Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline!

&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

"

Agronomic Traits and Physiology of Maize at Various Levels of

Water Application

a)atiningsih *u+ali 1' 2,S..Sitoul 1'3 Su/arto 1'4 0h.Sri u/iastuti 1'"

1. octoral Progra on griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa'

In/onesia

2. eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of *orontalo' *orontalo' In/onesia

3. eartent of griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia

4. eartent of Soil Science' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia

". eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of Sura9arta' Solo' In/onesia

, -ail of the correson/ing author: ha)atiningsih63;)ahoo.co

Abstract

ai<e cultiation in *orontalo Regenc) is coonl) /one in /r) lan/' an/ this has a/e water as the ain

liiting factor for the e=cellent growth of the lant' as the lant often e=eriences water stress. 0his stu/) was

con/ucte/ to e=aine the agrono) traits an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ an/ coosite ai<e on arious water

alication leels. 0he stu/) was /one using a Slit Plot esign in each with three reetitions. 0he ain lotswere for four /ifferent leels of water alication: without water ( #!' once water alication (1!' twice water

alication (2!' an/ three-tie water alication (3!. 0he su+-lots were for the ai<e arieties' which

consiste/ of two leels nael) h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 (&1! an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa (&2!. 0he

results of the stu/) show that three-tie water alication has hele/ increasing the height of the lants' the /r)

weight of the lants' as well as the /r) weight of grains. Plants without water sul) showe/ a /ecrease in the

/r) weight of the grains as uch as 36> coare/ to the lants with three-tie water alication. 0hree-tie

water alication etho/ on isi-2 ariet) showe/ the highest result an/ no water alication on isa ariet)showe/ the lowest result. ?ater stress has cause/ ro/uction of isa ariet) 22> lower than isi-2 ariet).

0he h)siolog) anal)ses show that @%2 intercellular on isa ariet) is higher than isi-2 ariet)' )et the rate

of hotos)nthesis' transiration' an/ water efficienc) on +oth isa an/ isi-2 ariet) are not /ifferent.

Key words water alication' ariet)' hotos)nthesis

!" #ntroduction0he goernent of *orontalo roince through their agroolitan ai<e-ase/ Plan has esta+lishe/ the

rogra aiing at ro/ucing one illion tons of ai<e (9nown as rosta tan7ung!' )et the target of that one

illion has not +een achiee/ u to these /a)s. eanwhile' the /ean/ of ai<e has 9et increasing' +oth the

/oestic /ean/ an/ the international /ean/. *orontalo Regenc) as the ilot ro7ect area of ai<e cultiation

in *orontalo Proince owns AA'"AA ha of /r) lan/ otential for ai<e cultiation an/ aro=iatel) 3$'133 ha

of the lan/ hae not +een cultiate/ (non)ous' 2#11!. ai<e cultiation in *orontalo is usuall) /one in rain-fe/ /r) lan/' an/ is neer /one in wet lan/Ban/ as such' the ro+le of lac9 water sul) ersists.

rought is /efine/ as insufficient aount of water sul) causing the /ecrease in lant ro/uction

(atta' 2#13! or gas +etween the aount of water sul) an/ the aount of water nee/e/ +) the lants (lu'

2#11!. rought is an a+iotic stress which nee/s such great attention in faring (Jaleel et al. 2##$' @a<ares et al .'

2#11! an/ is consi/ere/ as a significant enironental factor affecting the growth an/ ro/uction of lants(Craer /an o)er' 1$$"D rcoer/e et al., 2#11!. rought' in a//ition' has also long +ecoe the ost crucial

ro+le haering the growth an/ ro/uctiit) leels of lan/ ecos)ste lants in an) arts of the glo+e

eseciall) in ari/ an/ sei-ari/ areas (Eu' et al, 2#1#!.

?ater stress affects h)siological' +iocheical' an/ orhological actiities of the lants' which finall)

results in hin/rance in their growth an/ /eeloent. Plants reson/ Fuic9l) to water leel changes +) a/ating

their orhological' h)siological' cellular' an/ olecular rocesses in arallel (@a<ares et al.' 2#11!. oreoer'water stress is er) harful for lants since it can /ecrease their ro/uction an/ threaten their e=istence in the

nature (@a<ares et al., 2#11D Jaleel et al. 2##$!.

0he effects of water stress /een/ on the hases of the stress (Raesh an/ aha/easwa)' 2###!.

