Ahmed Ishtiaque Assignment Dr.philips

8/18/2019 Ahmed Ishtiaque Assignment Dr.philips

1/11

Introduction:

My study deals with identifying the level of willingness among the rural

farmers of Bangladesh to join model projects. One of the independent

variable I am looking at is Access to Finances which could come from various

sources such as subsidies provided by the sponsors of the project thefarmers own savings or loans from local community micro credit programs.

!he paper also identi"es other independent variables such as Access to

Information which deals with knowledge on how to produce the organic

vegetables knowledge on where to market these items and also knowledge

on where to collect the proper raw materials such as seeds and fertili#ers. It

also looks into Access to Market which deals with availability of market in

terms of reach and what distribution channels are available such as the

re$uirements of vans and pickups. !he dependent variable to be studied

here would be the %illingness of Farmers to &oin Model 'rojects. It looks into

how much farmers are willing to move away from traditional products to

producing more productive semi(organic vegetables. )ooking into e*isting

literature certain issues were identi"ed and evaluated.

Literature Review:

%hen it comes to de"ning rural development many theorists believe that

there has come a major shift over the century where we have moved away

from the moderni#ation paradigm and are now looking into a new rural

development paradigm. It is seen in +urope that rural development as far as

the farmers are concerned have moved away from the concept that

economic power and success are derived from the scale of operations and

economics of scale and vertical integration should be the target. !hey are

now looking into more ,e*ible small farm models which is a natural

response of farm enterprises in terms of contributing to the general

restructuring trends. As most developing countries such as Bangladesh are

mostly agriculturally bases the models being used by farmers can contribute

to regional employment and the overall development of an area. !hus the

modern version of what e*ist today as rural development can also be

considered as new agricultural development model -'loeg enting Brunori/nickel Mannion Marsden oest 0u#man 1 2entura3.

If we look into the literature on theories on rural development that have

come up over the latter half of the century one of the more common body of

thoughts would be the small("rm e4ciency paradigm. At around the 5678s

and 5698s when people were looking into economies of scale with large


2/11

scale farming which suited the developing countries that had socialist

government this concept of small farm focus would have to be one of the

early paradigm shifts. Although there were a lot of skeptics of this idea and

many still believed that large scale farming using technology to mechani#e

everything was the more e4cient way to go the idea stuck around and is

being implemented in developing countries such as Bangladesh where

majority of farmers have very small si#e farms to begin with -+llis 1 Biggs

:8853.

Another approach proposed at that time was the ;ustainable )ivelihood

approach -;)3 - ;cooner 566=3. !he concept of ;) is derived

from literature on the ?asset vulnerability framework@ -see Amartya ;en@s

566=3. owever previous empirical studies have indicated that farming

activities only e*plains about 8(78C of the ;) package looking into ;outh

Asia and sub(;ahara Africa -see eardon 56693. Other factors such as

remittance wages and salaries from non farming activities seem to be more

important for part time farmers farmers with small land or landless farmers

who work oD others@ land. !his issue of landless farmers or farmers with

small farm land is commonly due to sub(division of land due to inheritance

where father@s land is sub divided among his sons after his death. !his seems

to be a common scenario in countries that are more agriculture base such as

Bangladesh -Bryceson and &amal 56693.

)ooking into access to market and distribution more recent theories have

come up with supply chain for rural development.


3/11

or perceived image of the products and the organi#ation -Marsden and Banks

:8883.

A paper on rural development for women through microcredit programs

Microcredit and ural %omen +ntrepreneurship Gevelopment in Bangladesh A

Multivariate ModelH was e*amined because of its relevance to particularaspects of the topic as it looks at factors that deal with developing the skills

of the rural women population as a successful business women capable of

sustaining a small business and suggests that micro credit programs do not

support the rural women towards the greater cause of sustainability but

rather makes them dependent on the loans and the business fails over time

-Afrin Islam 1 Ahmed :8583.

%hereas critics argue that micro credit programs provide economic security.

Operating small businesses gives the women of the house an opportunity to

contribute toward her family income and also for the community in the formof employment opportunities improves nutritional and health situation of the

family improves housing conditions and creates wealth for the family -ulme

1 Mosely 566=3. Furthermore economic empowerment enables the rural

women with social empowerment awareness of the business environment

organi#ational and management skills etc. -'itt 1 /handaker 56673.

;ome of the positive results of micro credit "nancing that were suggested

are

• Income and economic security• ;elf employment

• +mpowerment -"nancial 1 social3

• Asset increase

• Eutrition 1 health conditions

• +ducation and awareness

!he success factors leading towards sustainability includes

+ntrepreneurship skills

• Innovation

• isk(taking

• Opportunity(seeking


4/11

!he study was done in /hulna division ( Batiaghata !hana -densely populated3

while the characteristics of the respondents were between :8 to 8 years of age

-all women borrowers3. !wo diDerent E0Os were looked at namely Bangladesh ural

Gevelopment Board -BGB3 and A;A.

