revolution. Perhaps it should bepart of a World Heritage Site. It is the onlyremaining Newcomen engine, anywhere, in itsoriginal engine house. Newcomen opened theway to all the later uses of steam as a source ofpower, from the work of James Watt to the lateststeam turbines. Just as important, he opened anew era in mining. Instead of drainage by lowcapacity pumps worked by animals, men, or waterpower, or by digging laborious adits where theterrain permitted, water could be raised in muchlarger quantities by the new engines. Deeper andmore extensive mines became possible, anduntouched new seams could be worked. AtElsecar, the engine was an essential part of LordFitzwilliam’s New Colliery. By 1795 Watt’s moreefficient engines were available, but theatmospheric engine was robust, ran on theabundant low grade coal, and involved no royaltypayments.

Over the years, it was repaired and altered. Alarger cylinder was fitted in 1801, and in 1836 thetimber beam was replaced by an iron one withparallel motion. But it kept on working, doing the

job it was designed for, until it was replaced byelectric pumps in 1923. Henry Ford’srepresentative came to look at it in the 1930s asa candidate for his museum at Dearborn, but asimilar engine from near Ashton under Lyne,known as Fairbottom Bobs, was chosen instead. Itwas steamed again in 1953, for a visit by theNewcomen Society, but something went wrongand it was badly damaged.

In 1973 it was scheduled as an AncientMonument. Barnsley Council bought it in 1988from the National Coal Board, along with theElsecar Workshops, which were built from around1850 to serve the adjoining iron works and theFitzwilliam collieries. It was opened up from timeto time, for visiting groups or special events. AlanBates, a retired miner, and then steam enthusiastRichard Lamb, used to outline its history and howit worked, while the visitors puzzled over thedusty and rusty mechanism. Meanwhile therewere long if intermittent debates over whether torestore it to working order, and if so, how; andover how to accommodate visitors and provideinterpretation in the cramped spaces of theengine house.

At one point the prevailing view seemed tobe that it should be restored to run on lowpressure steam, as during its working life. But inthe end the problems outweighed the merits, andit is now worked by hydraulic power, concealed inthe pumping shaft – a solution first suggested byNational Coal Board engineers in 1981.Interpretation has been provided in Building 32,one of the oldest and largest in the Workshops.The work has been generously supported by theHeritage Lottery Fund. The Project Lead Engineer

for the work was Geoff Wallis, appropriatelyduring his term as President of the NewcomenSociety.

I arrived late after all, and joined the crowd inBuilding 32 during the last of the speeches, so Icannot report on them. Then many of us followedthe Mayor of Barnsley outside to turn on theWorkshops’ Christmas lights. After a wait, wewere led over to the engine house, where therewere increasing signs of activity. There werefireworks, despite the continuing rain. Steamlocos ran up and down on the adjoiningCortonwood and Elsecar Railway. The expectationand tension grew. The new power had workedsuccessfully during trials – it had its first run onFriday 24 October, and by chance I was atBarnsley’s country house museum, Cannon Hall,when the news came through. Would there nowbe a hitch before this audience? But no, at lastthe pump rod moved slowly up and down in theshaft, and raised and lowered the beam. TheElsecar Newcomen engine was moving again. Werelaxed and brushed off the rain, and there was awell deserved round of applause.

For details of opening days and times,consult the websites experience-barnsley.com orelsecar-heritage.com . The Newcomen engine willonly run on a few days each year; advancebooking is essential (01226 740203) and there isa charge of £3 per person.

The Newcomen engine at Elsecar – Moving again after morethan 60 years

Working on the beam of the Elsecar Newcomen engine, photo John Tanner

Elsecar: the Newcomen engine house and engine,photo John Tanner


In October 2014 the E-FAITH heritage weekendwas held in Lyon and Vaulx-en-Velin. E-FAITH isthe European Federation of Associations ofIndustrial and Technical Heritage and thedelegates attending came from all over Europeincluding Russia. The subject for the weekendwas ‘A Holistic Heritage in a Global World 2015,the European Industrial and Technical HeritageYear.’

Sue Constable

The events began on the Friday morning with avisit to the waterworks at Caluire where aCornish pump survives in the middle of a historicand, at that time, still working water treatmentplant. There are also impressive undergroundreservoirs on site.

The afternoon was devoted to lectures on2015 European Industrial and Technical HeritageYear. This has the support of the Council of Europeand it is hoped that the European Heritage Daysin 2015 will have a significant input fromIndustrial Heritage sites.

The day finished with the formal welcome tothe conference and presentations on theindustrial history of Lyon and the Rhone-Alpesregion, followed by an excellent buffet and agreat deal of discussion.

Saturday was spent at Vaulx-en-Velin. Theday began with a visit to the exhibition outliningthe Carré de Soie project which aims to revitalisethe former industrial area. We then went to theformer artificial silk factory – TASE - where thelecture sessions were to take place. On the waywe visited the workers’ village which had beenbuilt to serve the factory. This was built on thegarden city principle and included shops and barsand a medical centre.

We were treated to a varied programme oflectures ranging from power plants in Athens tomining industrial heritage in the Fennoscandiaarea of Russia.

A paper on the Ghent textile industry was ofparticular interest. A timeline had been producedwhich showed in detail the mergers, closures andsplitting up of larger conglomerates. Thetechnique was thought by many of the delegatesto have relevance to their field of study.

On Sunday morning we had the choice ofvisiting Soierie Vivante or the Gratte Cieldevelopment at Villeurbanne. We chose to go toSoierie Vivante – a restored silk weavingworkshop where metal braids (galon) was made.The workshop still has its two early woodenframed Jacquard looms and these weredemonstrated for us.

After lunch we enjoyed a guided walk roundthe Confluence area. This was the dock area ofLyon. As the docks closed the area becamederelict and has recently been redeveloped withthe building of new offices, the restoration ofsome older buildings and the making of ariverside walk with restaurants and bars. We alsosaw the new Museum of the Confluence buildingwhich opens in Spring 2015. The afternoonfinished with a visit to Halles Tony Garnier, theformer city meat market, which is now anexhibition venue.

It was a fascinating weekend and gave us aninsight into the city which the AIA is visiting thisMay. Our thanks must go the Heritage of Industrywho arranged for us to attend.

E-FAITH in Lyon

Looking at the looms at Soierie Vivante’, photo Sue Constable

THE AIA ON TWITTERThe AIA is now on twitter @AIndustrialArch if any twitter-savvy members would like to follow usor contact us that way. The account isn’t constantly monitored, but we’ll try and reply to messagesas soon as we can. We’ll also be happy to retweet industrial heritage news from members, so eithertag us in your message or use the hashtag #loveindustrialheritage and we’ll do our best!


For several years now the University of Salfordhas been exploring the site of New Bailey Prisonin the centre of Salford, ahead of regeneration ledby Muse Developments. The site is spread acrossseveral redevelopment packages so this is thethird excavation since 2013, and the scale andimpact of the prison are now very visible.

Michael Nevell, University of Salford

New Bailey was constructed between 1787 and1790 and was the first prison in England to bebuilt entirely in accordance with the reformistprinciples of John Howard, as set out in hislandmark work The State of Prisons, published in1777. His proposition was that prisoners could bereformed and morally improved through hardwork, prayer, being categorised according to theirlevel of offence and separated by sex, and fromthe other inmates, in individual cells. WithGeorgian England rapidly industrialising andurban populations booming, his ideas found aready ear in Government and, althoughphilanthropic in outlook, as implemented over thenext 50 years these new prisons amounted to theindustrialisation of prison life through the mass-concentration and control of felons in purpose-built and designed structures.

Lancashire was an early pioneer, with theSheriff Thomas Butterworth Bayley (after whomthe site was named) approving in 1787 theconstruction of a new prison to cope with theoffenders in the Hundred of Salford, an ancientadministrative district. This area covered thesouth-eastern part of the old county, which wasone of the centres of the Industrial Revolution. Itcontained the booming manufacturing town of

Manchester, whose population grew from 23,000in 1773 to 74,000 in 1801. The prison acted asboth a holding cell before trial and as a place ofincarceration afterwards, should the defendant beunlucky enough to be found guilty of amisdemeanour or felony.

In its first phase the prison comprised arectangular enclosure surrounded by boundarywall, within which were the prison gardens, aradial-plan Gaoler’s Building and a Gate Keeper’sLodge. It was expanded in the 1810s with theclearance of Bolton and Faulkner Street to thewest making way for the western extension ofthe New Bailey Prison. Within this extension fourstructures were erected housing the Male FelonWorkshops and Yards (excavated in 2013), MaleFelon Wards, a Cook House and a Hospital. A thirdphase of expansion up to the 1840s included theaddition in the western half of the complex of aTurn Keys’ Office, Clerks’ Office and a newChapel. In the eastern part of the site the originalprison building was partially demolished to makeway for the construction of a Tread Wheel(excavated in 2014), Stables and Mill House, ablock of Male Misdemeanant Workshops andYards, a block of Male Misdemeanant Wards anda block of Female Felon Workshops and Wards.

The prison was used for minor offences,rather than capital crimes: several members ofthe crowd from the Peterloo Massacre werebriefly held here in 1819. However, theManchester Martyrs, three members of the IrishRepublican Brotherhood, were hung here in 1867.By the 1860s the prison had become outmoded,and unfit for an urban conurbation of more thanhalf a million people. It was replaced byStrangeways Prison, which opened in 1868.The

site was sold to the Lancashire and YorkshireRailway who demolished it in 1871 and builtrailway sidings over the site.

The current excavations are looking at part ofthe mid- to late 1810s extension. This was erectedat the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the timingmight be significant. This part of the site and thenorthern section excavated in 2013 have bothbeen shown to have massive brick foundationsbuilt on the bedrock, in some areas over 2m deep,with relieving arches supporting the cell andworkshop walls. Although the prisons were oftwo stories the site seems over engineered. Was ita case of job-creation to try to help off-set theunemployment in Manchester and Salford at theend of the wars?