0he accurac) of water sul) an/ alication in accor/ance with the rate of growth of ai<e is crucial. 0he

erio/s of ai<e growth reFuire suita+le water sul) leel. 0he growth hases consist of initial growth hase

(aroun/ 1"-2" /a)s!' egetatie hase (2"-4# /a)s!' flowering hase (1"-2" /a)s!' grain filling hase (3"-4"/a)s!' an/ aturit) hase (1#-2" /a)s! (%' 2##1!. ai<e is relatiel) tolerant to shortage of water /uring

egetatie hase (hase 1! an/ aturit) hase (hase 4!' +ut is so ulnera+le to water shortage /uring flowering

hase an/ grain filling hase. ?ater shortage /uring the egetatie hase (hase 1! a/ aturit) hase (hase 4!

/oes not +ring so uch effect to ro/uctiit) leel (%' 2##1!. raatic /ecrease in ro/uctiit) a) haen





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

6

when ai<e e=eriences water shortage eseciall) /uring flowering hase' that is the hase where tassels an/sil9s aear an/ /uring fertili<ation (hase 2!' that causes /ecreasing nu+ers of grains /ue to hin/ere/ see/

filling as the result of /esiccate/ sil9s or co+sD while water shortage /uring the see/ filling or see/ foring

(hase 3! a) cause /iinution on the si<e of grains lea/ing to low ro/uctiit) (Craer' 1$A2D %' 1$A$D

aneti an/ ?esgate' 1$$2!.ai<e e=eriences water stress /uring the flowering hase of see/ filling hase shows 3#-6#> /ecrease

in its ro/uction coare/ to noral con/ition (no water shortage!' while ai<e e=eriences water stress /uringthe flowering hase until haresting tie shows 1"-3#> /ecrease in its ro/uction coare/ to noral

con/ition (no water shortage! (an<iger et al .' 2###!. ?ater stress haening to ai<e /uring /a)s "#-6# will

cause /ecrease in ro/uctiit) as uch as A#>' an/ if the water stress haens on /a)s 6#-A#' the /ecrease in

ro/uctiit) is aro=iatel) 6#>D these all are /ue to the fact that on /a)s "#-A# ai<e un/ergoes flowering

hase' co+ foring' an/ see/ filling (Craer' 1$$"D aneti an/ ?esgate' 1$$2!.

ai<e +elongs to lants with e/iu leel of water use. ai<e nee/s "##-8## of water' /een/ingon the cliate' as to gain a=iu ro/uctiit) (Pursegloe' 1$A2D Craer' 1$A2!. 0he leels of water

alication an/ rainfall +ring such great influence to ai<e ro/uctiit). In one lanting season' ai<e nee/s

aroun/ 2-" ties of water alication (Fil' 2##A!. 0he water alication on ai<e in irrigate/ fars with

liite/ water sul) an/ rain-fe/ fars is norall) /one four ties' that is when ai<e is 1"' 3#' 4"' an/ 6#

/a)s ol/' as to increase the ro/uctiit) of the ai<e itself (unan/ar' 2#1#!.ai<e ro/uctiit) is /eterine/ +) the leel of water sul)' as well as its a+ilit) to con/uct

hotos)nthesis. ai<e +elongs to @4 categor) of lants' that is for lants haing high hotos)nthesis efficienc)

/ealing with the use of @%2' water' an/ sun light (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. Sun ra/iation at 4##-A## n

waelengths hol/s such crucial role in hotos)nthesis rocess. 0he ra/iation +elongs to isi+le ra/iation or is

wi/el) 9nown as PR (hotos)nthetic actie ra/iation!(0ai< an/ Gieger' 1$$8D all an/ Rao' 1$$$!' an/

aro=iatel) A#> of PR infiltrates into the esoh)ll an/ is a+sor+e/ +) chlorolast' that is chloroh)ll an/

carotenoi/ (Harcher' 2##3!.

0he a+ilit) of lants to con/uct hotos)nthesis can +e e=aine/ +) easuring the e=change rate of

car+on /io=i/e (@R! on cano). 0he @R alue is easure/ +ase/ on the rate of @% 2 entering the stoata.

