AGRUPAMENTO de ESCOLAS DE LAMAÇÃES – BRAGA GRU meeting in Palermo - Italy 12-16 December 2012...
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Transcript of AGRUPAMENTO de ESCOLAS DE LAMAÇÃES – BRAGA GRU meeting in Palermo - Italy 12-16 December 2012...
AGRUPAMENTO de ESCOLAS DE LAMAÇÃES – BRAGA
GRU meeting in Palermo - Italy
12-16 December 2012
WORK, FAMILY and GENDER- from research to policies -
• About 50 national and international projects since 1980
• A large number of researchers
Family study groups: Families from working classes
Families with enterprise jobs
Families from urban middle class
Rural families
More recently:
• The reconstrution of the family model
Several approaches dealing with…
A. Research with focus on families and its membersAnalizes their practices, representations and
strategies to articulate their professional life and family life.
B. Research with focus on how to organize workAnalizes social relationships and the way they
promote or restrain the relation work-family
C. Comparative studies between several countries and its family, organizational and national contexts
Analize differences and similarities in practice and policies concerning work -family
Work and Family
… several methods to get and analize info
- extensive and intensive methodologies- documents and statistics
- Questionnaire
- Semi-directive interview
- Biographical interview
Work and Family in the transition for adult life Young europeans and their future work and
family life - some results
• Uncertainty and job precarity delay the constituion of their own family
• Boys and Girls have the same rights; but not the same conditions concerning jobs and fatherhood/motherhood
• They value jobs with flexibility to manage time• Atittude towards job and family depends on social background,
level of education and nationality• Adolescents combine different representations taken from their
parents’ models (more traditional or modern ones), present in every focus country.
Work-family in the organizations
I. Gender, parenthood and the changing european workplace II. Quality of work in a
changing Europe
Work-family in the organizations
Some results
• Careers for women are self conditioned and hetero-conditioned by family responsabilities
• Women with low professional qualifications give major priority to their family
• Higher professional qualifications ≠ organizational models for baby caring/sitting and professional household facilities
Work-Family and proximity services
I. Employment, family and community activities – a new balance for women and men
II. Employment in
household task
(Dublin Foundation)
Work-Family and proximity servicesSome results
• Domestic and personal services increased in the past years
• Female activity (27% Women – 5% Men)
• Low salaries, low qualifications and little social value
• Well developed and organized services in the UK (a contrast with PT)
Work-Family and the use of time
I. A new organisation of time througout working life
Objective:
- Learn different ways of using time by men and women in several countries througout their professional life
II. Questionaire about time use
III. The division of work in the family – Families in Portugal
Work-Family and the use of time Some results
I.
-Men and Women have similar work organization when young but gradually divergent
-Differences between southern and central Europe (motherhood leaves and half-time work)
II.
Strong differences between W and M
in using their time
III.
Differences between W and M in the household tasks
G r a u d e p a r t i c i p a ç ã o n a r e a l i z a ç ã o d e t a r e f a s d o m é s t ic a s , p o r s e x o
U n id a d e : %
M U L H E R E S H O M E N S
0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0
S e m p r e o u c o mfr e q u ê n c iaA lg u m a s ve z e so u r a r a m e n teN u n c a
02 04 06 08 01 0 0
C o s tu m a re a liz a r c o m p ra s e s p o rá d ic a s
C o s tu m a re a liz a rt ra b a lh o s d e ja rd in a g e m
C o s tu m a re a liz a rs e rv iç o s a d m in is t ra tiv o s
C o s tu m a re a liz a r a sc o m p ra s h a b i tu a is
C o s tu m a c u id a r d aro u p a
C o s tu m a re a liz a r al im p e z a re g u la r d a c a s a
C o s tu m a p re p a ra r a s re f e iç õ e s
Differences between W and M in caring for children
MULHERES HOMENS
020406080100
Prestar cuidadosfísicos a crianças
Acompanhar a vidaescolar dos filhos
Levar filhos àginástica, à natação,
etc.
Brincar c/ os filhos,
levá-los ao teatro,cinema, c oncertos
Levar os filhos ao
médico
Cuidar de pess oasadultas dependentes
Sempre ou comfrequênciaAlgumas vezesou raramenteNunca
Não sabe/nr
0 20 40 60 80 100
Ways of sharing household tasks(Wall e Guerreiro, A Divisão Familiar do Trabalho, 2005)
4 typical ways:
• Exclusive women’s work 60%
• Sharing men/women 17%
• Parcial delegation to her husband 10%
• Family division (w+m+children) 13%*mulher c/ empregada ou ascendentes
Work-Family and stress
I.Stress in the relation
work-family
Portugal in a compared perspective
- Work-family stress
-Family stress at work
- Professional stress in the family
Child care facilities and the division of work between W and M
Question: where do children stay in PT while mothers go to work?
Portugal has the highest rate of working mothers with children aged between 10-15 in the EU; at the same time there still is a lack of public equipment and facilities to support the 1st and 2nd childhood, having grandparents or neighbours as a helping hand
(in Lisbon and other large cities there’s a deficit of this kind of equipments)
Work, family and life course
More equipments for children to support families, mean a tendency for equal
opportunities both for W and M
- Recent research has proved a specific relationship between welfare state and social capital.
- Southern countries have a lower social capital and less help structures.
- Northern countries, with a welfare state and a strong social protection, possess stronger and more intense intergenerational help.
Work attachment, by country and sex (percentages)
Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Sw
eden
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Au
stri
a
Net
her
lan
ds
Bel
giu
m
Gre
at B
rita
in
Irel
and
Ital
y
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
ep
Est
on
ia
Hu
ng
ary
Lat
via
Lit
hu
ania
Po
lan
d
Slo
vaki
a
Slo
ven
ia
Bu
lgar
ia
Ro
man
ia
Tu
rkey
All
cou
ntr
ies
The work I do is an important part of my life - MenThe work I do is an important part of my life - WomenI would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - MenI would continue working even if I did not need the money anymore - Women
New directions of the families in Europe
ESS (Round 2), 2004
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
No
rway
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Fin
lan
d
Den
mar
k
Icel
and
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Au
stri
a
Net
her
lan
ds
Bel
giu
m
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Irel
and
Hu
ng
ary
Cze
ch R
ep.
Po
lan
d
Slo
ven
ia
Slo
vaki
a
Est
on
ia
Ukr
ain
e
Sp
ain
Po
rtu
gal
Gre
ece
G6 A woman should be prepared to to cut down on paid work for sake of familyG7 Men should take as much responsibility as women for home and childrenG8 Men should have more right to job than women when jobs are scarce
G9 Children in home, parents should stay together even if don't get alongG10 A person's family should be main priority in life
TottalyAgree
Agree
Nor agree Nor disagree
Disagree
Tottaly disagree
How to bring work and other activities together (family, study,…) - Favourite, available and used
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Working more or le
ss hours if needed
Saving up overtime to
take as extra
time off
Carrying over h
olidays to
next year
Taking extra paid tim
e off to lo
ok after re
latives
Early re
tirement
Early re
tirement b
ut with
the optio
n of still
working part-tim
e
Taking extra pay in
stead of holid
ay
Taking unpaid leave
Taking extra paid tim
e off for s
tudy
Taking a sabbatical, c
areer break
Child care fa
cilities at w
orkplace
Teleworking
Important Available Taken
Source: EB 60.3 and CCEB 2003