The most striking feature of the current site isits curving plan, the excavations revealing a 90degree arc of buildings. Though the extensionmight be thought to be an admission of thefailure of the underlying principles of the originalprison, these were nevertheless carried into thenew design with rows of cells, each divided byday rooms along the inner part of the radius andlarger workshops (used for rope unwinding andbobbin winding), separated by a widepassageway, along the outside of the radius.Exercise was an important part of the regime andeach block of cells had access to a walled outdooryard, with a sentry box in one corner.

By the mid-nineteenth century the site hadbecome over-crowed with around 1000 prisoners,yet two surprising aspects of the site are the lackof artefacts and the lack of rubble. Both areprobably the result of careful demolition and therecycling of the building materials after the prisonclosed. But we do have two artefacts: theceremonial trowel and mallet used at the layingof the first foundations in 1787. These wererecently rediscovered in a private store and arecurrently available for members of the public tosee on the regular tours of the excavations.

It is easy to be horrified, from an earlytwenty-first-century perspective, at the nature ofthe harsh regime and lack of personal spacewithin the prison; indeed the inner cells weresmaller than those towards the rim of the radiusso that tall prisoners would not have been able tolie down. Yet disease was not common, partlybecause the prisoners had access to a doctor, butalso due to regular meals, washing facilities andclean clothing. They also had individual sleepingrooms. As Frederick Engels recorded in his classicsocial commentary published in 1845, TheCondition of the Working Class in England, thecircumstances of thousands of urban workingclass people in central Salford and Manchesterwere much worse. Strict and regimentedpunishment might have been delivered on anindustrial scale at New Bailey Prison, but perhapsthe real horrors of the industrial city were to befound in the disease-ridden, poorly built andovercrowded slums of Ancoats, Little Ireland andNew Islington.

Industrialising Prison, Georgian Style

New Bailey prison, photo Mike Nevell


Frank Atkinson, who died on 30 December 2014,aged 90 years, was an influential advocate forIndustrial Archaeology in North East Englandduring its formative years. A Yorkshireman bybirth, he came to espouse, and was adopted by,the North East of England.

Frank was born on 13 April 1924 inMapplewell, a pit village near Barnsley; both ofhis grandfathers had been coal miners. Hismother was a schoolteacher, while his father, whohad served as a driver in WW1, then worked as aplumber and builder and came to own a fewsmall blocks of houses in and aroundMapplewell, where he also ran a garage andmotor repair business. Frank was an avid collectorfrom early childhood, building up an eclecticcollection of miscellanea which ranged fromfossils via beetles to a German bayonet. By age16 he had firmly decided on a career in museums,but when he left school it was to study science atthe University of Sheffield.

He subsequently worked at a coke works nearWakefield before being appointed as MuseumAssistant at the Wakefield Museum and ArtGallery; while there he arranged a major BarbaraHepworth retrospective, but also found time toindulge in his favourite pastime, bordering on anobsession, of potholing. Further museumpositions followed, including directorships of theHalifax Museums and Art Gallery, and then theBowes Museum at Barnard Castle, CountyDurham, in 1958. But he had undergone a‘Pauline conversion’ when visiting ‘folk museums’in Scandinavia 6 years earlier, and he suggested,at his very first committee meeting at the BowesMuseum, that there was a need for a museumabout the everyday working and livingexperiences of the people of the county – thegerm of the idea which ultimately becameBeamish.

Thereafter, Frank became a determined andtireless advocate for his cause, leading him togive (he calculated) some 2000 lectures in the 10years before Beamish was established. He was awonderful speaker, his ‘pop talks’ peppered withhumorous anecdotes, and his infectiousenthusiasm drew widespread support for the ideaof an Open Air Museum for the North East region.

The subject of Industrial Archaeology was justgetting underway in North East England by the1960s, groups being formed in Cleveland,Durham City, Sunderland, and Newcastle, andalthough Frank was not directly involved in any ofthese, he galvanised the formation of an umbrellaorganisation - the ‘North East IndustrialArchaeology Group’ - which he led from theBowes Museum, publishing its Bulletin from 1966to 1972. He was, consequently, particularlyinfluential in creating a climate of opinionfavourable to industrial archaeology andindustrial preservation in the North East. Hewrote an article for the very first issue of thejournal Industrial Archaeology, and alsocontributed to Kenneth Hudson’s IndustrialArchaeology: An Introduction, (John Baker, 1963).In 1974 he published, Industrial Archaeology: TopTen Sites in North East England, (Frank Graham,1974), and in the same year IndustrialArchaeology of North East England, in twovolumes, for the David & Charles series ofregional studies.

But he devoted much of his busy life tomaking Beamish happen – his all-consumingpursuit after the trip to Scandinavia. He was aconsummate politician, and he certainly neededto be if his vision was to be realised. In importantmeetings with local politicians he sought tobecome, in his own words, a ‘puppet-master’, andif that meant the odd slightly-shady practice, andthe occasional political machination, then so be

it. And Frank could charm a winkle out of its shell.He was, of course, a collector par excellence.

His modus operandi was to collect anything thatwas offered to his embryonic museum, which ishow he acquired more mangles than any normalmuseum curator could possibly want, but Frankintended to recreate a colliery village, and one ortwo mangles could not possibly be enough.Consequently, when Beamish finally got the go-ahead in 1970, with Frank as its Director,thousands of potential exhibits were already instore. He sought out the ordinary, knowing thatin time they would become rare, but he alsovalued the unusual – he was delighted when Ipresented him with a stretched and tanned bull’spizzle from a shop on the Scotswood road inNewcastle, where it had been kept to fend offwould-be thieves. Many people assisted withFrank’s collecting ambitions at this time, includingthe late Stuart Smith, the renowned blacksmithChris Topp, and myself.

For the next 17 years, Frank persevered, oftenagainst considerable obstacles, to build theBeamish he so desired, only retiring after anoperation to remove one of his lungs. Not one tobe idle in his retirement at Ovingham, by thebanks of the Tyne in Northumberland, he becameinvolved with the Thomas Bewick Birthplace Trustat nearby Mickley, and participated in the work ofthe Museums and Galleries Commission. He alsocontinued to write, publishing his autobiography- The Man who made Beamish - in 1999, and TheStory of Ovingham on Tyne: A Village History, in2001. But his most important legacy is, withoutdoubt, the Beamish Museum which hundreds ofthousands of visitors now experience every year.He was a one-off.

Stafford M Linsley. [Some of the above firstappeared in Newcomen Links, (March, 2015)]

Frank Atkinson, Museum Director, 1924-2014.

Celebrating James Watt 2015 and 2019The Invention That Changed the World:

The Separate Condenser 1765Is Watt’s ‘big idea’ relevant and

inspirational today?Seminar at Western Infirmary Lecture Theatre (WILT),

University of Glasgow5 June 2015, 10am - 4.30pm

Find out more:engineeringhalloffame.org/wattsthestory

Tickets: £20/£10 concessions from Rhona RodgerSTICK Treasurer c/o The McManus: Dundee’s ArtGallery and Museum Leisure and Culture Dundee,

The Collections Unit, Barrack Street, Dundee DD1 1PG, or on the door on the day. Cheques to

be made payable to ‘STICK’.

Devizes Industrial Archaeology Symposium

All day Saturday 31 October at the new venue ofthe Town Hall in the centre of the town.

Registration 9.30

David Viner - Farm wagonsDavid Hardwick - Yate Colliery

Ivor Slocombe - Agriculture in Wiltshire in WW1Water supplies and dowsing in North Wiltshire. –

Mike Stone/Jan Flanagan

Tickets £14 includes morning coffee, afternoon tea andfree admission to the Wiltshire Museum (just 100 yards

away) at lunchtime.

Bookings 01380 727369; Wiltshire Museum, 41 LongStreet, Devizes SN10 1NS (cheques payable to WANHS Ltd) or via the Museum website -

www.wiltshiremuseum.org.uk.


The Council of Management presents its report,with the financial statements of the Association,for the year ended 31 December 2014. This reportalso represents the Trustees’ Report, which isrequired to be prepared by Part 8 of the CharitiesAct 2011.

Meetings and RepresentationIn 2014 the AIA Council met four times: Leicesterin March, London in June, Chester in Septemberand Coalbrookdale in October. Council membersalso represent the AIA and industrial archaeologymatters in other groups and committeesregionally and nationally to promote the Objectsof the Association. Here are some of the keypositions they hold. Marilyn Palmer, ourPresident, is on the National Trust ArchaeologyPanel, on the Council for British Archaeology, theEast Midlands CBA Committee, the NationalRailway Heritage Awards committee and on theLeicestershire Industrial History Society as VicePresident; Keith Falconer, AIA Chairman, is on theAll Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on theIndustrial Heritage, the Industrial HeritageSupport Officer steering group, on HLF’s IndustrialMaritime & Transport Group, on the EuropeanRoute of Industrial Heritage UK group and on theAIA’s advisory panel for European IndustrialHeritage Year 2015; Michael Nevell, AIA Vice-Chairman, is on the English Heritage IndustrialArchaeology Panel, and a member of theIndustrial Archaeology Committee of the Cumbria& Westmorland Antiquarian and ArchaeologicalSociety; Mark Sissons, Immediate Past AIAChairman, is on the CBA National Listed BuildingsPanel, on the Heritage Railway Association andthe North York Moors National ParkArchaeological Panel, as archivist to the HeritageRailway Association and both a director of, andarchivist to, the North York Moors HistoricalRailway Trust; Robert Carr represents the AIA atthe AGM of the Heritage Alliance and the AGM ofthe British Archaeological Awards, on theNewcomen Society, the Greater London IASociety, and the AIA representative on TICCIH-GB;Tony Crosby is on the English Heritage IndustrialArchaeology Panel, on the All Party ParliamentaryGroup (APPG) on Industrial Heritage, on the EssexIndustrial Archaeology Group as chairman, on theWaltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills asdirector, and on the Committee of the Friends ofGreat Dunmow Maltings; Ian Miller is a memberof the Industrial Archaeology Committee of theCumbria & Westmorland Antiquarian andArchaeological Society; David de Haan AIAHonorary Secretary is on the HLF’s Industrial,Maritime & Transport group; Roy Murphy is onthe Council of the Droitwich History &Archaeology Society, on Droitwich Town Council’sPlanning Committee, and represents AIA atregional IA conferences; Amber Patrick is on theCouncil of the Gloucestershire Society forIndustrial Archaeology; Paul Saulter is the AIALiaison Officer on E-FAITH – European Federationof Associations of Industrial and Technical

Heritage, and on the AIA’s advisory panel forEuropean Industrial Heritage Year 2015; MarkWatson is the UK Chairman of TICCIH-GB – theInternational Committee for the Conservation ofthe Industrial Heritage, on the Scottish IndustrialArchaeology Panel, the committee of the ScottishIndustrial Heritage Society, the Scottish ICE Panelfor Historical Engineering Works, the ScottishVernacular Buildings Working Group, the Instituteof Historic Building Conservation’s EducationTraining and Standards Committee, and on STICK– the Scottish Transport & Industry CollectionsKnowledge Network.