Stoatal closure /ue to increase/ stoatal resistance as the effect of water shortage affects @RD if water stress

haens then esoh)ll resistance will increase /ue to eranent /aage in the hotos)nthetic

aaratus(*ar/ner' 2##8!. 0he rate of hotos)nthesis an/ /r) atter accuulation of lants generall) show a

linear relationshi with the water content in the lant +o/) (riffin' 2##2!.0he /ecrease in hotos)nthesis efficienc) /ue to water stress is closel) relate/ to the +iocheical

rocess an/ en<)e actiities in c)tolas' since hotos)nthesis is a h)/rol)sis rocess that reall) /een/s on

water (ar7a/i an/ ah)a' 1$88!. Stoatal closure can hin/er hotos)nthesis' an/ in the long run this can sto

the rocess since the /iffusion of@%2 fro the atoshere to the lants is o+structe/ causing a /ecrease in the

assiilate results an/ low lant weight (Salis+urr) an/ Ross 1$$"D riffin' 2##3!. ase/ on the afore-resente/ e=lanation' this stu/) was then aie/ at e=aining the agronoic traits

an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa at /ifferent leels of water

alication.

$" %esearch Method

0he stu/) was con/ucte/ in ulila &illage' 0elaga Su+-istrict' *orontalo Regenc). 0his illage is locate/ 1#

asl. 0he stu/) was carrie/ out fro %cto+er 2#11 until Januar) 2#12 using a Slit Plot esign. 0he ain lots

were for four /ifferent leels of water alication: without water ( #!' once water alication (1!' twice wateralication (2!' an/ three-tie water alication (3!. 0he su+-lots were for the ai<e arieties' which

consiste/ of two leels nael) h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 (&1! an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa (&2!. ach

co+ination was treate/ three ties' which eans that the e=eriental grou consiste/ of 24 lots. 0he

aria+les stu/ie/ were the growth of the ai<e an/ the ro/uctiit)' which consiste/ of:

1. 0he height of ai<e (c!: easure/ fro the groun/ leel u to the ti of leaes (leaes are straightene/ u

arallel to stal9!.

2. 0he nu+er of leaes: the leaes counte/ were the green ones an/ the erfectl) oene/ ones.

3. r) weight of the lant (g!' which was ta9en fro the lant +o/) (roots' stal9s' an/ leaes without co+s or

grains! ut in the oen for 48 hours at 8## @ until the) reache/ constant weight.

4. 0he weight of /r) grains (g!

". 0he weight of 1## grains (g!

0he /ata was anal)<e/ using anal)sis of ariance (-test! with leel of significance of ">. If significant

effect aeare/ to haen on treatent or real interaction' then uncanKs ultile Range 0est (R0! with L





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

A

"> woul/ also +e /one to e=aine the /ifference in treatent (anafiah' 2#11!. ata anal)ses were allcon/ucte/ using icrosoft =cel rogra.

Han/ cultiation was /one a wee9 +efore lanting' the soil was cleane/ fro root renants an/ wee/s.

0hen' e=eriental lots si<e/ 3.A" = 2.2 were a/e as an) as 24 lots. ai<e was lante/ with sacing of

A" = 2# c' with /istance +etween relicates of 1 ' an/ with lot /istance of "# c. rainage was +uilt aroun/the lots with the /eth of 3# c. 0he see/s were lante/ at the /eth of " c fro the groun/ surface' an/ each

hole was lante/ with two see/s. /a) +efore lanting' the e=eriental lots were watere/ until it reache/ thesaturation oint. ?hen the see/s ha/ grown into srout' one see/ was ta9en fro each hole an/ that each hole

hel/ onl) one srout to grow.

?ater was alie/ three ties' when the lants were 1"' 3#' an/ 4" /a)s ol/ after the lanting /ate. 0he

aount of water alie/ to each lot was 41."# liter' un/er the assution that the iniu water nee/e/ +)

ai<e in is " l -1

/a)-1

.

5rea (N!' SP 36 (P!' an/ C@l (C! fertili<ers were gien when the ai<e was lante/' an/ were ut inthe lines on the right an/ left of the lots. 0he /istance +etween the lots an/ the lines of fertili<ers was aroun/

1# c' an/ the /eth of the lines was " c. 0here were si= lines for each lot. 0he aount of fertili<ers use/ was

3# 9g ha M1

N or 4.2 g urea for each line' A." 9g ha-1

P or 3 g SP-36 for each line' an/ "# 9g ha M1

or 6 g C@l for

each line.

