AHS13 Will Lassek MD -- Why Women Need Fat: Three Evolutionary Puzzles
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Transcript of AHS13 Will Lassek MD -- Why Women Need Fat: Three Evolutionary Puzzles
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WHY DO WOMEN
NEED FAT?
Will Lassek
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Look here first
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Who is the most attractive
imaginary woman?eg. animated films,
video games,comics, graphic novels
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Jessica Rabbit“most attractive
imaginary woman”
650 undergradsof Steve Gaulin“sexiest cartoon
character”Cadbury contest
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What is hermost
unusualattribute?
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Jessica Rabbit
Waist/Hip Ratio: 38%
Waist/HeightRatio: 15%(10 inches)
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38% 68% 74%
Playmate undergrad
WAIST/HIP
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15% 10 in
36%24 in
44%28 in
Playmate undergrad
WAIST/HEIGHT
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WHERE DOMEN LOOK
FIRST &LONGEST?
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Cornellisen, et al. 2009
eye tracking:WAIST is
where men look first and most when judging attractiveness
Look here first
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Why should we care what menfind attractive?
Look here first
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Men should admire qualitiesthat help women havechildren that survive
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HOW IS WOMEN’SWAIST FAT
CONNECTEDTO HAVING CHILDREN?
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14161820222426283032
20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36Waist, inches
BM
IWaist & BMI (Body Mass Index)
small waistrequires low BMI
correlation = 0.93
Playmatesundergrads
Jessica’s BMI?
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Jessica Rabbit
waist/height15%
predictedBMI:
10(from waist, hip, height)
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Average weight of young US women by BMI
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
BMI
Pou
nds
BMI <20<120 pounds
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Men prefer women with low BMI’s Martin Tovee, et al. 1999
attractivenessscores
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0
10
20
30
40
50
14 15 16 17 18 19
BMI
Per
cent
Cumulative BMI % age 18-20, 1971-75(before the obesity epidemic)
half of young women had BMI’s <20
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HOW DOES A MOTHER’S
SMALL WAIST & LOW BMI
AFFECT HER CHILDREN?
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OVULATORY INFERTILITY & BMI: 116,671 nurses, Rich-Edwards 2002
21
BMI<21:HARDER
TOGET
PREGNANT
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In foraging/subsistence populations thinner women have fewer children
Hadza
Marlowe 04
Andes
Mueller 79
Papua New
Guinea
Brush 93
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0 1 2 3
Low BirthWeight
Preterm
Hospital
<1919-2425+
Lower BMI, bad for infants
(infant)Murakami 2005
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Low BMI & fetal or infant death
the lower the BMI,the moreinfant deaths
23
England
BMITennant, 2011
17
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PUZZLEWHY DO MEN PREFER WOMEN
WITH LOWER FERTILITY& LESS HEALTHY INFANTS?
AND (OR) WHY DO MOST YOUNG
WOMEN HAVE SMALL WAISTS& LOW BMI’S?
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WHAT HAPPENS TO A FIRST-TIME
AMERICAN MOTHER EVERY 86 SECONDS?
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WH, 1932 (1847) Catherine
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FTA, 1932 (1929)
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Evolution of pelvis in humans
pelvis changed to allowupright walking and running
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a
Smallest pelvic outlet dimension: interspinous diameter ~ 9 cm
Interspinous
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Average biparietal diameter at term: 9.5 cm
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humans have much less ofbrain growthbefore birth,but head isstill too big
chimpanzee
human
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Almost half of babies from “normal”vaginal deliveries have bleeding in brain
46%
Rooks, 2008
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LARGER HEAD LEADS TO BLOCKED LABORAND DEATH IN CHILDBIRTH
Spain, ~1100 AD
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HOW COMMON WASDEATH IN CHILDBIRTH
BEFORE C-SECTIONS?
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WHICHSEX
LIVES LONGER?