Annual Conference 2014The Conference was held at Chester Universityfrom 5 to 10 September and was well supportedwith 104 delegates attending over the six days. Aseries of fascinating presentations was on offerfor the Friday seminar on the Archaeology ofChemicals and Textile Finishing, includingsessions on Salt, the Chemical Industry,Bleaching, Dyeing, Fustian and Velvet and onSewage Works. The speakers were AndrewFielding, Peter Bone, Mark Sissons, MarilynPalmer, Ian Miller, Roger Holden and ChrisBrisbane. Following the AGM on 7 Septemberattended by 78 members and guests, RichardNewman gave the Rolt Memorial Lecture onHarbour Developments as a Precursor forIndustrialisation: the Case of the Ports ofLancaster and Whitehven. There were visits to theChester Canal, Birkenhead Docks, the WirralTransport Museum, the National WaterwaysMuseum at Ellesmere Port and the Widnesschemical industry; to Fiddlers Ferry power stationand the Anderton Boat Lift; to Liverpool Docks,the mines of Alderley Edge, the MacclesfieldCanal and the Anson Engine Museum; to the saltsites in Nantwich, Middlewich and Northwich,including the Lion Salt Works. Full credit must goto our Conference organisers John McGuinnessand Stephen Miles, to the hosts at the study visitsites, and especially to Michael Nevell and histeam for planning such an exciting programme.

Weekend Meeting 2014This was held in Llanymynech in April on thesubject of lime for use in restoring historicbuildings. The course was at full capacity for thefirst day, and usefully reduced for the verypractical hands-on training the following day,while the rest of the delegates went toKidderminster for the regional meeting of theWest of England and Wales IA Societies’ annualconference. One delegate was supported by aPeter Neaverson Bursary.

PublicationsIA News: This quarterly is the bulletin and maincommunication organ of the AIA. Four issues underthe editorship of Chris Barney were published bythe Association in 2014, which aims to encouragehigh standards in all aspects of the study of

industrial archaeology. Illustrated reports coveredall the Association’s activities as well as shorttechnical articles, reports on affiliated societies,restoration grants, regional news, internationalnews, visits, conferences, letters, etc. Highlightsduring 2014 included illustrated reports on E-Faith’s2013 meeting in La Chaux de Fonds in Switzerland,the Kirkaldy Testing Machine Museum in London,the Origins and Early Years of AIA, an obituary byNeil Cossons of Honorary Vice President the lateStuart Smith who died in April, the 2014 overseastour of Moravia and Silesia, EMIAC’s conference inChesterfield, the AIA’s annual conference in Chesterand the ‘Country House Comfort and Convenience’tour in north east England.

IA Review: Peer reviewed and with aninternational Editorial Board, the journal of theAIA edited by Dr Michael Nevell and Dr Ian Westis published for the Association by Maney. TheMay issue, Volume 36.1, was a special twentiethcentury one, covering Recording Archaeology,Industry on the Hoo Peninsular, The WearsidePottery in Sunderland, Further Textile Processesand Technologies and Sanitation in UrbanWorkers’ Housing in Ancoats, Manchester. TheNovember issue, Volume 36.2, included the 2013Rolt Memorial Lecture by Miles Oglethorpe onThe Public Benefit of Industrial Heritage andarticles on the Reconstruction of the ‘EricNordevall II’ Paddle Steamer, Freight Handlingand Warehouses in Chicago and the ReelFitzNewcomen Engine in Cumberland.

AwardsTo encourage scholarship and investigation in theindustrial archaeology field, awards were madeto archaeologists, historians, professionals andstudents:1. Two awards were made for the Peter

Neaverson Award for OutstandingScholarship: to Mike Williams for his TextileMills of SW England and to Jonathan Coad’sfor Support for the Fleet.

2. The Peter Neaverson Digital Initiative Awardwas for ‘Investigations at the YnysfachIronworks’ nominated for its site-specificwebsite, reconstruction drawings and 3D CGanimation of the Ynsfach Ironworks producedby GGAT and iDEA.

3. There were two joint winners in thefunded/commercial Archaeological ReportAward category. These were: The Iron BridgeConservation Plan by David de Haan, andMiddleport Pottery Historic Building RecordReport by Shane Kelleher and Ric Tyler. Theaward for the unfunded ArchaeologicalReport produced by volunteers went to theRoggins Local History Group for their work onthe Silkstone Waggonway in South Yorkshire.

4. The Publications Award for commercially-produced publications went to Barrie Trinderfor his definitive Britain’s IndustrialRevolution: the Making of a ManufacturingPeople 1700-1870.

Directors’ Report for the year ended 31 December 2014


5. The Local Society Publications Award went tothe Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society forthe high standard of their variouspublications, including Sussex IndustrialHistory.

6. The Peter Neaverson Student Travel Bursarywas awarded in February to Scott Smith fortravel to South Georgia whaling stations.

GrantsIn 2014 the Association received a further verygenerous amount from the same anonymousdonor to support conservation projects. Thesenew projects and progress on the on-goingprojects were described in greater detail to AIAmembers at the annual conference and there waswidespread support for them. As is usually thecase with grants, the fund was heavily over-subscribed with fifteen new applications beingreceived for projects valued at over £855,000.Four awards were made:1. Verdant Works Museum, Dundee for the

restoration of a Boulton & Watt engine,£20.000.

2. Restoration of a Thomas Telford warehouse atWappenshall on the Shrewsbury & NewportCanal, £20,000.

3. Restoration of a specialist salt wagon at theLion Salt Works, £7,000.

4. Re-erection of a light chamber for thelighthouse on the Scottish island of Colonsay,£4,300.

ConsultationMarilyn Palmer submitted a response to theDCMS consultation on the future of EnglishHeritage on behalf of AIA after liaison with otherbodies and useful comments from Tony Crosby,Mark Sissons and Keith Falconer. ‘EnglishHeritage’ and ‘Historic England’ will be the namesof the two proposed arms.

Industrial Heritage SupportOfficer (IHSO)The Officer aims to deliver England-wide supportto improve the capacity, sustainability andconservation standards of preserved industrialsites with public access. The IHSO was establishedin September 2012 and was initially funded forthree years by English Heritage. The post ismanaged by the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust(IGMT) and is delivered in partnership with AIAand the Association of Independent Museums(AIM). The project has continued to workeffectively in 2014, both consolidating theadvisory and training support elements of thepost, and taking forward fresh initiatives such aslocal network development.

Key outputs in 2014 have included:42 groups/organisations supported with

advice ranging from fundraising, to practicalhistoric building management, re-locating amuseum and volunteer development;

Training delivered to 82 organisations aroundthe country via six events (topics includingfundraising, marketing, asset transfer etc.);

Working with Museums Development NorthWest, an Industrial heritage network set up in thein the North West of England, with three dayevents held to this end;

Mutual working with a range of partners tomaximise the industrial heritage support theydeliver (e.g. AIM, ERIH, Prince’s RegenerationTrust and Heritage Alliance HLF ‘Catalyst’Projects, Association of British Transport andEngineering Museums, All Party ParliamentaryGroup on Industrial Heritage);

Working with and supporting EnglishHeritage work nationally (EH Industrial Network)and at regional level via ‘Heritage at Risk’ and‘Historic Places’ teams (e.g. collaborative projectto develop skills training support for stationaryengine groups in the North West);

Advocacy work, including attendance/participation at eight meetings, two conferences,preparation of three articles, responses to twonational consultations and media liaison.

In August, English Heritage invited IGMT toapply for a project funding extension until March2016, and this application was successful.Discussions are also underway about the optionsfor developing and funding a follow-on industrialheritage support project beyond that date(potentially both carrying forward the work of theIHSO, and looking to address some of the obviouslimits on a single-office national post), and IGMTand the Steering Group will be working withpartners to this end in 2015.

VisitsSpring Tour, Moravia & Silesia, 2–7 June 2014This tour was fully booked with 50 people on thecoach. With help from the Brno and OstravaTourist Bureaux, Sue Constable set up visits tosome 15 sites including the Adamov BlastFurnace, the Villa Tugendhat, the four workingwatermills at Slup, Zlin (once home of the Bataempire), Dul Michal and the Vitkovice blastfurnace blowing engines. Taking an interpreterturned out to be a wise investment – whilst therewas some English language guiding, the coachdriver and the staff at many sites had only verylimited English.

Country House Comfort and ConvenienceThere were two trips this year: The Welsh Bordersled by Ian West in April and Northern Ireland ledby Marilyn Palmer in May. The houses visited are

chosen to demonstrate different aspects of theuptake of technology and the impact that had onthe owners and staff. At many sites we benefitedfrom the personal attention of the curators andhouse managers who often learn a great dealabout the early technologies used on their sitesfrom our leaders and members of the group.