0he see/s that faile/ to grow were su+stitute/ on /a) A after the lanting /ate. ?ee/ing was /one threeties' when the lants were 14' 28' an/ 42 /a)s ol/. @ontrol on est attac9 was a/e suita+le with the leel ofthe attac9. aresting tie cae when the co+s of the ai<e were h)siologicall) ature/' ar9e/ with the

+rown color of the co+s an/ the /r)ness' as well as the )ellow color of the leaes.

0he easureent on the hotos)nthesis rate was estiate/ with @R' transiration rate was

s)+oli<e/ as an/ intercellular @%2 was s)+oli<e/ with @i. easureent was /one using Portable

Photosyntetic System Hi-64## (Hicor Inc. Hincoln' Ne+ras9a' 5S! +ase/ on the anual of Hi-64##

Photos)intetic S)ste (non)ous' 2##A!. @R' an/ @i were all easure/ at PR #' "#' 1##' 2##' 4##' 8##'

1"## an/ 2### ol.-2.s-1. @R' an/ @i easureent was /one /uring the tasseling hase +) laina the

sales of the leaes (full) ature an/ health) leaes' leaes nu+er 3 or 4 fro the tis of the ro/s!. 0hese

leaes were clae/ on the hea/ censor of the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste Hi-64##. %+seration was /one

fro 8 until 2 P. 0he /ata of @R' an/ @i was then recor/e/ in the Porta+le ata nal)<er' a art o/

the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste Hi-64##. 0he relationshi o/el +etween @R' an/ @i an/ PR was

estiate/ +) using an aroach roose/ +) 0hornle) (1$A6! elo)ing icrosof =cel software. 0he /ata was resente/ in grahs' showing relationshi +etween @R an/ PR' an/ PR' an/ @i an/ PR. ll the /ata was

anal)se/ using regression anal)ses elo)ing icrosot =cel software.

&" %esults and 'iscussion

&"! Agronomic Traits 0he leels of water alication influence/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' an/ the

weight of /rie/ grains' +ut the) /i/ not influence the nu+er of leaes as well as the weight of 1## grains. 0wo-

tie water alication or three-tie water alication resulte/ in +etter growth an/ ro/uctiit) of the lants

than one-tie water alication. No water alication cause/ lants to e=erience water stress lea/ing to low

ro/uctiit). 0he result of /ata anal)sis using R0 on the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' the weight of

/rie/ lants without co+s' the weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water alication

is resente/ in 0a+le 1.

0a+le 1. 0he aerage of the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' the weight of /rie/ lants without co+s' the

weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water alication

Levels of Water

Application

(eight of

plants

)cm*

The number

of leaves+!

)in piece*

The weight of

dried plants

without cobs )g*

The weight of

dried grains

)g*

The weight

of !,, grains

)g*

No water

1 tie

2 ties

3 ties

162.6$ a

1A4.34 a

1$#."A +

1$4.41 +

13.33 a

13.83 a

13.8A a

14.#6 a

6".6A a

A3.83 a+

82.3$ +c

84."" c

$8.2# a

126.#1 +

1"#.86 c

1"2.26 c

31.A3 a

31.8" a

31.$8 a

31.$8 a

Note: figures followe/ +) sae letters on the sae colun /i/ not /iffer significantl) R0 ">

0he /ecrease on the height of lants haene/ in line with the /ecrease in the aount of water alie/.0he /ecrease in water alication fro three ties into two ties an/ finall) one tie cause/ a /ecrease in

ro/uctiit) as uch as 2>' 1#>' an/ 16>. ?ater shortage results in iaire/ cell /iision an/ elongation





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

8

since the flow of water is o+structe/Bthus' water cannot run fro =)les into the growing cells (ang et al.,2##$!.?ater shortage can hin/er the growth of the lants in for of /isrution in the height of lants an/ the

wi/th of leaes' as well as the growth of the rero/uctie organs' coare/ to the noral growth of lants when

water is not liite/ (an<iger' 2##6!.