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Average age at death,US 1999-2010
60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76
men
women
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Percent surviving to age 65,US 1999-2010
60 65 70 75 80
men
women
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Average adult age at death:30,000 BC to 1799 AD
26 28 30 32 34 36
~3000 skeletons examined by Larry Angel, 1984
men
women
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Sweden, 1800-1899Hogberg, 1985
1 in 14 mothers died in childbirth
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Sierra Leone 2.0%Afghanistan 1.9Malawi 1.8Angola 1.7Niger 1.6Tanzania 1.5Rwanda 1.4Mali 1.2
Maternal deaths in 2000, WHO
many mothers still die inchildbirth
Sierra Leone 1/50
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0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6Birth
% C
-sec
tion
sFirst C-sections by birth
most risk ofblocked labor with first birth
US, 1990
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Every 86 seconds a first-time American mother has a C-section
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WHAT IS THE BENEFIT OF A
SMALLER WAIST& LOWER BMI
IN A FIRST-TIME MOTHER?
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33.4
33.6
33.8
34.0
34.2
34.4
34.6
34.8
10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39
BMI before pregnancy
Hea
d s
ize
cmLower BMI, smaller newborn
head for 1st birth
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05
10152025303540
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28BMI before pregnancy
Per
cen
t C
-sec
tion
sLower BMI, fewer C-sections
for 1st birth
less blocked babies
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High blood pressure duringpregnancy can also be bad
preeclampsia/eclampsia
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0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7Pregnancy
Per
cen
t More high blood pressure with
first pregnancy
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468
1012141618202224
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Per
cent
pre
ecla
mps
iaBMI & high blood pressure
in 1st time mothers
lower BMI,less risk
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WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF A
SMALLER WAIST& LOWER BMI
IN A FIRST-TIME MOTHER? (2)
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1. LESS RISK OF MOTHER & CHILD
DYING IN CHILDBIRTH2. LESS HIGH
BLOOD PRESSURE
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WHAT HAPPENS TOWOMEN’S WAIST FAT
(AND WEIGHT)AFTER
HAVING A CHILD?
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252627282930313233
15 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50Age Group
Wai
st, i
nche
sMinimum waist (inches) in women
with children, US 1988-94
NP
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120
125
130
135
140
145
150
18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46Age
Wei
ght,
poun
dsAverage weight in American women
before obesity epidemic 1959-61
as add 25-30 pounds,more new fat in waist
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20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Age 17-18
All Adults
BMI
Average BMI in European women
122 pounds
150 pounds
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WHY IS IT BENEFICIALTO HAVE MORE
WAIST FAT AFTER HAVING A CHILD?
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0 1 2 3
LBW
Preterm
Hospital
Adjusted Odds Ratio
<1919-2425+
Bigger waist, bigger babies
(infant)Murakami 2005
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27.0
27.5
28.0
28.5
29.0
29.5
30.0
30.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6Births
Pel
vic
wid
th, c
mPelvic width and births, NHANES III
birth canal expands with each birth, soless blocked labor
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LESS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE2nd CHILD WITH SAME FATHER
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30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
Waist/Height x 100
Insu
linBigger waist, more insulin resistance
more insulin resistance =more sugar for baby
= bigger baby
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708090
100110120130140150160170
36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62
Waist/height x 100
Tri
glyc
erid
esBigger waist, more triglycerides
more fat inmother’s blood =bigger baby
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0102030405060708090
100
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31+
Cumulative BMI in women 15+
Per
cent
BMI in women 15+ in 190 countries
2/3rds are 25+“overweight”
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WHERE WOMEN
DON’T ADD WAIST FAT,
CHILDREN SUFFER
(CONTROLLING FOR INCOME)
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5
10
15
20
<22 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29+
Female BMI
Low
Bir
th W
eigh
t %
Low birth weight & average BMI in women (income controlled)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
<23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29+Female BMI
Dea
ths
per
100
0 b
irth
sNewborn death rate & average BMI
in women (income controlled)
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25
50
75
100
125
<23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29+
Female BMI
Dea
ths
per
1000
bir
ths
Child death rate & average BMI in women (income controlled)
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SO, WHY DOES A WOMAN
NEED WAIST FAT?
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WAIST FATDETERMINESTHE SIZE OF
HER CHILDREN
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WHAT ABOUT
FAT in the HIPS
& LEGS?