All Party Parliamentary Group(APPG) on the IndustrialHeritageThis group was established in 2014 and met on25 February, 10 June and 14 October. Tony Crosbyrepresented the AIA at the meetings held at theHouses of Parliament. Other representatives fromthe sector included Margaret Faull from theNational Coal Mining Museum, Sir Neil Cossons,AIA Chairman Keith Falconer and Ian Bapty. TheAIA Secretary sent a covering letter from ourPresident Marilyn Palmer and copies of IA Newsto 60 names at the House of Commons andHouse of Lords ahead of the June meeting.

Financial statementsThe financial statements are prepared inaccordance with the Financial ReportingStandards for Smaller Entities (effective April2008), the Companies Act 2006 and therecommendations of the Statement ofRecommended Practice – Accounting andReporting by Charities.

Results: The net outgoing resources for theyear amounted to £35,886 with £35,723attributable to restricted funds (2013: netincoming resources of £37,493 which included£34,917 attributable to restricted funds). Inpreparing this report, the Council has takenadvantage of special exemptions applicable tosmall companies conferred by Schedule 8 of theCompanies Act 2006.

Changes on CouncilKeith Falconer became Chairman and MichaelNevell Vice Chairman at the AGM in September.Shane Kelleher, Ian Miller and Tegwen Robertswere appointed as Council members in place ofStephen Miles, Roy Murphy and Ian West whohad completed two consecutive 3-year terms.

The Honorary Secretary is also the LiaisonOfficer and with the assistance of AnneSutherland throughout the year continues tosupport Council, deal with queries and forwardinformation to the appropriate quarter. We arevery grateful to all officers and members ofCouncil for the extensive amount of time andeffort that they commit voluntarily to ensure thesmooth running of the Association throughCouncil and its committees.

David de Haan, Honorary Secretary

AIA Future conferencesUnfortunately the promised questionnaire aboutAIA conferences was NOT included with the lastedition. Apologies for this – it should be with thiscopy. Please take a few minutes to complete andreturn it. The conference organisers really do needyour advice.

Welcome to our new membersThomas Hunter of Kirkwall, OrkneyEmma Heron of Ingleton, North YorkshireAndy Sutton of RuncornMyra Jewell of Southwell in DorsetWilliam Ellis of Higher Poynton near Stockportand to the Scottish Industrial Heritage Societywho have joined as an Affiliated Society.

HLF appointmentMalcolm Brown - has recently been appointed asa Consultant (Mentor) to the Heritage LotteryFund. Malcolm, a graduate of The IronbridgeInstitute, is an Industrial Archaeologist, Boat &Ship Conservation Specialist and part-timeacademic at Swansea University. He will beadvising on Engineering, Maritime and Transport.


Endangered Sites Officer’sReportIt has been a busy six months or so for ListedBuilding/Planning applications in respect ofindustrial buildings. There have been about 40cases to be considered although comments havenot been made on all of them. The majority arelisted on the CBA’s data base but several havebeen referred by individual members or societies.

On two of the cases the AIA liaised with theCBA: the Falcon Works in Stoke on Trent and CornMill Fold in Leeds. Two cases which came directlyto me as Endangered Sites Officer because theywere re-referrals were the Kimberley Brewery andMaltings and the proposed demolition of theWeaving Shed at Hollins Mill which had beenrefused previously. We objected again on bothcases and on the former the application has beenallowed subject to conditions. Another two casescame directly to me or the AIA. In the lattercategory was one from Ashfield District Council inrespect of the Quantum clothing Group’s premisesat North Street, Huthwaite, Sutton in Ashfield,Nottinghamshire which was disallowed. Thesecond came from Bob Carr in respect of theAlexandra Palace and we did not object to thewhole application but we did to the unblocking ofthe arches which was the external evidence of theBBC studios of 1936. That application wasallowed. Applications on which comments havebeen made include the Marconi office building inChelmsford and Gurteens factory in Haverhill(visited by the AIA in 2012), McMullens Brewery inHertford, and several mills, the most interesting ofwhich was Hollins Mill, Todmorden.

There have been applications for thedemolition of listed buildings which throughneglect or accident (fire) have become dangerousand as a result not convertible or reusable. Thiswas the case with a textile mill and engine housein Bradford and a saw mill in Sheffield. The formerapplication was allowed, but the latter waswithdrawn largely I suspect because of English

Heritage’s robust comments. However, whetherthis application withdrawal will prove beneficialin the long term is doubtful, and the building maynow be left to fall down.

As always I am pleased if individualsvolunteer to be a correspondent and look at listedbuilding and planning applications affectingindustrial buildings or sites for the AIA, either intheir own area or because they have expertise ina particular industry or building type. Site visitsare not required but an ability to read plans andreports online and form well-arguedrecommendations is necessary, althoughguidance can be given. Likewise, I am alwayspleased to receive details of sites/buildings underthreat as a result of planning applications,although I cannot guarantee that the AIA will beable to comment.

Amber Patrick, Endangered Sites Officer.

Support for the Council forBritish ArchaeologyIn February letters were sent to all archaeologygroups affiliated to the CBA requesting financialsupport in the light of the government fundingthat will be withdrawn from the beginning of thefinancial year. As a result they will have a thirdless money to sustain their important workcampaigning for increased protection forarchaeology and their participation programmes.AIA Council recognised that IA as a subject wouldnot have come into existence had it not been forthe CBA and accordingly agreed to make adonation of £300 a year for five years.

David de Haan

Peter Neaverson Travel BursaryAn award has been made under the PeterNeaverson Travel Bursary to Charlotte Goudge, aPhD student at the University of Bristol, to enableher to carry out fieldwork in support of herdoctoral research in Antigua in May this year. The

main focus of Charlotte’s research is the Betty’sHope Plantation, operated by the Codringtonfamily, which combined both sugar and rumproduction to become one of the most powerfuland prolific plantations in the Caribbean. Thismanufacturing site combines both standingbuildings and material culture, which Charlotte isstudying in order to gain a better understandingof the British involvement in the rum productionindustry. It is hoped that a report on Charlotte’strip to Antigua will appear in a later issue ofIndustrial Archaeology News.

This travel bursary, funded by a legacy fromthe late Peter Neaverson, exists to providesupport to anyone studying or working (in a paidor a voluntary capacity) in connection withindustrial heritage, to enable them to further theirstudies or attend relevant training, conferences orother activities. Full details and an applicationform can be found on the AIA website.

Ian West

All Party Parliamentary Group(APPG) on Industrial HeritageThe most recent meeting of the APPG on IndustrialHeritage was held on Tuesday 3 March at PortcullisHouse, London. It was chaired by David Anderson,MP for Blaydon, and in fact he was the only MP inattendance. It being a quiet day at Parliament,most MPs were away in their constituencies.Margaret Faull of the National Coal MiningMuseum for England and Paul Cuming from KentCounty Council were in attendance as theSecretariat. However, there was excellentattendance from Industrial Heritage organisations.The AIA was represented by its Chairman, KeithFalconer, and Tony Crosby; Miles Oglethorpe(Historic Scotland) and Ian Bapty were again theresupporting the Group; and there wererepresentatives from the London TransportMuseum, Black Country Living Museum, FakenhamGasworks, Waltham Abbey Royal GunpowderMills, Carshalton Water Tower, Crossness Engines

AIA NEWS

McMullens Brewery, Hertford. photo Amber Patrick Charlotte Goudge working on an earlier excavation at Betty’s Hope Plantation, Antiguaphoto Alexis Ohman


AIA NEWS

and the Heritage Railway Association. It is goodthat the sector are so supportive of the potential ofthis APPG and, if it were to grow and begin to havesome influence within Government, the sectorincluding the AIA, is in a good position tocontribute towards that influence.

The main business of the meeting was apresentation by Keith Falconer on the EuropeanIndustrial and Technical Heritage Year 2015(EITHY). Keith began with a very thorough anddetailed exposition on the background to the risein interest within European countries in theirIndustrial Heritage, in which there is great prideand a universal recognition of its culturalsignificance. He explained the role of the variousEuropean organisations and institutions, such asE-FAITH, ERIH, Europa Nostra, SHIFT-X, theCouncil of Europe and the EU, which has helped togrow what started as an aspiration of volunteergroups to what is now an official Europe-wideevent. The influence of TICCIH, ICOMOS and the

inscribing of former industrial areas as WorldHeritage Sites was also mentioned. Keithcontinued by highlighting the different fundingregimes in the different European countries andthe fact that the UK with its Heritage Lottery Fundis the envy of many in Europe, having, up to March2014, given over £1bn to nearly 3,000 industrial,maritime & transport heritage projects. Heconcluded by highlighting the forthcoming AIAAnnual Seminar in Brighton in September, theTICCIH Lille Conference and the PrincesRegeneration Trust / Historic England / HLF / AIAconference in the autumn, all being held to markEITHY 2015, and also the newly launched AIA BestAdaptive Re-use Award.

Comments made during the discussionfollowing Keith’s presentation included the factthat industrial tourism is a major aspect oftourism on the European continent; thedifficulties small volunteer groups in the UK facein obtaining European funding; the need to have

partners for projects, preferably from EasternEurope. Also raised were the 250th anniversary ofthe invention by James Watt of the separatecondenser and the 125th anniversary of the ForthRail Bridge, both this year, with the outcome ofthe latter’s nomination for World Heritage Sitestatus also expected later in the year.

No more meetings are planned at themoment owing to the General Election in May. Itis hoped to obtain the support of sufficient MPsfollowing the election for the continuation of thisAPPG. There will be a need to encourage MPswho have industrial heritage sites in theirconstituencies to support this APPG and to thatend staff at such sites and others, including asAIA members, will be encouraged to write to theirlocal MPs highlighting the potentially importantrole this APPG could play in the next Government.

Keith Falconer & Tony Crosby

The AIA needs the help of Affiliated Societies andmembers to nominate buildings for the newaward for theBest Adaptive Reuse of an Industrial Building(BARIB)The Association for Industrial Archaeology ispleased to announce a plan to launch aprogramme of awards for building conversionsthat strike that tricky balance between thepracticality of their new function and thereadability of their old. The Association believesthat adaptive re-use of former factories andother buildings is an effective way to convey theimportance of the industrial revolution in theUnited Kingdom. By celebrating and publicisinggood examples of conversion, we are confidentthat developers, planners, trusts and businesseswill be encouraged to take up the challenge. The Association for Industrial Archaeology needsto identify appropriate recent developments. Wewould like Affiliated Societies as well asindividual AIA members to help by notifying us ofexamples of adaptive reuse that they think mightbe worthy of an award.

Criteria1 Buildings which may be consideredThe obviously industrial, but also including thefollowing:

commercial buildings – for example officesso long as they are associated with a factorycomplex or a district specific to that industry;farm horse engine houses, steam enginehouses and integral farm mills (otherwiseagricultural buildings are excluded);corn mills - wind and water – provided thatthey are exemplary;transport – road, canal, rail, river and coastal– to include warehouses, marshalling yards,signal boxes, station buildings, andengineering infrastructure (such as railwayviaducts converted to cycle paths);corn exchanges and hop exchanges.

2 Criteria to be considered in thedevelopmentThe re-use needs to be appropriate andviable (museums are excluded).New work and new build should bedistinguishable from the original. It has to beappropriate and must not detract from themain industrial building.It is essential that the building can still be‘read’ - that is the original layout can bedetermined and, where appropriate, theprocesses within the building.Interpretation should be provided if it helpsthe understanding of the building where theoriginal function is not self-evident.Weight will given to the survival, re-use orretention of features, including small onessuch as mechanical plant and large onessuch as kilns and chimneys, or internalfeatures like fire proofing. Inappropriate landscaping may detract fromthe scheme. There should be a future maintenanceprogramme. This may be self-sustaining or itmay require on-going revenue funding.Climate change: there should be someevidence of attention to energy efficiency inthe use and re-use of materials. This mayinclude whole buildings or elements of them.Use or reuse should be the first choice, withrecycling at that location the second choice. If known, it should be noted whether thebuilding has been identified in any way as ‘atrisk’.Note will be made if the building has beenthe subject of consent casework commentsby the AIA or by anyone else.

3 How to applyThere is no application form. Suggestions shouldbe submitted on A4 paper – no more than fourpages.

Please include the address/location of thesite and where known, details of the owner,occupier, developer or the planning authorityand, if known, the planning/listed buildingconsent application number.

Please attach between 1 and 6 photographs(jpg preferred, with understanding of copyrightclearance for publication by AIA).

The project must have been completedwithin the past three years or within a year of theannouncement of the previous award, or in thecase of a large site, a discrete phase should havebeen substantially completed and in occupation.

Applications can be sent by email [email protected] as a worddocument and the photographs as jpgs. Postalapplications can also be made and sent toAssociation for Industrial Archaeology, TheIronbridge Institute, Ironbridge Gorge Museum,Coalbrookdale, Telford, TF8 7DX.

The closing date for applications is 31 May ofeach year, unless otherwise stated.

4 NotesThe AIA will be able to publish in print or on theweb as part of its publicity for the award, any ofthe photographs submitted. The photographershould be credited.

The award will not be monetary but willconsist of a plaque to be fixed by the ownerwithin a public place inside the building, or to theexterior. The plaque will briefly summarise itsformer use (if not evident in the name of thebuilding), record the date of the award andinclude the logo of the AIA.

The AIA will lend publicity to the projectthrough its newsletter and web site and willprovide guidance on appropriate publicitymeasures that the award winner might pursue.

The Committee has the discretion to make, inany one year, no award or up five. Its decision isfinal.

ADAPTIVE REUSE AWARD


Rotherhithe derrick in danger –urgent help neededThere is a serious threat to the preserved Scotchderrick crane that stands on the Thames riversidein Odessa Street, Rotherhithe (TQ 3663.7951), alittle way north of the Greenland Dock entrance.

In summary, this is a large, traditionallydesigned Scotch derrick crane of the midtwentieth century. It served a hardwood timberwharf at Commercial Pier Wharf until the mid1980s. Its jib is over 120 feet long. It is the lastone remaining in the Port of London, from a greatmany Scotch derrick cranes handling timber andstone that once stood on riverside wharves.

This one was saved by the former LondonDocklands Development Corporation, who in1997 passed it on to the London Boroughof Southwark, within a public open spacecontiguous with the Riverside Path. A covenantrestricting the site’s use to open space was vestedin the Greater London Authority. Apart fromfading paintwork and local rust in the sheet-metal cab, it appears in good structural condition.

We once saw our local authorities asguardians of such public amenities, but recently ithas transpired that the Greater London Authorityand Southwark Council are involved in a dealwith a developer to sell off this currently publicland for housing (particularly in demand on theriverside, so much money is likely to be at stake).The crane is partly in the way, and Southwark hasno money to look after it, so they have trumpedup some weak excuses about health and safety.The GLA has agreed to relinquish the covenant,the Southwark cabinet has resolved to pressahead with the proposals and the developer haspreparations in hand for a planning applicationlater this spring.

An embryo action group has started apetition to save it by googling: Please-help-to-

save-red-crane-on-Thames. But we really need toget it listed as quickly as possible and this I’mworking on.

I would like to be able to show the scarcity ofScotch derricks within seaports nationally (thereare preserved quay cranes in various places, andolder scotch derricks preserved in some inlandcontexts, but not what we have here). So myquery is, do you know of any other Scotch derricksremaining in English seaports?

Malcolm Tucker

Chester 40 years agoI fully enjoyed reading the account of the Chester2014 Conference. It brought back many happymemories for me; of cycling to Chester from myhome in Oldham in my early teens and pulling offwhat was for us a long distance ride; of eveningcoach trips with a party from our church and in1958, of being stationed at Seighton Barracks fora short while during National Service beforebeing posted to Germany. But most especiallyrecalling happy memories 40 years ago when BillThompson and I, aided by the StaffordshireIndustrial Archaeology Society, organised the firstConference of the AIA, held at Keele University.How different that was to Chester. It was so short.We assembled around teatime on Friday, andbroke up after lunch on Sunday. No seminarsbefore and no days of field visits after. But; it wasfun, and also a nerve racking experience.

Bill and I had originally reserved MadeleyCollege of Education as the venue but, owing toan upcoming merger with North StaffordshirePolytechnic and an uncertain future, Madeleywithdrew. Panic! Luckily Keele University hadspare capacity that late summer and, albeit atgreater cost, we gratefully took it – a headachefor Mike Bussell, the Conference Secretary, whohad to deal with revised joining instructions.

The conference went well. Our speakersturned up, and none of them asked for expenses.Robert Vogel, of the Smithsonian in WashingtonDC asked for a special projector which mergedslides from one to another. Keele did not haveone, but the Ironbridge Gorge Trust did, and NeilCossons sent Stuart Smith to get it. Panic over. Forour Saturday afternoon excursion there were nooptions. I announced that delegates should lookout for two red coaches with the legend ‘MidlandRed’ on the side. When we got to the car parkthere were about ten Midland Red coacheswaiting. They were for American parties alsousing the University. We eventually got thegroups sorted, save for one lady who wanted tocome with us to see a pottery. I told her that sheshould be on the coach for Shrewsbury and itsTudor buildings. She raised her hand to her throatsaying, “I’m up to here with Tudor buildings”.Nonetheless, she went.

Bill and I heaved a sigh of relief when it wasover. No one was ill, nor got hurt during theexcursion, and we broke even financially. The nextyear’s Conference, 1975, would be in Durham,and I had taken over as Conference Secretaryfrom Mike Bussell, a job I did for a short whileuntil I handed over to David Alderton.

I look forward very much to Brighton. TheArmy posted me there in 1958 to learn (undergreat secrecy) codes and ciphers.

Good luck to John McGuiness and all thelocals involved in the arrangements. I know whatis entailed.

Fred Brook, Founder Member

The Birkenhead TramMy name is Rob Jones. I am a member ofMerseyside Industrial Heritage Society and I edittheir newsletter.

I was thrilled to see on the back cover of IANews 171 a picture of the Birkenhead Tramnumber 20 used on the IA visit last year.

May I add — Birkenhead was the first placein Europe to have a purpose built tramcarmanufactory. Two tramcar factories remain inBirkenhead, but now used for other purposes. TheChester Conference visited both of them, onebeing the site of G F Milnes factory from 1886 to1900. Who has NOT travelled on an Isle of Mantram made here?

Before 1886 the factory had been establishedby the American, George Starbuck who builttramcars from about 1868. Some early onesremain in the UK such as in Crich, and there arenotable ones in Brussels and Oporto. A copy of aStarbuck makers plate is attached, it shows a pre1872 design of tram. Note the rickety ladders toascend to the upper deck!

The tram pictured was probably built inHadley (now subsumed into Telford) by G FMilnes who had relocated from 1898 onwards.The factory at the Hadley site now makes othervehicles – military ones, and it’s all very hushhush, no photographs allowed, part of the BAeSystems empire. The site was, and may be stillknown as, ‘The Castle Car Works’.

Rob Jones

Bowbridge Lock hasn’t movedI was pleased to read the update on restorationprogress at Bowbridge lock in IA News 172 butpuzzled by the reference to the Kennett & Avoncanal. Surely Bowbridge lock is on the Thames &Severn canal?Nigel Wassell (Vice-chairman, South West Wales

Industrial Archaeology Society)

Of course it is – sorry – Ed.

LETTERS

Scotch derrick in 1982, Commercial Pier Wharf SE16

Starbuck maker’s plate


LETTERS

Animal and water-powereddomestic butter churning.I expect most members will be aware of the useof horse power on farms for tasks other than asdraught animals. The use of whims, whether fixedunder a roof or portable to the place of need,must be well known. Horses were also used towork equipment directly such as for the crushingof apples in the making of cider. These items offarm plant must have been expensive and wouldsurely only have been used on the larger farms.Many large country houses had water pumpsoperated mechanically, more usually by waterpower, but in some circumstances by either ahorse whim or donkey wheel.

I have recently read Discovering theHistoric Houses of Snowdonia by RichardSuggett and Margaret Dunn, in which there arethree references to mechanised dairying. At page145, referring to Cae-Canol-Mawr, Ffestiniog,they say “A dairy now ruined was added on thewest side with machinery for churning driven by

a gin-wheel”. At page 148 the plan of Gorllwyn-Uchaf, Penmorfa, shows a water wheel adjacentto the dairy, which is off the cross passage in thishouse and scales a little under 10ft square. And atpage 209 they say that Llwynbedw, Llanwnda “bythe later nineteenth century had a water wheelfor churning”.

These three references raise the question,were they exceptional, and if so why go to theconsiderable investment if no one else wasmechanising? On the other had were there otherfarms applying water or animal power to the actof churning butter? What form of churn wasnecessary for use with water or animal power anddo any exist? Are there examples of mechanisedfarmstead dairies elsewhere in Britain? RichardSuggett informs me that “Farm wheels fordairying (churning) were quite common inCaernarvonshire and Merioneth”. Richardreferred me to the current issue of the newsletterof the Welsh Mills Society, which states that someof the twenty-five waterwheels recorded in

Gwynedd are thought to have powered gorsemills and dairies.Nigel Harvey in Old farm Buildings (Shire Album10) at page 22 shows a photo of “The main wheelfor horse-driven butter-making equipment in anadvanced dairy of the late eighteenth or earlynineteenth century”. Sadly there is no indicationas to where this was or any details of theequipment it operated.

Arthur Ingram in Dairying Bygones (ShireLibrary series) shows a photo of a butter churn atthe Welsh Folk Museum operated by a dog-powered treadmill. Gearing from the treadmillrevolved paddles inside the churn.

From this very preliminary investigation intothe use of mechanisation in farm butter making itis clear that there is scope for considerablefurther research. If anyone knows of otherexamples or relevant references I would be veryinterested to hear.

John McGuinness.([email protected])

NEWS

Patrick GrahamWe are sorry to report the death of PatrickGraham, a loyal attender at AIA conferences formany years with a membership going back to theAssociation’s earliest days. He worked forHumphreys & Glasgow for 28 years as PrincipalChemical Engineer. He was 88.

Campaign to save the MarconiHall Street factoryThere is very good news in the ongoing campaignto get a sustainable and viable presentation ofMarconi Heritage content in the original Marconifactory in Hall Street in Chelmsford. As the firstwireless factory in the world it is of international

significance and can therefore justify support as asite of special heritage interest.

Although the whole building has beensubject to a successful planning application forresidential development, negotiations with theowners are underway with a view to acquiringthe ground floor for the creation of acommunity/heritage asset. The Marconi HeritageGroup is working with the Moulsham and CentralChelmsford Community Trust to get thisunderway and to raise finance for thisopportunity. The Group are convinced that asuccessful application can be made to theHeritage Lottery Fund but they have to findmatching funding and initially pay the costs to setup a trust body to carry out the necessary work –

the full amount required for purchase and fitting-out is of the order of £1.5 million. To start us offthey need a fighting fund of a few thousand.

They are planning on launching both nationaland worldwide appeals for support, as from theearliest days the Marconi companies traded in aninternational market, and setting up an onlinecrowd-funding site to collect donations. As asmall group they will need additional help withthe back-office work in running the appeals andthe trust, so both those local boots-on-the-ground and those able to use the internet areinvited to contact us through our websitewww.marconiheritage.org or by personal meansto give us an idea of what support we can get.

Tony Crosby

Listing for Maple Brook PumpingStationNow Grade II, this listing is particularly satisfyingas the designation decision specifically covers the‘engineering interest’ provided by the 1915Galloway’s triple expansion engine which“survives substantially intact and unaltered” andunder ‘rarity’ “it is only one of nine pumpingstations in England to retain original tripleexpansion steam engines in situ, with only 12engines surviving nationally in a waterworkscontext”.

Isle of Wight IAThe Isle of Wight IA Society, which for severalyears has not been able to find sufficient officersto be active, has now joined with the larger andolder IW Natural History and ArchaeologicalSociety inaugurated in 1919. It will be anautonomous section and like the others provideits own programme plus one general meeting peryear. The founder of IWNH&AS envisaged, besidesthe conservation of the Island’s natural history,Marconi Factory, Hall Street, Chelmsford photo Tony Crosby


NEWS

that his society would also ensure the properpreservation of objects of specific archaeologicaland geological interest. Hence the old IWIASshould fit in well as it effectively now gives thesociety both a pre and post medieval archaeologygroup. The old IWIAS funds have been ring-fencedfor industrial archaeology use.

Patrick Nott

Snibston Museum to close on 31JulyOn the 14 January 2015 Leicestershire CountyCouncil’s Cabinet met to consider a series ofrecommendations on the future of SnibstonDiscovery Museum.They decided:

The business case submitted by the Friends ofSnibston Museum could not be taken forward, asit did not meet the requirements of the CountyCouncil and, following independent assessment,was found not to be financially viable;

To pursue the County Council’s revisedmining offer and develop a programme toimplement this decision, subject to reappraisal ofthe position following the outcome of theexpected comprehensive spending review later in2015;

To undertake an audit and conditionassessment of the collections currently stored ordisplayed at Snibston.

The museum will close on 31 July.The Century Theatre and Country Park will

continue to operate as normal, as they are notdirectly affected by this decision.

National Heritage LandmarksPartnership Scheme – Six NewProjects Announced Biffa Award has pledged £1.5m over three yearsto the Association of Independent Museums(AIM) for the National Heritage LandmarksPartnership Scheme.

Burlesdon Brickworks, Hampshire: £82,000The Bursledon Brickworks are a completeVictorian steam driven brickworks. Their survivalis extraordinary. It is rare for a manufacturingindustry not to update their processes but thishappened at Bursledon. Newer introductionswere made elsewhere on site but the remainingunit is as it was when the Victorian owners builtit. This project will reinstate a steam engineworking an old pan mill for mixing clay, enablingvisitors to the site to gain a better understandingof brick manufacture.

National Waterways Museum, EllesmerePort: £119,718This project involves a major redevelopment ofthe historic Slipway at the National WaterwaysMuseum in Ellesmere Port Conservation Area,opening it up to the public for the first time as afully accessible site. The Slipway overlooks theManchester Ship Canal and the Mersey estuary. Aviewing area will be created, enabling visitors to

visualise and understand the importance ofmovement of cargoes between the coast and thecanal network and the role of global trade intransforming the region and our nation.

Middleport Pottery, Burslem: £120,000The Victorian Middleport Pottery with its uniquehand-made production of Burleigh ware wassaved from closure several years ago by ThePrince’s Regeneration Trust. Funding from AIMBiffa Award will restore the pottery’s original1888 W. Boulton Steam Engine and open up theBoiler House as part of the visitor experience. Thesteam engine is thought to be the only recordedexample of a Boulton Burslem built steam engineremaining within its original context.

Mail Rail, London: £69,075The Post Office Underground Railway, also knownas Mail Rail, represents an ingenious anduniquely British solution to the problem of thecapital city’s crowded streets and the need totransport mail quickly and efficiently. Opened in1927, the world’s first driverless, electrifiedrailway ran under the streets of London for morethan three quarters of a century fromWhitechapel in the east to Paddington in thewest. This project will provide visitorinterpretation, together with the restoration anddisplay of key rail track features of the railway atMount Pleasant.

SS Great Britain, Bristol: £117,180This project will allow the public to enter Brunel’sdrawing office for the very first time and learn thestory of the screw propeller, which was a definingmoment in I.K. Brunel’s career. Visitors will beinvited to enjoy the authentic restoration of thebuilding where Brunel worked on the design andbuild of the SS Great Britain.

Woodhorn Museum, Ashington: £35,000Located at the heart of the original collierybuilding complex at Woodhorn, No.2 windinghouse was built between 1899 and 1900, and isthe last Victorian engine house inNorthumberland to still contain a workingwinder. This project will refurbish the historiccolliery winding house (largely untouched sincethe 1980s), and install new interpretation so thatit can be permanently accessible to the public forthe first time.

Since 1997 Biffa Award has made grants totalingover £150m. The programme administers moneydonated by the Biffa Group Ltd through theLandfill Communities Fund

The Arkwright Society appealsfor membersCromford Mills would not be here today if itwasn’t for the Arkwright Society – the charity thatowns and manages this heritage site of worldimportance in Derbyshire’s Derwent Valley.

Arkwright Society has members around theworld who are kept in touch by regular mailingsand newsletters. The key objective is toregenerate the site and its Grade I listed mills atCromford by creating sustainable new uses thatcontribute positively to the local environment andeconomy. Its preservation work means it is able toprovide training opportunities for thoseunemployed, work experience and volunteeringroles for those seeking work but in need of firsthand real life experiences in the workplace,together with volunteering roles for othermembers of the community.

The Arkwright Society relies on fundraisingand its own income generation as it continues tomaintain, manage and restore Cromford Mills.However, it cannot do this without members’

Children of the Mills: The Arkwright Society have embarked on new education programmes for groups of primary schoolchildren. Each child plays the role of a new worker turning up at Cromford Mills meeting Mr Clack, reincarnation of the1797 mill manager. The great success of the new programme has led to a large increase in younger visitors eager toparticipate.


NEWS

help. Every penny really does count and becominga member of the Society will help to ensure thatCromford Mills are as dynamic, innovative andcreative today as they were in the eighteenthcentury. Why not help keep that spirit alive byjoining as a member as subscriptions are vital toprogress the regeneration programme atCromford Mills.

For further details about Arkwright Societymembership please contact Catherine Roth on01629 823256, visit www.cromfordmills.org.uk oremail [email protected].

Fritchley Tunnel and CrawshawBridge now listedTwo important listings were announced in March.Fritchley Tunnel, part of the Butterley Gangroadand claimed to be the world’s oldest railwaytunnel, was the subject of a Communityarchaeology Project, see IA News 172 (Spring2015) page 10 – has been listed Grade II.

Also listed Grade II is Crawshaw WoodsBridge, thought to be the oldest cast iron bridgein the world over a working railway. It wasdesigned by James Walker and constructed byStanningley Ironworks for the Leeds & SelbyRailway.

In the early nineteenth century Leeds was amajor textile manufacturing centre and needed agood transport connection to the sea for theimport of raw wool and export of finished cloth.The pre-existing river and canal system to Hullwas slow and expensive and a railway link fromLeeds to Selby and then onwards to Hull wasconsidered to have potential to improve thetransport infrastructure, and could also benefitlocal coal mine and quarry owners.

In 1825 George Stephenson was asked tosurvey a possible route to Selby. However,financial uncertainties led to the project beingpostponed and Stephenson concentrated on theLiverpool & Manchester Railway instead. In 1829James Walker was asked to review theStephenson proposal. Walker (1781-1862) is bestknown for designing harbours, docks andlighthouses, having been appointed consultingengineer to Trinity House in 1825.

The proposed route ran from Leeds to theRiver Ouse at Selby. Walker suggested that theplan put before Parliament should allow for theconstruction of a four track line. It was authorisedby Parliament in 1830, four months before thepioneering Liverpool & Manchester Railwayopened, and was fully opened by December 1834.

The scale of the project was unusual becauseof the decision to provide four tracks. Thisresulted in a trackbed of 66ft (20m) rather thanthe typical two track line which had a trackbed of30ft (9m). The extra width gave the railway aquite different character from the simple linesand waggon ways that had preceded it. The mostdistinctive characteristic of the line was thedesign for the overbridges, which had to span thefour tracks rather than the usual two tracks.Walker did not use a twin-span bridge, butdesigned a bridge with a single, basket arch(three-centred arch where the height is less thanhalf the span) and an unprecedented span ofaround 60ft. In the event only a twin-track linewas laid.

In World War I the bridge was the mainaccess bridge to the Barnbow Munitions Factory.

The bridge deck was renewed in 1943 by theLondon and North Eastern Railway and again in1999. The present deck is raised above the cast-iron spans and is structurally independent. It hassolid steel parapets which stand inside theunaltered, original iron railings.

Avoncroft post mill back inactionThe nineteenth century post mill was rescuedfrom Danzey Green near Tanworth-in-Arden in1969 and reconstructed at Avoncroft. Havingundergone an extensive programme of structuralrepairs over many years, disaster struck thewindmill in January 2012 when high windsbrought down one of the sails and damaged thesupporting round house. The sail was brokenbeyond repair and a new one had to bemanufactured to replace it. The windmill has nowbeen restored to full working order. The AIA,through its programme of restoration grants, wasdelighted to be able to help with £6,790 to fund

work that was not covered by insurance.Simon Carter, Museum Director, says: “we’ve

had some problems along the way but we’redelighted that the windmill is now one of themost popular exhibits in our collection atAvoncroft. Our team of windmill volunteers hasbeen absolutely invaluable in re-establishing it assuch a highlight and we are now looking intofurther possibilities to put the mill to good use.We are currently exploring the feasibility ofproducing Avoncroft Museum flour and hope tobe able to do this in the near future.”

New executives for EnglishHeritageEnglish Heritage has named the two chiefexecutives that will take over when theorganisation splits in two later this year.

Kate Mavor is to be the new chief executiveof English Heritage, which will become anindependent charitable trust on 1 April. She iscurrently the chief executive of the National Trustfor Scotland and will join English Heritage in May.

The English Heritage Trust, a newindependent charity, will look after the NationalHeritage Collection, which comprises more than400 historic sites across England includingStonehenge, Dover Castle and parts of Hadrian’sWall. It will retain the English Heritage name.

The English Heritage charity hopes to becomeself-sustaining by 2023. To help achieve this it isaiming to increase admissions revenue from£23.7m in 2015-16 to £30.7m in 2022-23. Overthe same period it wants to increase membershiprevenue from £26.8m to £42.6m and fundraisingrevenue from £3.2m to £8.9m.

The government has awarded EnglishHeritage £80m of capital investment to makerepairs to existing properties, and a further £8.5mto finance implementation of the new structure.The charity will continue to receive resourcegrant-in-aid from the government on a decliningbasis from 2015/16 to the end of 2022/23.

The Historic Buildings and MonumentsCommission for England (now known as HistoricEngland) will review the progress of the EnglishHeritage charity throughout the eight years to2023 and will have the right to terminate theagreement if the obligations are not met. In thatevent, the collection would revert back to themanagement of the Commission.

Duncan Wilson, currently the head ofAlexandra Palace and Park in London, has beenappointed the first chief executive of HistoricEngland.

This new organisation, which is to remain agovernment service, will champion England’swider heritage and provide expert advice. Theirnew website is – historicengland.org.uk (wellworth visiting)

The Prefab MuseumThe Prefab Museum will not reopen on theExcalibur Estate in Catford. This decision has beenmade for the safety and security of theorganisers, volunteers and visitors, which,Crawshaw bridge. photo English Heritage


following the arson attack in October, could notbe guaranteed.

It had been expected that the museum couldstay open until 2017, when the final phase ofdemolition at Excalibur was scheduled to takeplace.

Some of the money raised has been used tocontinue the work online and to establish newpartnerships with the aim of opening a PrefabMuseum in the future. Work has also beencontinuing with UCL who are helping classify anddocument the large archive of photos, memories,films and documents.

Elisabeth Blanchet

St Aidans BE1150 DraglineThe Friends of St Aidans are delighted to reportthat they now have an electricity supply laid on to‘Oddball’and so they will no longer have to humpgenerators, fuel and cables for the open days.Saturday 13 June (2 – 4pm) is the next one,followed by Heritage Weekend 12 and 13September.

Hot air heatingThe massive College Square East building ofBelfast Metropolitan College is being convertedto student accommodation. Built in 1902, it washeated by a hot air system powered by a steamengine, built and installed by Musgrave andCompany Ltd of Belfast. Concern had beenexpressed about the future of the engine which isin very good condition.

However, as part of the planning permissionthe company has agreed to retain the steamengine, even though it will no longer heat thebuilding. Lacuna Development’s Anthony Bestsaid “It will be kept where it is, protected behinda glass screen, so it will be a feature as you walkpast. The steam engine was installed in 1902 andheated the college until it moved in 2007. Itworked under coal, then oil, then gas, and wasconverted to use the different fossil fuels. There

were two people working on it and running it fulltime. It worked by heating the air and blowing itthrough big grilles in each of the rooms – theseare all listed and will remain.”

Henry Musgrave (1827 – 1922) first wentinto business with his brother Edgar in about1850 to trade tea and sugar, founding H & EMusgrave, but later he took over the ironworksstarted by his older brothers. The companysupplied goods throughout Britain, Europe andthe Americas. Customers included members ofEuropean aristocracy such as the Empress ofGermany and the King of Spain. In 1890 theydesigned and supplied much of the ironwork forthe parks in Dublin, including the bandstand inPhoenix Park. A noted philanthropist, he donatedthe land which became Musgrave Park in southBelfast.

The company survived until 1965.

Call for new right of appeal onplanningAn alliance of Campaign to Protect Rural England(CPRE), Civic Voice and the National Associationof Local Councils (NALC) has called on all politicalparties to make a firm manifesto commitment tointroduce a ‘community right of appeal’ into theplanning system.

The alliance believes that there should be alimited community right of appeal in areas wherea development is non-compliant with aneighbourhood plan or local plan. Currentlyparish councils and other community groups havethe power to produce neighbourhood plans, butno scope to stop developers overriding this byputting in speculative planning applications forapproval by the district council. Budget cutswithin local authorities mean that they are underincreasing pressure to allow large developments,even when these are not in line with thecommunity’s aspirations for the future of its area.

CPRE Chief Executive Shaun Spiers said, “Theplanning system needs to be rebalanced to give

communities the right to stand up to bullyingdevelopers and appeal against planning decisionswhich ignore local or neighbourhood plans. Thegrounds on which developers can appeal shouldbe restricted and a limited community right ofappeal introduced. The vast majority of planningapplications would be unaffected by suchmeasures, but they would provide importantsafeguards to ensure communities can resistunsustainable development proposals”.

Freddie Gick, Chair of Civic Voice said, “Atpresent, the only recourse for the public againstpoor planning decisions is judicial review. A rightof appeal would give local people a realopportunity to have a say and would rebalancethe planning system and help deliver truelocalism”.

NALC Chairman, Cllr Ken Browse said, “Thevoice of local people through the local (town andparish) councils should always be at the heart ofplanning. To some extent this is being achievedthrough the statutory neighbourhood plan. Butcommunities via local councils feel that theirplanning demands are being ignored and there isstill the potential for developers to try and rideroughshod against the neighbourhood plan. So a‘right of appeal’ would stop this planninginjustice”.

Cullochy Weir breachedUnusually high water levels on Loch Oich, as aresult of heavy rains and snow melt, havesignificantly undermined the weir at Cullochy,about six miles south of Fort Augustus on theCaledonian Canal, and partially washed it away,causing a major breach of the canalembankment.

Scottish Canals had originally hoped to damthe flow of water at the weir itself but, havinginvestigated the site further, they decided to placelarge stone blocks in the water next toAberchalder Bridge instead to form a temporarydam.

NEWS

College Square East, Belfast Musgrave built engine for hot air heating system.


PUBLICATIONS

Local Society and other periodicals received

Abstracts will appear in Industrial Archaeology Review.

Cumbria Industrial History Society Bulletin, 90, December 2014

Dorset Industrial Archaeology Society Bulletin 41, January 2015

Greater London Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 276,February 2015

Histelec News: Newsletter of the South Western ElectricityHistorical Society, 58, December 2014

Historic Gas Times, 82, March 2015

Historic Scotland Focus, 2015

ICE Panel for Historical Engineering Works Newsletter, 145, March2015

Industrial Heritage, 38/1, 2014

Lincolnshire History and Archaeology, 47, 2012

Lincolnshire Past and Present, 98, Winter 2014/5

Manchester Region Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 149,March 2015

National Association of Mining History Organisations Newsletter,70, December 2014; 71, March 2015

Northamptonshire Industrial Archaeology Group Newsletter, 133,Winter 2015

North East Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter,57, February 2015

Northern Mine Research Society Memoirs (British Mining) 98, 2014

Piers: the Journal of the National Piers Society, 114, Winter 2014

Scottish Business and Industrial History, 29, November 2014

Scottish Industrial Heritage Society Bulletin, 73, January-February2015

Somerset Industrial Archaeological Society Bulletin, 127, December2014

South West Wales Industrial Archaeology Society Bulletin, 122,February 2015

Surrey Industrial History Group Newsletter, 203, January 2015; 204,March 2015

Sussex Industrial Archaeology Society Newsletter, 165, January 2015

Sussex Mills Group Newsletter, 165, January 2015

WaterWords: News from the Waterworks Museum, Hereford, Spring2015

Worcestershire Industrial Archaeology and History SocietyNewsletter, 46, January 2015

Yorkshire Archaeological Society Industrial History SectionNewsletter, 93, Early Spring 2015

BooksMills on the Teign: A gazetteer of water-powered sites on the Teign,Bovey and their tributaries, by Martin Bodman, Leat Press 2015, 156 pp,numerous illus and plans, ISBN 978-0-9548758-3-1, paperback £16.

Following his earlier Mills on the Yeo, another labour of love, thisvolume covers 125 water powered sites, describing the mills themselves, themillers and the history of the ownership and their current state. While manyare grain mills there are also general farm, bone, flint, paper, tinners and ironworking mills and many others besides those generating electricity. This lastincludes the turbine house at Castle Drogo designed by Edward Lutyens.Most entries have neatly drawn plans showing the leats and other detailsmostly from the OS 1:2500 series. Illustrations include contemporary photos,reproduced early photos and nineteenth century water colours. For anyoneexploring the area east of Dartmoor this would add greatly to theirexperience and for anyone else it gives an excellent picture of the diversityof the rural industry of this area.

Britain’s Industrial Heritage, by John Hannavy, PiZX Books, 2015,numerous illus, ISBN 978-0-85710-093-1, hardback £9.99.

An introduction to Britain’s industrial past with chapters on wind andwater power, canals, mining, iron and steel and textiles etc. This booksparticular value lies in its illustrations. Besides contemporary photos takenby the author, who was Professor in Photography at University of Boltonthere are numerous reproductions of older pictures, mostly postcards. Thebook finishes with a comprehensive gazetteer of sites to visit.

DVDSpringfield Brewery, Wolverhampton, England built 1873. Destroyedby fire 2004, saved on film 1997.

This DVD, originally launched in 2007 has been updated with new filmcontent showing the ruins of the brewery. It is available fromwww.springfield brewery.com.

Once the work to stem the flow of water hasbeen carried out, it is hoped to be able to managethe repair works to the weir while the canal isoperational.

Engineers vote for preservationor reuseIn March the journal The Engineer challenged itsreaders with the following question:

“What is the most appropriate fate for largeindustrial facilities, such as mine workings, powerstations, cooling towers and chimneys, once theyreach the end of their working lives?” There werefive options.

624 readers responded with the followingresults:

They should be demolished. Sentimentality ismisplaced – 29%.

They should be preserved as local landmarks,in such a way as their use is memorialised, eg asmuseums – 13%.

They should be redeveloped commercially, egas housing or offices, at minimal cost to thepublic – 37%.

They should be preserved for public use, eg asart galleries or concert halls – 12%.

None of the above – 9%.It would be interesting to know what the last

group have in mind but leaving them aside it is 62to 29 in favour of some positive action.

Tees Cottage Pumping StationThe Pumping station originally built in 1849 andhousing Lancashire Boilers from 1902, a 1904steam powered beam engine and a 1914 gasengine (all in working order) has been closedsince Easter 2014. It was hoped, that with theessential safety work completed, the site wouldreopen this Easter. However, the new predicteddate is in September.

At the moment there are still holes in theroofs, the chimney needs the top repointing, the

gutters have major issues and vandalism andwear and tear have taken their toll on thedownpipes. In all a list of some 130 items.

It is hoped that Northumbrian Water willcarry out this work shortly.

NEWS

Tees Cottage Pumping Station

20 © Association for Industrial Archaeology, May 2015Registered in England under the Companies Act 1948 (No. 1326854) and the Charities Act 1960 (No. 277511)

Registered office: c/o IGMT, Coach Road, Coalbrookdale, Telford, Shropshire TF8 7DQProduced by TBC Print Services, Blandford Forum, Dorset DT11 7FP

DIARY

2015 EUROPEANINDUSTRIAL ANDTECHNOLOGICAL HERITAGEYEAR

11 – 17 May 2015AIA SPRING TOURThe Rhone Valley

28 – 31 MAY 2015 44TH ANNUAL SIACONFERENCE Albany and the Mohawk Region ofNew York

1 – 5 June 2015COUNTRY HOUSE –COMFORT & CONVENIENCEEAST ANGLIA [email protected]

5 June 2015CELEBRATING JAMES WATT2015 AND 2019University of Glasgow, 10am –4.30pm. See page 11

12 – 14 June 2015CELEBRATING STREETFURNITUREHistoric Metallurgy Society AnnualConference – Stratford upon Avon.Enquiries [email protected]

16 – 21 August 2015ICOHTEC 42ND SYMPOSIUMIN TEL AVIVHistory of High-Technologies andTheir Socio-Cultural Contextswww.icohtec.org/2015-meeting/CfP_ICOHTEC-2015

4 – 9 September 2015AIA ANNUAL CONFERENCE,BRIGHTON

6 – 11 September 2015TICCIH CONGRESS LILLEIndustrial Heritage in the twentyfirst century t iccih-2015.sciencesconf.org/?lang=en

10 October 2015INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE FAIREssex Industrial Archaeology GroupBraintree District Museum, ManorStreet, Braintree, CM7 3HWFor more details email [email protected]

31 October 2015DEVIZES INDUSTRIALARCHAEOLOGYSYMPOSIUMDevizes Town see page 11

27 November – 3 December2015NEW SOUTH WALESTour organised by Heritage ofIndustry to precede conferenceorganised by Engineering HeritageAustraliaTo enquire or register interest email– [email protected]

Intertype machines at the Blairie Printers.

Ron Inglis and Ian Gordon of the Ericht Trust receive the AIA Initiative Award from JohnHume.

INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY NEWS(formerly AIA Bulletin ISSN 0309-0051)ISSN 1354-1455

Editor: Chris Barney

Published by the Association for IndustrialArchaeology. Contributions should be sentto the Editor, Chris Barney, The Barn, BackLane, Birdingbury, Rugby CV23 8EN.News and press releases may be sent tothe Editor or the appropriate AIA RegionalCorrespondents. The Editor may betelephoned on 01926 632094 or e-mail:[email protected]

Final copy dates are as follows:

1 January for February mailing1 April for May mailing1 July for August mailing1 October for November mailing

The AIA was established in 1973 to promotethe study of Industrial Archaeology andencourage improved standards of recording,research, conservation and publication. Itaims to assist and support regional andspecialist survey groups and bodies involvedin the preservation of industrial monuments,to represent the interests of IndustrialArchaeology at national level, to holdconferences and seminars and to publish theresults of research. The AIA publishes anannual Review and quarterly News bulletin.Further details may be obtained from theLiaison Officer, AIA Liaison Office, TheIronbridge Institute, Ironbridge GorgeMuseum, Coalbrookdale, Telford TF8 7DX. Tel: 01325 359846.

The views expressed in this bulletin arenot necessarily those of the Associationfor Industrial Archaeology.

Information for the diaryshould be sent directly to theEditor as soon as it isavailable. Dates of mailingand last dates for receipt ofcopy are given below. Itemswill normally appear insuccessive issues up to thedate of the event. Pleaseensure details are sent in ifyou wish your event to beadvised.

More Diary Dates can befound on the AIA website at

www.industrial-archaeology.org

Ericht Trust winsInitiative Award fromthe Association of

Industrial Archaeology

At a packed meeting in Blairgowrie,some 57 people saw thepresentation of a plaque to theEricht Trust, which is workingtowards acquiring the redundantHill School and installing there theprinting machinery from BlairiePrinters. Prof John R Hume, Hon VicePresident of AIA, presented theplaque and offered some advice onphasing to the Trust and its fundingadvisor for the project to present theberries and printing story in the oldschool.

The Trust has been successful atraising funds towards feasibilitywork – Scottish and SouthernEnergy Sustainable DevelopmentFund has awarded £40,000, theArchitectural Heritage Fund£25,000, and the Prince’sRegeneration Trust ‘HeritageDragons’, after the Trust camesecond in competition across theUK, have given the project 80 hoursof professional services. While thereis a long way to go, other fundersmay be given confidence by themore modestly-sized £300 donationby AIA: a “great vote of confidence:see how well-regarded we are”. TheAIA visited the existing printingworks during the 2013 TaysideConference based in Dundee.

AIA News 140 Spring 2007 · mbe rPatick Flat 2, 14 Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham GL50 2SX Librarian...

Documents

Transcript of AIA News 140 Spring 2007 · mbe rPatick Flat 2, 14 Lypiatt Terrace, Cheltenham GL50 2SX Librarian...