0he leels of water alication /i/ not affect the nu+er of leaes (0a+le 1!. Plants e=eriencing waterstress an/ lants haing noral sul) of water /o not show /ifference in the nu+er of leaes. 0his is in

accor/ance with the arguent +) ang et al . (1$$3! stating that ai<e un/ergoing water stress (-1# +ar! an/ai<e without water stress (-3 +ar! in their egetatie an/ rero/uctie hases in /ifferent seasons /o not show

an) significant /ifference in the nu+er of leaes +ut in the wi/th of leaes. 0he /r) weight of ai<e was

affecte/ +) the leels of water alication (0a+le 1!. ai<e with the three-tie water alication showe/ the

highest /r) weight an/ ai<e without an) water alication showe/ the lowest /r) weight. ?ater stress

/ecrease/ the /r) weight of ai<e as uch as 22> (in situation where water stress haens! coare/ to the

noral con/ition (in situation where water alication is /one three ties!. ?ater stress causes the /isclosure onstoata an/ a9es a /ecrease on a+sortion rate of @%2. ence' the rocess of hotos)nthesis is hin/ere/

+ecause of a /ecrease on assiilate results an/ causes low weight of the lants (Salis+urr) /an Ross 1$$"D

0e<ara et al .'2##2' riffin' 2##3!.

0he leels of water alication affecte/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut not the weight of 1## grains.

0he /rie/ grains fro the lots with three-tie water alication or two-tie water alication were heaierthan those fro the lots with onne-tie water alication or no water alication. ?ater stress /ecrease/ theweight of /rie/ grains as uch as 36> (in situation where water stress haens!. 0his result is suorte/ +) the

fin/ings of ang et al. (1$$3! stating that water stress as uch as -8 +ar an/ -1# +ar causes /ecreasing weigth of

/rie/ grains as uch as 2#> an/ 4#>. ?ater stress can lea/ into low ro/uction since the ass)ilate

translocation or hotos)ntates of lant organs' such as see/ filling' is o+structe/ an/ influences on the lant

results (ar7a/i an/ ah)a' 1$88!.

&ariet) is also a factor /eterining the /r) weight of lants an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut it

/oes not affect the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 2!. 0he /r) weight

of isi-2 ariet) was significantl) /ifferent fro the /r) weight of isa ariet)' in which the /r) weight of

isi-2 ariet) was 13> higher than the /r) weight of isa ariet). 0he sae result also alie/ to the weight

of the /rie/ grains' in which isi-2 ariet) ha/ higher weight of /rie/ grains' as uch as 26>' the weight of

/rie/ grains of isa ariet). 0his was cause/ +) genetic /ifferences +etween +oth arieties. )+ri/ ai<e isi-

2 ariet) has genetic a+ilit) to ro/uce two co+s of ai<e in a single lant ( prolific) so it a) result on higher ro/uction than isa coosite ariet) with a single co+. It resonates well with Su/7ana et al., (1$$1! stating

that generall) the +est h)+ri/ ai<e ro/uces higher results than free ollen ai<e ariet). It occurs as the

efficienc) of hotos)nthesis fro soe lants has +een increase/ through +ree/ing (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!.

0a+le 2. 0he aerage height of lants' nu+er of leaes' /r) weight of lants' weight of /rie/ grains' an/ weight

of 1## grains for isi-2 ariet) an/ isa ariet)

Variety

(eight of

plants

)cm*

-umber of

leaves+!

)piece*

'ry weight

without cobs

)g*

Weight of

dried grains

)g*

Weight of

!,, grains

)g*

isa

isi-2

1A8.#1 a

182.$$ a

13."2 a

14.#3 a

A1.36 a

81.86 +

111.$6 a

1"1.A# +

31.$$ a

32.#6 a

Note: figures followe/ +) sae letters on the sae colun /i/ not /iffer significantl) R0 ">

0here was an interaction +etween the leels of water alication an/ arieties as shown +) the the

height of lants' nu+er of leaes' /r) weight' weight of the /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 3!.



Journal of Natural Sciences Research

ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (

&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

0a+le 3. 0he interaction of waterweight of /rie/ grains' an

Levels of

Water

Application Variety

(ei

pla

)c

No water

1 tie

2 ties

3 ties

isi-2

isa

isi-2

isa

isi-2

isa

isi-2

isa

161

16

1A

1A

18

1$

2#

2#

Note: figures followe/ +) sae lette

0he highest /r) weight was for is

was for isa ariet) with no wa

grains' in which the highest weighwhereas the lowest weight of /rie

con/ition cause/ isa ariet) to

was cause/ +) h)+ri/ ai<e isi-2

0he a+ilit) of lants in oercoin

water stress (itter an/ a)' 2##2!