'urposive ;ampling Method was used to develop the sample which includedborrowers who are already engaged in J(58 years or more with diDerentcredit programs. !hree diDerent criteria were used to select the !hanaswhich included

-53the intensity of credit programs-:3the density of population-J3the intensity of poverty

!he measurement instruments were primary research using structured

$uestionnaire which had a 5 to K point scale. !he Gependent variable was

e*plained by four diDerent variables namely

5. Independence:. ability to make comple* decisionsJ. ability to seek and grasp opportunity. ability to take risk and initiative

!he study looks into factor analysis of 8 variables in the rural women

entrepreneurship survey identi"ed 5J main factors that account for 9K.9C

of the variance> the top three of which were as follows

5. "nancial management skills and group identity -e*plained 5=.:C of variance3

:. creative urge 1 self interest -6.9C of variance3J. family funds 1 female involvement -7.5C of variance3

!hey have also used structured e$uation modeling which were

5. "nancial management skills and group identity -5 it was predictedthat the "nancial management skills and group identity have direct 1positive relationship with entrepreneurial development and it was

assumed they will take new initiative of business> results show eDectsare positive and signi"cant3

:. family e*perience and option limitations -7 it was predicted thatfamily e*perience 1 option limitation have direct 1 positive eDect onentrepreneurial development and it was assumed with prior e*periencedealing with family business or micro credit loans she will takeinitiative to do some business to obtain social business> results werepositive and signi"cant3


5/11

J. independence and urge to keep busy -K it was predicted thatindependence 1 urge to keep busy have direct and positive eDect of entrepreneurial development and it was assumed more independencewill lead to higher level of entrepreneurship> results were positive andsigni"cant3

!he study suggest that management skills particularly "nancial skills and

self identity which is identi"ed as acceptance from peer group are the most

statistically signi"cant and have a more direct impact on development of

rural women entrepreneurs through the use of microcredit programs. Also

they suggest that women who have previous business e*perience or at least

e*posure by working with or just observing family members of their father@s

side are more willing to become involved in businesses. Furthermore some

women are more independent by nature and tend to be more entrepreneurial

than others -Afrin Islam 1 Ahmed :8583.

OBJECTIVES:

!he baseline survey should be conducted to assess the implementationarea status with the following objectives in mind

!o understand the socio(economic pro"le of the respondents

!o evaluate the un(utili#ed land of the target population

Identify willingness to join the model project

!o provide recommendations for implementation of the project

strategies to enhance further promotion and advocacy

Research Question:

!o what e*tent does access to information access to market and access to

"nances aDect the willingness of local Bangladeshi farmers to join modelprojects and utili#e their non(farming lands to produce semi(organic

vegetables when moderated by the level of media e*posure and the

empowerment of womenL

Model:


6/11

Variables Sub roerties !e"nition Measures #nchRan


7/11

Gependent %illingnessto &oin Model'rojects

53 )evel of

consensus

-Gef the willingness

of the head of the

household 1 otherdecision makers

Neg. the sons to

agree to start

producing new

vegetables3

:3 Openness to

change

-Gef the willingness

of the farmers toproduce new

vegetables which

are not part of their

staple diet3

%illingness oflocal farmers tomove awayfrom farmingtraditional

products tonew semi(organicproducts

!o what e*tent arethey

5.


8/11

knowledge-Gef business

speci"cally"nancialknowhow

IndependentBAccess toMarket

53 Availability ofmarket

-Gef level of marketreach thefarmers haveto sell the newvegetables inthe localregionalnational 1e*portmarkets3

:3 Gistribution


9/11

membersNusually in theform ofremittancecoming in from

familymembers livingabroadQloansfromcommunity3

ModeratingM5+*posure toMedia

a3 )evel of communication-Gef3b3 Fre$uency of communication-Gef3

%hat level ofeDects doese*posure tolocal media 1communityleaders haveon farmers


10/11

Bangla the local language3 as the main $uantitative approach. A total of Jareas would be selected from each of the J districts of the country.

Sa'le !istribution

For the sample si#e a total of 588 farmers from each area of the three

districts should be interviewed to assess their socio economic pro"le. !herespondents from the study population within each of the three districts willbe selected using a systematic purposive strategy. !he total sample si#ewould accumulate to 688 with J88 farmers selected from each of the threedistricts.

Surve& Tools

;tructured $uestionnaire for this Baseline ;urvey would be developed inconsultation with the clients. After developing the draft $uestionnaire it

would be sent to all relevant stakeholders for their comments. After gettingapproval the $uestionnaire would be sent for pre(tested in one of the areaswithin the 0a#ipur district district. After further scrutiny the "nal version of the translated $uestionnaire would be used for the survey.

Stud& #rea

!he study would be carried out in three districts of Bangladesh namely

!angail 0a#ipur and


11/11

Re(erences:

+llis F. 1 Bigg ;. -:8853. +volving !hemes in ural Gevelopment 56K8s(

:888s. Gevelopment 'olicy eview 56-3 J9(=.

Marsden !. Banks &. 1 Bristow 0. -:8883. Food ;upply

Ahmed Ishtiaque Assignment Dr.philips

Documents

Transcript of Ahmed Ishtiaque Assignment Dr.philips