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Jessica Rabbit
HIP/HEIGHT= 53%(36 in)
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53% 53%
Playmateundergrad
53%
BMI <20
Hip/height
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Men’s ranking of desirability ofwomen’s body areas
Rank Score 1-5Chest 1 4.13
Buttocks 2 4.09
Legs 3 4.04
Hips 4 3.98
Montoya, 2006
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Almost all cultures value fat in women’s legs & hips
Brown & Konner, 1987
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What % of weight is fat?
Ambelosi baboon
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What % of weight is fat?
bear ready to hibernate
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What % of weight is fat?
typicalundergrad
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height: 64”weight: 132 lb
BMI: 22.2fat: 32%(42 lb)
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WHY DO WOMENNEED
SO MUCH FAT?
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2/3rds of fat is in hips & legs
(white = fat)
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LOWER BODY FATIS LOCKED AWAY
UNTIL LATE INPREGNANCY
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1800
2000
2200
2400
2600
0 1-6 7 8 9 nurseMonths of pregnancy
COST
30%of fetalgrowth
Mothers eat less in late pregnancy& while nursing (calories/day)
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AS EAT LESS,LOWER BODY FATIS MOBILIZED IN
LATE PREGNANCY& WHILE NURSING
~1 ounce/day
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WHAT IS INONE OUNCE OF LOWER-BODY
FAT?
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0 50 100 150 200 250
human
baboon
beef cow
guinea pig
sheep
rabbit
rat/pig
Maternal energy cost of nursing: cals/kgPrentice 1988
300 calories/day
2% FAT
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WHAT IMPORTANTORGAN IN
A NEW BABYGROWS THE MOST
& ADDS THE MOST FAT?
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Brain triples in size in 1st year
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Bra
in w
eig
ht,
g
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Fat = 52% dry weight of brain
ProteinFat
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Nerve cells are mostly membranes made of fat with embedded proteins
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Nerve cell membranes would cover 5 football fields
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DHA = 1/3rd of membrane fat
DHA
DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID
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DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) omega-3
22 carbons6 double bonds
omega-3 fats must come from diet
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DHA is active in every part of nerve cell
Calderon 07makes & grows dendrites
transmits signal
makessynapse work
grows axon
preserves
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60
65
70
75
80
85
low medium highMother's dietary DHA
% h
igh
er I
QChildren of mothers with more DHA
while pregnant have higher verbal IQ’s
Hibbeln, 07
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420
440
460
480
500
520
540
1 2 3 4+
Milk DHA index
Mat
h Sc
ore
More DHA in mother’s milk: higherPISA math score in 28 countries
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WHERE DOES MILK DHA
COME FROM?
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Where does milk DHA come from?
BODY FAT80%
CURRENTDIET
Fidler 2000
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DHA mainly from stored fat80% of 120 mg
MILK DHA = 96 mg*
ONE OUNCEOF FAT =
96 mg* DHA
*120 mg DHA/day* European mothers
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SO, WHY DO WOMENNEED SO MUCHLOWER-BODY
FAT?
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LOWER-BODYFAT PROVIDES
ESSENTIAL FATSNEEDED BY BRAIN
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WHY AREOUR
NEWBORNBABIESSO FAT?
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TYPICAL NEWBORNHAS 2 POUNDS OF FAT
WITH1500 MILLIGRAMS OF
DHA
(1.6%)
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HOW CAN WOMEN STORE MORE DHA WHEN
DHA % IN FAT IS LOWBECAUSE OF
LOW DHA FROM DIET?
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Percent DHA in body fatImaichi 65, Leaf 95
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
US
Japan
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6+Milk DHA index
Fem
ale
obes
ity
%DHA in mother’s milk &
female obesity in 43 countriesUSA?
Japan?paleolithic?
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161820222426283032
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54Waist/Height x 100
BM
IWaist/Height & BMI (Body Mass Index)
small waistrequires low BMI
correlation = 0.93
Playmates undergrads
Jessica?
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1%2%
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5
6
7
8
9
10 to 14 15 to 19 20 to 29
BMI
Low
bir
th w
eigh
t %
Lower BMI mothers have more low birth weight babies