&"$ Physiological Traits@R of the isa ariet

2###ol @%2 -2

s-1

. 0he increa

atterns. 0he relationshi +etween

igure1. 0he relationshi +etween

the figure show the esti

isa ariet) resulte/ in

ol @%₂.-O.s-. 0he hotos)nthe

+ut isa ariet) ten/e/ to hae hi

an) stu/ies reort /ifferent @R

ties of @%2 a+sortion +etween th

/o not show an) saturate/ rates unrate twice ore than the hotos)nth

1$$"!.

If the leaes a+sor+ ore rone of which is through transirati

leaes' stoata' an/ enironental

%nline!

$

alication on the aria+les of lant height' nu+er/ weight of 1## grains.

ght of

ts

*

-umber of

leaves+!

)piece*

'ry weight

without

cobs )g*

W

dri

gr

.$8 a

.4# a

.4# +

.26 +c

.43 /

.A# /

.14 e

.14 e

13."3 a+

13.11 a

14.11 a+

13.62 a+

14.44 +

13.6A a+

14.## a+

13.6A a+

66.$2 a+

64.41 a

AA.#3 c

A#.63 +

8".1$ /

A#.A8 c

$8.31 e

A$.6# +

11#.

86.#

13A.

114.

1A4.

11A.

184.

13#.

rs on the sae colun /i/ not /iffer significantl)

i-2 ariet) with three-tie water alication' wherea

er alication. 0he sae atter also haene/ to t

t of /rie/ grains was for isi-2 ariet) with three-grains was for isa ariet) with no water alic

ae lower ro/uctiit)' as uch as 22>' coare/

ariet) has a /ee rooting for oercoing lac9 of wat

waters stress /een/s on the a+ilit) of lant organs

an/ isi-2 ariet) increase/ in line with the incre

se in PR was followe/ +) the increase in @R w

R an/ PR of isa ariet) an/ isi-2 ariet) can

@R an/ PR of isa ariet) an/ isi-2 ariet) on

ation on the o/el of relationshi +etween @R an/

@Ra= 4A ol @%₂.-2

.s-' while isi-2 ariet)

sis rate of isa an/ isi-2 ariet) /i/ not show an

gher hotos)nthesis rate than isi-2 ariet). *ar/ne

alues aong arieties in the sae secies of cros as

e lowest sale an/ the highest sale. 0he leaes

/er or een oer full sunlight' an/ the) can hae esis rate on @-3 secies on each a=iu teeratur

a/iation energ) than what the) nee/' the e=cess energon. 0ransiration rate is /eterine/ +) the wi/th a

factors. Stoata la) such an iortant role in th

www.iiste.org

of leaes' /r) weight'

ight of

ed

ins )g*

Weight of

!,, grains

)g*

1 +

a

6 c

6 +

1 /

$3+

2 /

2 c

31.A4 a+

31.A3 a+

31."4 a

32.16 a+

32.36 a+

31.6# a

32.34 a+

32.A6 +

R0 ">

the lowest /r) weight

he weight of the /rie/

ie water alication'ation. 0he water stress

to isi-2 ariet). 0his

er (non)ous' 2#1#!.

an/ tissues to tolerate

ase in PR fro # to

ith the relatiel) sae

+e seen in igure 1.

/a) "$. 0he lines in

R

resulte/ in @Ra=43

significant /ifference'

et al. (2##8! state that

an) as two until three

f @-4 cros li9e ai<e

=iu hotos)nthesise (Salis+urr) an/ Ross'

) ust +e thrown awa)'n/ the structure of the

transiration rocessD



Journal of Natural Sciences Research

ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (

&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

an) stu/ies reeal that transiratio0he relationshi of the an/ PR o

igure 2. 0he relationshi of

in the figure show the esti

isa an/ isi-2 ariet) s

ariet) was A." ol 2% -2

s-1

'

significant /iffference +etween thes +) the results of reious stu/ies sh

the rocess of hotos)nthesis. It is a

a//ition' ore intense light will inc

soe secies the high teerature

will lea/ into increasing transiratio

roots to a+sor+ water (Sugito' 2##$

iortant factor is light' as well asiortant to the total transiration r

Photos)nthesis can +e e=

with PR' +ut to the certain e=tent'

a= of isa ariet) was significaA46 ol @%2 ol

-1' while @i a=

igure 3. 0he relationshi of @i (C

in the figure show the esti

0he eficienc) on water usaon isa ariet) was 6.3" ol @

eans that there was not an) signif

on other wor/s' the two arieties ha

%nline!

