AI Lecture Notesai.cau.ac.kr/teaching/ai-2011/01a-definitions.pdfArtificial Intelligence: Definition...
Transcript of AI Lecture Notesai.cau.ac.kr/teaching/ai-2011/01a-definitions.pdfArtificial Intelligence: Definition...
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Artificial Intelligence:Definition
School of Computer Science & EngineeringChung-Ang University
Daewon Kim
Lecture Notes
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What are AI Systems?
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Deep Blue defeated the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997
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During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people
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Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans
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Sony’s AIBO and Honda’s ASIMO
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Web Agents & Search engines: Google, Yahoo
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Recognition Systems: Speech, Character, Face, Iris, Fingerprint
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Virtual Reality and Computer Vision
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Some researchers consider AI as one of the four concepts:
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1. Systems that think like humans
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2. Systems that think rationally
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3. Systems that act like humans
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4. Systems that act rationally
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AI: Acting humanly
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Turing (1950): “The Turing Test”
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Can machines think?
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Can machines behave intelligently?
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Turing test is The Imitation Game
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Predicted that by 2000, a machine might have 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 min.
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Problem: Turing test is NOT …
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Turing test is NOT reproducible and amendable to mathematical analysis
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AI: Thinking humanly
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It requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain
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What level of abstraction? “Knowledge” or “circuits”.
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How to validate? Requires something
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Requires: Cognitive Science
Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down)
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Requires: Cognitive Neuroscience
Direct identification from neurological data (bottom up)
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Problem: Thinking humanly is NOT
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Both are distinct from AI
The available theories do not explain anything resembling human-level general intelligence.
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AI: Thinking rationally
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Laws of Thought: “What are correct arguments/thought processes?” by Aristotle
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Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic:
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Logic: notation and rules of derivation of thoughts
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Problem: Thinking rationally is NOT
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Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation
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AI: Acting rationally
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Rational behavior: doing the right thing
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The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information
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An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.
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This course is about designing rational agents.
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Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions
f : P A
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For any given class of tasks and environments, we seek the agent with the best performance.
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Problem: Acting rationally is NOT
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Computational limitations make perfect rationality unachievable
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Design best program for given machine resources
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Which of the following can be done at present?
• Play a decent game of table tennis
• Drive safely along a curving mountain road
• Drive safely along Telegraph Avenue
• Buy a week’s worth of groceries on the web
• Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem
• Design and execute a research program in biology
• Write an intentionally funny story
• Give legal advice in a specialized area of law
• Translate spoken English into Swedish in real time
• Perform a complex surgical operation
• Converse successfully with another person for an hour