Agronomy of crops and pastures - Lincoln University · · 2017-09-20Agronomy of crops and...
Transcript of Agronomy of crops and pastures - Lincoln University · · 2017-09-20Agronomy of crops and...
Agronomy of crops and pasturesIncitec Pivot at Lincoln University
Derrick Moot
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
21 August 2017
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63% Mountain and hill countryPh
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13% Inland basinsPh
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Brown & Naish, GNS pers. Comm.
High variability over short spaces
The sediment load of Canterbury rivers is 10x the global average
Soil water extraction - WakanuiPh
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0 10 20 30
Soil
dept
h (m
)
0
1
2
Water extraction (mm)
WakanuiLismore
133 mm
328 mm
Soil water extraction
Deep Wakanui soil has 200 mm more
available water
Moot et al. 2008
Climate Explorer NIWA, 2010
Climate
Median rainfall (mm)(1971-2000)
2000140012001000900800700600500
mm
Unimproved scrub land on light soils
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Martin et al. 2006 NZGA
Dairy pasture
Water + nitrogen= ryegrass
Moot et al 2010; Department of Statistics
The population...deer & cattle
Year1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Sto
ck n
umbe
rs (m
illion
s)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Beef cattle Dairy cattleDeer
Image provided by Ken Taylor ECAN
>465 000 ha of “light land”
UnconfinedConfinedSoils <0.45 m
6.9 mg/L
Annual Median Nitrate +NitriteHarts Creek
Year1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Nitr
ate
and
Nitr
ite N
itrog
en (m
g/L)
(d
etec
tion
limits
hal
ved)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Data © Environment Canterbury
ECAN 2017
21% Flat undulating floodplain (fluvial megafans)
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~60% of the fresh and process peasPh
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Onions for export, 4000 ha of potatoes
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High values seed cropsLi
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10,000 ha clover seed for exportPh
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Herbage grass 1.5 - 2.5 t seed/ha
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Wine production in Nth Canterbury
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Policy & management questions
• What types of land uses, and
• How intensive can they be without exceeding agroundwater system’s limits? – nitrogen mgmt
• How might land be managed to maximizeprofitability and remain within the N limits?
i.e. How many dairy farms, potato farms, onion paddocks, market gardens, sheep paddocks… should be allowed on a “catchment”?
Nutrient availability
Temperature
Daylength
Solar radiation
Soil moisture/ Rain Irrigation
Fertilizer
Population
Sowing date
Cultivar
Mineral nutrition
Phenological development
Canopy development
Biomass accumulation
Partitioning
Yield QualityPROCESSES
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Relationship between environment and management factors and the physiological processes that regulate crop yield and quality. (Source: Hay & Porter 2006).
Growth vs DevelopmentGrowth: an irreversible increase in DM
- function of light interception and - photosynthesis and then - assimilate partitioning
Development: irreversible change in the state of an organism
- fixed pattern and reversion is raree.g. silking,
pod initiation, dough development
Measurements
Lightenvironment
Photosynthesis
Soil moisture
Chemical Analysis:-N (shoots and roots)-Starch in roots-Soluble sugars in roots
Temperature- Air and soil
The canopy: the energy capture device
Crop Growth and Yield
1) C = E*Q C = daily rate of DM prod.E = radiation use efficiencyQ = PAR intercepted
2) Y = HI*C*dt Y = seed yield/unit areaHI = harvest index
Dryland
Irrigated
Total DM production (C) from successive harvests and intercepted PAR (Q) for field peas in 5 experiments in 4 seasons with different cultivars, sowing times and irrigation treatments.The form of the regression is: 2.36±0.03 g DM/MJ PAR (R2=0.97). Wilson 1987
C (g
m-2
)
0 300
300
600
600
150 450
900
1200
1500
Q (MJ m-2)
0
Light
- photosynthesis to produce CHO’s for growth.
- Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is in the visible range (400-700nm).
- Conversion of PAR to DM ~2.5 g DM /MJ/m2 for C3 plants~3.8 g DM /MJ/m2 for C4 plants
150
200 kg N/ha
anthesis
Control (0 N)
Days after crop emergence
Gre
en le
af a
rea
inde
x
6
3
00 300
100 kg N/ha
Green 1987
Light
Complex & dynamic signal
Quantity of lightphotons falling /area/time
Quality of lightplant responses
A) Vegetative
• Emergence and - temperature
• Leaf appearance rates (phyllochron)- temperature
B) Reproductive
• Time of flowering (anthesis), Temperature and photoperiod
• Duration of grain fill -temperature
Driven by temperature modified by photoperiod and vernalization
Plant development
Temperature
• Tt = Thermal time (°Cd)
= Tmax + Tmin - Tb
2
• Growing degree days (GDD) • Heat units (HU)
Sowing to emergence
Thermal time - soil
temperature~ 125-150 °Cd
Grain-filling: constant in thermal time –air temperature
Wheat 15 t/ha; 40,000 haBarley 13 t/ha; 40,000 ha
Year
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Yiel
d (t
grai
n/ha
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Wheat grain yields in Canterbury
Source: Cereal performance trialsFAR, Canterbury
Wheat yield = 0.2x – 391R2 = 0.81
Nutrient availability
Temperature
Daylength
Solar radiation
Soil moisture/ Rain Irrigation
Fertilizer
Population
Sowing date
Cultivar
Mineral nutrition
Phenological development
Canopy development
Biomass accumulation
Partitioning
Yield QualityPROCESSES
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
Relationship between environment and management factors and the physiological processes that regulate crop yield and quality. (Source: Hay & Porter 2006).
Olsen P<6
Olsen P>20
Drilling seed with fertiliserDirect drilling = seed + fertiliser
Kearney et al 2010
Rep 1Rep 2
Rep 3
Experiment sitePh
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Growth rates (2 year means)
MonthJ A S O N D J F M A M J J
Gro
wth
rate
(kg/
ha/d
)
0
30
60
90
120
I -N
9.8 t/ha
15.7 t/ha
D+N
6.3 t/ha
D-NI +N 21.9 t/ha
Mills et al. 2006, 2009
Winter ⇒ temperature response
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DM yield response to thermal time(Tb = 3°C)
Thermal time (°Cd)0 1000 2000 3000
DM
yie
ld (t
/ha)
0
10
20
30I+N
y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/oCdI–N
y = 3.3 kg DM/ha/oCd
21.9 t/ha
9.8 t/ha
Mills et al. 2006
Summer ⇒ moisture response
Mills 2007Phot
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D+N
15.7 t/ha
21 Nov 30 Jan
Water stress effect on yield
Thermal time0 1000 2000 3000
DM
yie
ld (t
/ha)
0
10
20
30 I+N
y = 7.0 kg DM/ha/oCd
21.9 t/ha
Mills et al. 2006
Rain
fall
(mm
)
0
50
100
Thermal time (°Cd)0 1000 2000 3000
Defic
it (m
m)
0
50
100
150
D+ND-N
Total rain = 520 mm
Soil moisture deficit 2003/04
Mills 2007
Nitrogen deficient pasture – inefficient user of water
1000 kg N/ha
Foliage N concentration (g N/kg DM)0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
2.6% N 5.2% N
Pmax
s(d
imen
sion
less
)
Peri et al. 2002
Plant vs animal requirements
Nitrogen fertiliser use
Source: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers' Research Association
N a
pplie
d (1
000'
s of
t)
0
100
200
300
400
1960/611965/66
1970/711975/66
1980/811985/86
1990/911995/96
2000/012005/06
How can we increase WUE on-farm?
Ryegrass only
13 kg DM/ha/mm
Lucerne 28 kg DM/ha/mm
20 kg DM/ha/mm
Spring WUE: legume = (nitrogen)
Water use (mm)0 100 200 300
Accu
mul
ated
DM
(t D
M/h
a)
0
2
4
6Ryegrass / clover
Moot et al. 2008
‘Rosabrook’ subterranean clover
Clover yield (kg DM/ha)0 500 1000 1500 2000
Fixe
d N
(kg
N/h
a)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
White cloverSub clover
Biological N fixation
y = 28.0±0.66x (R2=0.96)
Lucas et al. 2010
Sheep prefer 70% legume, 30% grass
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Clover content & milksolids production
Cosgrove, 2005 - SIDE
0
80
90
100
110
120
130
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Clover (%)
Rela
tive
yiel
d (g
rass
= 1
00)
DM (kg/ha)
MS (kg/cow)
MS (kg/ha)
Sheep prefer 70% legume, 30% grass
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rigg
Tem
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Russell lupin grazing trial at Sawdon Station
High aluminium soils Black et al. 2014
Conclusions
• Light interception drives dry matter production• Temperature (air and soil) affect crop
development• NTW water affect leaf area expansion and Ps.• Spring gives highest WUE• Agronomists role is to balance nitrogen and water• WHICH LEGUME? – When to use urea?• Optimize production with minimal footprint
ReferencesBlack, A. D., Loxton, G., Ryan-Salter, T. P. and Moot, D. J. 2014. Sheep performance on perennial lupins over three years at Sawdon Station, Lake Tekapo. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 76, 35-39.Brown, G., Naish, T. (not specified). The late Quaternary sequence architecture of Canterbury Blight and adjacent plains - http://www.gns.cri.nz/.
(Presentation)Cosgrove G. 2005. Novel grazing management: making better use of white clover. Proceedings of the 2005 SIDE Conference.Department of Statistics. 2013. Agricultural Production Survey variables (various years). Accessed: (various dates). Online: http://www.stats.govt.nzGreen, C. F. 1987. Nitrogen nutrition and wheat growth in relation to absorbed solar radiation. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 41, 207-248.Hay, R. J. M. and Porter, J. R. 2006. The Physiology of Crop Yield (2nd Ed). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 314 pp.Kearney, J. K., Moot, D. J. and Pollock, K. M. 2010. Dryland lucerne production in Central Otago. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72,
121-126.Lucas, R. J., Smith, M. C., Jarvis, P., Mills, A. and Moot, D. J. 2010. Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures.
Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, 141-146.Martin, R. J., Thomas, S. M., Stevens, D. R., Zyskowski, R. F., Moot, D. J. and Fraser, T. J. 2006. Improving water use efficiency on irrigated dairy farms in
Canterbury. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 68, 155-160.Mills, A. 2007. Understanding constraints to cocksfoot (Dactylisglomerata L.) based pasture production, PhD thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury. Online access:http://researcharchive.lincoln.ac.nz/dspace/bitstream/10182/32/1/mills_phd.pdf. 202 pp.
Mills, A., Moot, D. J. and Jamieson, P. D. 2009. Quantifying the effect of nitrogen of productivity of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) pastures. EuropeanJournal of Agronomy, 30, 63-69.
Mills, A., Moot, D. J. and McKenzie, B. A. 2006. Cocksfoot pasture production in relation to environmental variables. Proceedings of the New ZealandGrassland Association, 68, 89-94.
Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Pollock, K. and Mills, A. 2008. Yield and water use of temperate pastures in summer dry environments. Proceedings of the NewZealand Grassland Association, 70, 51-57.
Moot, D. J., Mills, A. and Pollock, K. M. 2010. Natural resources for Canterbury agriculture. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, IX-XVII.NIWA 2013. Climate Explorer – National Median Annual Rainfall Map. Accessed: 1/10/2010 2010. http://climate-explorer.niwa.co.nz.Peri, P. L., Moot, D. J., McNeil, D. L., Varella, A. C. and Lucas, R. J. 2002. Modelling net photosynthetic rate of field-grown cocksfoot leaves under different
nitrogen, water and temperature regimes. Grass and Forage Science, 57, 61-71.
Wilson, D. R. 1987. New approaches to understanding the growth and yield of pea crops. Peas: Management for quality. Special Publication No. 6, Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 23-28.
Acknowledgements for data/graphs• Environment Canterbury (ECAN) for Harts Creek data (data ©ECAN)• New Zealand Fertiliser Association for the nitrogen fertiliser data
Websites/Social Media presenceLincoln University Dryland Pastures Website:
http://www.lincoln.ac.nz/drylandLincoln University Dryland Pastures Blog:
https://blogs.lincoln.ac.nz/dryland/YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/DrylandPasturesFacebook: https://www.facebook.com/DrylandPasturesResearch