1#

n rate /ecreases when ore stoata are close/ (Salif isa ariet) an/ isi-2 ariet) can +e seen in ig

the an/ PR of isa ariet) an/ isi-2 ariet) on

ation on the o/el of relationshi +etween an/ P

howe/ siilar atterns.0he a=iu transiratio

while for isi-2 was a/alah A.2 ol 2% -2

s-1

D

e two alues. increase/ in line with the increase inowing that light has such great influence oer stoat

ssue/ that light wor9s in esoh)ll cells an/ sen/s

rease teerature which will cause stoata to oen

of 3#-3"# @ sil) causes stoata to close!' an/ th

n an/ it can e=el heat (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"! a

. an) factors affecting the closure an/ /isclosure o

water. 0he closure an/ /isclosure of stoata +ring ete than the nu+er an/ si<e of stoata (*ar/ner et al

resse/ as a function of @i (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$

that is otiu PR leel' will not increase @i conc

tl) /ifferent fro the @i a= of isi-2 ariet). @i of isi-2 ariet) was A#6 ol @%2 ol

-1.

O2 intraseluler) an/ PR on isi-2 an/ isa ariet

ation on the o/el of relationshi +etween PR an

ge on ai<e can +e easure/ +) coaring @R an/

2Q ol 2%' while on isi-2 ariet) was ".$A o

cant /ifference in the ratios of @RQ +etween those

e the sae water usage efficienc) leel.

www.iiste.org

+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!.re 2.

/a) "$. 0he line

R.

rate (a=! of isa

)et' there was not an)

PR. 0his is suorte/a' aart fro its role in

signals to guar/ cell. In

en wi/er (although in

/isclosure on stoata

/ a9es it ossi+le for

f stoata' +ut the ost

ffect that is uch ore , 2##8!.

"!. @i increases in line

entration (igure 3!. @i

= of isa ariet) was

) on /a) "$. 0he lines

/ @i.

. 0he ratio of @RQl @%2Q ol 2%D this

two arieties of ai<e





&ol.3' No.13' 2#13

11

0he highest aount of /rie/ grains was for isi-2 ariet) although isa ariet) ha/ higher @i thanisi-2 ariet). 0here an) factors affecting the final ro/uct. 0he low /rie/ grains ro/uce/ a) /ue to the low

/iision of /rie/ aterials into the total aount of grains. See/ filling is also /eterine/ +) the ratio of the

original source of the lants' an/ also /een/s on the genot)e an/ enironent con/ition (ischer an/ Paler'

1$$6!.

." /onclusion1. 0hree-tie water alication on ai<e has iroe/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the

lants' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains of the lantsD )et' it /oes not iroe the nu+er of leaes

an/ the weight of 1## grains. ?ater stress /ecreases the aount of /rie/ grains as uch as 36>

coare/ to the noral situation (no water stress!.

2. ifference in arieties affects the /r) weight of ai<e an/ the weight of the /rie/ grainsD )et' it /oes not

affect the height of the lants' the nu+er of leaes' an/ the weight of 1## grains. isi-2 ariet) showshigher /r) weight an/ weight of the /rie/ grains' as uch as 13> an/ 26> resectiel)' coare/ to

isa ariet).

3. Interaction of three-tie water alication on isi-2 ariet) shows the highest results on the height of

the lants' the /r) weight' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' whereas the lowest results were for isa

ariet) with no water alication. ?ater stress cause/ a /ecrease on the /r) weight of the lants an/ the/r) weight of the grains resectiel) as uch as 32> an/ 4#> on isi-2 ariet) an/ a /ecrease as uchas 2#> an/ 33> on isa ariet). ence there was a ariet) ten/enc) that isa ariet) was ore

tolerant than isi-2 ariet).

4. 0he h)siological traits such hotos)nthesis rate' transiration an/ the efficienc) of water usage on

isi-2 ariet) an/ isa ha/ no significant /ifference. ut in ters of @i aria+le' the @i of isa

ariet) was significantl) higher than isi-2 ariet). oweer' it /i/ not increase the results of isa

ariet).

Ac0nowledgement

0he author woul/ li9e to than9 State 5niersit) of *orontalo for the /octoral scholarshi in 5niersit)

of rawi7a)a an/ to irectorate *eneral IC0I for the scholarshi trough the PPS rogra. *ratitu/e is also

sent to all the contri+uting arties haing hele/ in the rocess of the stu/).

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Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize

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Transcript of Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize