Agronomic, Physical and Chemical Characterization of...

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 10: 225-231, 2010 225

Agronomic, physical and chemical characterization of banana fruits

Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 10: 225-231, 2010

Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil

Received 5 November 2009

Accepted 1 March 2010

Agronomic, physical and chemical characterizationAgronomic, physical and chemical characterizationAgronomic, physical and chemical characterizationAgronomic, physical and chemical characterizationAgronomic, physical and chemical characterizationof banana fruitsof banana fruitsof banana fruitsof banana fruitsof banana fruits

Lorenna Alves Mattos1*, Edson Perito Amorim2, Kelly de Oliveira Cohen3, Tamyres Barbosa de Amorim4 and Sebastião de Oliveirae Silva2

ABSTRACT - The purpose of this study was to characterize 26 banana accessions of the active genebank of Embrapa Cassava andTropical Fruits (Brazil) for agronomic, physical and physicochemical characteristics. The plant height of the diploid 028003-01 andtriploid Walha was short. Regarding the number of fruits and bunch weight, the triploids Caipira, Thap Maeo and the tetraploidsAmbrósia and Calipso performed particularly well. Total carotenoid contents were highest in the diploids Jaran and Malbut. Thetotal contents of flavonoid and polyphenol, two natural antioxidants, were highest in tetraploid Teparod. Wide genetic variability wasdetected for most agronomic, physical and chemical characteristics of the fruits of the banana accessions, enabling the planning ofbreeding for the development of hybrids with short stature, high yield, pest resistance and high carotenoid, flavonoid and/orpolyphenol contents.

Key words: Musa spp. variability, functional compounds, bunch weight, yield.

INTRODUCTION

Banana is the second most consumed fruit in Brazil,second only to orange. In relation to its social role, thecrop is exploited by rural small-scale enterprises, ensuringthe labor retention and recruitment in the country,representing a source of continuous income. Brazil is thefourth largest producer of banana, with a production of7.0 million tons in 2007, in an area of approximately 500´000ha. In the same period, India produced 11.7 million tons on400´000 ha (FAO 2010). The low productivity in Brazil is aresult of the lack of commercial varieties that combine shortstature, drought and cold tolerance, good post-harvestcharacteristics and pest resistance (Silva et al. 2002a).

Typically, banana production is based on triploidcultivars, although diploids are important as allele sourcesfor resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors (Jennyet al. 1999). Banana breeding programs with these genotypes,which are crossed with commercial triploid cultivars, havegenerated promising tetraploid hybrids with goodperformance for the agronomic traits of interest and highphysical and chemical fruit quality (Silva et al. 2002a). Theinformation of the agronomic, physical and chemicalcharacterization of banana fruit is useful both for the choiceof parents for crosses, and in the selection of diploid elitesfor the development of improved hybrids. The objectiveof this study was to characterize the agronomic, physicaland chemical characteristics of 26 diploid, triploid andtetraploid banana accessions.

1 Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Avenida Transnordestina, s/n, Bairro Novo Horizonte, 44.036-900, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil. *E-mail:[email protected].

2 Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Rua Embrapa, s/n, Bairro Chapadinha, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil.3 Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020, km 18, 73.310-970, Planaltina, DF, Brazil4 Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Campus Universitário, Centro, 44.380-000, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil.

226 Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 10: 225-231, 2010

LA Mattos et al.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant material

From the Active Genebank of Musa (banana BAG)Embrapa Cassava and Tropical Fruits, Cruz das Almas(BA), 26 banana accessions were used, including wilddiploid and improved, triploid and tetraploid genotypes(Table 1).

Agronomic characterization

The experiment was conducted from April 2007 toJune 2008. An orchard was planted in 3 m x 2 m spacing,irrigated and treated with cultural practices according totechnical recommendations. At least three plants(replications) per accession were evaluated in a completelyrandomized design. The following traits described by Silvaet al. (2002a) were evaluated: plant height in m (PLH), stemdiameter in cm (SteD), number of tillers at flowering (NTF),number of leaves at harvest (NLH), stalk length in cm(StaL), stalk diameter in mm (StaD), stalk weight in g(StaW), number of hands per bunch (NHB), number offruits (NFR), bunch weight in kg (BUW).

Yellow Sigatoka was evaluated under naturalinfestation in the field at flowering (YSF) and at harvest(YSH), following the methodology proposed by Stover(1972), modified by Gauhl et al. (1993). The followingdescriptive scale was used: 0 for no symptoms; 1 forsymptoms on 1-10% of the leaf; 2 for symptoms on 11-30% of the leaf; 3 for symptoms on 31-50% of the leaf; 4 forsymptoms on 51-70% of the leaf; 5 for symptoms on over70% of the leaf.

Physical and chemical fruit characterization

The following physical characteristics wereanalyzed: fruit length in cm (FRL), fruit diameter in cm(FRD), fruit weight (FRW) and flesh weight (FLW) in g,flesh diameter in cm (FLD), peel thickness in mm (PTH);flesh firmness in Lb (FLF), soluble solids content, in °Brix(SS), pH and titrable acidity (TAC), according to AOAC(1997).

For chemical fruit analysis, the flesh was sampled inthe middle and at both ends of each fruit. The pieces wereground in a household blender with water, at a ratio of 1:2(flesh: water) (Dadzie and Orchard 2003).

Vitamin C (VIT) was analyzed following themethodology proposed by Terada et al. (1979) in mg 100g-1

and the total carotenoids (CTN) were evaluated according

to Rodriguez-Amaya (1999) in μg g-1. For flavonoid analysisin mg 100g-1 (FLA), the method of Rijke et al. (2006) wasused. Polyphenol in mg 100g-1 (PLF) was extracted fromthe samples in 50% methanol and 70% acetone solutions,as described by Larrauri et al. (1997) and quantified in aspectrophotometer using the reagent Folin-Ciocauteau,according to the methodology of Obanda and Owuor(1997).

Analysis of agronomic, physical and chemical fruitcharacteristics

Data normality and homoscedasticity were testedfor the analysis of variance and grouping of accessionsaccording to the Scott and Knott (1974)’s test modified byBhering et al. (2008), using the software Genes (Cruz et al.2006). The variables YSF and YSH were transformed into

5.0+x . The mean Euclidean distance among the 26banana genotypes was estimated, considering the 26agronomic and physicochemical fruit characteristics. Themeans were grouped by the UPMGA method usingsoftware Genes.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The F test analysis of variance revealed significantdifferences between the means of banana accessions formost agronomic traits, except for the number of tillers atflowering (NTF) (Table 1). The coefficient of variationranged from 9.12% (SteD) to 57.08% (NTF). These valuesare within the range observed by Amorim et al. (2009a)and Amorim et al. (2009b) for the same characteristics.

The plant height (PLH) ranged from 1.44 m for thetriploid Walha (AAB genome) to 3.54 m for tetraploid hybridAmbrosia (AAAA genome), with a mean of 2.79 m(Tableo1). The grouping test of Scott and Knott (1974)formed four groups; the improved diploid 028003-01(Tuugia x Calcutta) and triploid Walha were classified inthe last group, with the lowest values for this character.Results indicated wide genetic variability for plant heightamong the accessions tested, a positive factor forimproving this fruit plant, since it is possible to identifydiploid parents for hybridization targeting the developmentof short-stature hybrids.

The mean stem diameter (CPD) was 17.76 cm, withhighest values for the triploid Champa Madras andtetraploids Ambrosia and Calipso of the first group(Tableo1). This trait is related to the vigor and crack resistanceof the pseudostem, reflecting the support capacity of the



bunch. Genotypes with greater stem diameter are lesssusceptible to lodging (Silva et al. 2002a, Donato et al.2003). Since the diploids are thin plants, the mean SteDwas low, with lowest values observed for 028003-01andIDU-110, classified in the last group.

Regarding the number of leaves at harvest (NLH),the mean was 6.77, and two groups were formed (Table 1).The highest mean value was 9.20 leaves for the cultivarsTropical and Maravilha and the lowest 2.00 leaves forgenotype Towoolle. It is known that fruit filling (size) isdirectly correlated with the number of green leaves atharvest. According to Soto Ballestero (1992), cultivars ofthe subgroup Cavendish generally need at least eightactive leaves per plant for good fruit development.

For stalk length (StaL), the shortest stalk (14.67 cm)was observed for accession ‘Tuugia’, while ChampaMadras had the longest (70.00 cm). A direct relationship

between stalk diameter (StaD) and stalk weight (StaW)was observed, with higher values of the hybrids Ambrosiaand Calipso (Tables 1 and 2) and shortest stalk diameterand weight of the diploid Tuugia.

Table 1. Means of six agronomic traits in 26 banana accessions ofthe active genebank of Embrapa

PLH: plant height (cm), SteD: stem diameter (cm), NTF: tillers atflowering, NLH: number of leaves at harvest, StaL: stalk length(cm), StaD: stalk diameter (mm); * significant at 5%. # Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, belong to thesame group by the clustering test of Scott and Knott (1974), at 5%probability.

Table 2. Means of six agronomic traits in 13 accessions of theactive banana genebank of Embrapa

StaW: stalk weight (kg), NHB: number of bunches, NFR: number of fruits,BUW: bunch weight (kg), YSF: Yellow Sigatoka at flowering, YSH: YellowSigatoka at harvest; * significant at 5%. # Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, belong to the samegroup by the clustering test of Scott and Knott (1974), at 5% probability.

The number of hands (NHB) and fruits (NFR) perbunch were in the mean 6 and 83, respectively (Table 2).The number of fruits was highest for the triploids Caipira(138) and Thap Maeo (158), tetraploids Ambrosia (154)and Calipso (138) and the diploid Jaran (148), classified inthe first group. The characters number of hands and fruitsare of great interest for the producer and fundamental forthe genetic improvement of banana, since the bunch (fruits)is the commercial unit. Besides, an increase in the numberof hands can result in a higher bunch weight, a characterthat expresses the productivity of a genotype (Silva 2002b,Silva et al. 2003). Similar results were observed for bunchweight (BUW), since this character is related to the numberof fruits per bunch and the mean weight of each fruit.


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In the evaluation of yellow Sigatoka four groupswere formed at flowering and three groups at harvest.Disease resistance was observed in most genotypes, withthe exception of diploids Jaran and Malbut. Results showthat it is possible to plan new combinations involvingdiploid and tetraploid genotypes to breed new cultivarswith good agronomic characteristics and resistance toyellow Sigatoka (Table 2).

Except for titrable acidity, significant differences andgroup formation were stated for all physical and chemicalcharacteristics (Tables 3 and 4). The coefficients ofvariation ranged from 0.86% for flavonoids to 31.24% forfruit weight.

(13.24 cm) and diploids (10.98 cm). A similar performancewas observed for the mean fruit diameter and weight andflesh weight and diameter, which formed four, three, threeand four groups, respectively. Similar results were reportedby Lima et al. (2005), who assessed banana triploid andtetraploid genotypes and found a variation in fruit lengthof 13 - 18 cm and a mean fruit diameter of 3.0 cm.

The mean peel thickness (PTH) was 0.24 cm, rangingfrom 0.13 cm (diploid IDU-110) to 0.47cm (triploid Bakar).Three groups were formed (Table 3). Likewise, fleshfirmness (FLF) ranged in the mean from 0.67 Lb (M-48) to1.22 Lb (Teparod).

The mean solids content was 19.48 °Brix, with a rangeof 14.60 °Brix (triploid Towoolle) to 25.70 º Brix (tetraploidTeparod). Three groups were formed by the Scott andKnott test. These results were similar to those describedby Soto Ballestero (1992) for banana. There was novariation in acidity among the 26 accessions (Table 3).

Table 3. Means of seven physical and chemical characteristics of thefruits of 26 banana accessions of the active genebank of Embrapa

FRL: fruit length (cm), FRD: fruit diameter (cm), FRW: fruit weight (g),FLW: flesh weight (g); FLD: flesh diameter (cm), PTH: peel thickness(cm), FLF: flesh firmness(Lb); * significant at 5%.

# Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, belong to the samegroup by the clustering test of Scott and Knott (1974), at 5% probability.

The mean fruit length (FRL) was 13.31 cm, rangingfrom 6.78 cm for diploid Jaran to 18.72 cm for tetraploidCalipso, with the formation of four groups. In general,tetraploids had a higher mean FRL (15.71 cm) than triploids

Table 4. Means of seven physical and chemical fruit characteristicsof 26 banana accessions of the active genebank of Embrapa

SS: soluble solids (ºBrix), TAC: titrable acidity, pH, CTN; carotenoids(μg.g-1), FLA: flavonoids (mg 100g-1), PLF: polyphenols (mg 100g-1), VIT:vitamin C (mg 100g-1), * significant at 5%.# Means followed by the same letter, in the columns, belong to the samegroup by the clustering test of Scott and Knott (1974), at 5% probability.



The mean content of total carotenoids among the 26accessions was 3.19 mg g-1, ranging from 0.98 mg g-1

(Tropical, tetraploid AAAB) to 8.23 mg g-1 (Jaran, diploidAA) (Table 4). Englberger et al. (2003a) quantifiedcarotenoid levels in 21 banana accessions and found amean of 11.13 mg g-1, with amplitude of variation from 0.62to 53.70 mg g-1. Similar results were obtained by Englbergeret al. (2003b) with 17 banana accessions (mean of9.21imgig-1) and Amorim et al. (2009b), who obtained amean of 4.73 mg g-1 in the analysis of 42 diploid, triploidand tetraploid banana accessions.

The total flavonoid contents of the 26 bananaaccessions was in the mean 2.25 mg 100g-1 and the variationbetween 0.85 mg 100g-1 (Maravilha AAAB) and 6.64 mg100g-1 (Teparod ABBB), indicating the existence ofvariation for this substance in these accessions (Table 4).Among the diploids, the mean was 2.96 mg 100g-1, with ahigh value of Pipit (4.68 mg 100g-1). For the triploids, thevariation was from 1.09 to 4.02 mg 100g-1, while the meanof the tetraploids was 1.95 mg 100g-1, with best performanceof Teparod (6.64 mg 100g-1).

Lako et al. (2007) found a variation of 2.00-10.00 mg100g-1 of flavonoids in different genotypes of Musa sp.The mean level of total polyphenols among the 26 bananaaccessions was 45.31 mg 100g-1, ranging from 12.84 mg100g-1 for triploid Towolle to 257.80 mg 100g-1 for thetetraploid Teparod (Table 4).

Teparod and an unknown AAA contained mostvitamin C, with respective values of 76.83 mg 100-1 and54.20 mg 100-1. Amorim et al. (2007) observed a variationof vitamin C from 21 to 54 mg 100-1 in diploid banana, inagreement with our results.

The dendrogram of genetic distances based onagronomic data and physicochemical fruit characteristics,obtained by the UPGMA method, is shown in Figure 1.The cophenetic value was high (r = 0.86, P <0.0001, 10,000permutations) and appropriate, since r³0.56 is consideredideal, indicating good agreement with the values of geneticdistance (Vaz Patto et al. 2004). The cluster analysis allowsthe conclusion of the existence of wide genetic variabilityamong the 26 banana genotypes, a positive factor for thechoice of parents for hybridization. Three major groupsand several subgroups were formed. Bunch weight washighest for the tetraploids Ambrosia and Calipso andhybrids type Gross Michel, which were grouped together.

Results with bananas indicate that the carotenoidcontent is a quantitative trait determined by the activity ofmultiple gene products (Davey et al. 2009). The results of

this study support this statement, since the diploids ‘Jaran’and ‘Malbut’ with highest total carotenoid contents, althoughclassified in the same group, formed different subgroups.This allows the conclusion that the genetic control forthis trait is influenced by multiple genes. In other crops,similar results were obtained (Santos and Simon 2002,2006).

The improved diploid 028003-01 grouped togetherwith ‘Tuugia’ as expected, since this genotype is one ofits parents. The tetraploids with genome AAAB (Tropical,Maravilha, Porp and Ouro da Mata) were also groupedtogether. The tetraploid Champa Madras, the onlyrepresentative of genome ABB, formed a separate group.

It was concluded that it is possible to obtain cultivarswith high levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamin C andcarotenoids, by crossing different genotypes and selectionin the progeny. Cultivars with this profile can potentiallyneutralize free radicals, preventing certain diseases, includingsome types of cancer (Vijayakumar et al. 2008).

Figure 1. Genetic distance between 26 banana genotypes diploids,triploids and tetraploids based on 26 agronomic and physicochemicalfruit characteristics. Black circle (diploids AA), empty circle (TriploidsAAA), empty square (triploids AAB), black square (triploid ABB),empty triangle (tetraploids AAAA), black triangle (tetraploids AAAB)and diamond (tetraploid ABBB).


LA Mattos et al.

Caracterização agronômica, física e química de frutos de bananeiraRESUMO - O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar 26 accessions de bananeira pertencentes ao banco ativo de germoplasma daEmbrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical (Brasil), em relação a agronomic traits, físicas e físico-químicas dos frutos. Para alturade planta, o diplóide 028003-01 e o triplóide Walha apresentaram porte baixo. Em relação ao número de frutos e peso do cacho,destaque para os triplóides Caipira e Thap Maeo e para os tetraplóides Ambrósia e Calipso. Os diplóides Jaran e Malbutapresentaram os maiores valores para carotenóides totais. O tetraplóide Teparod foi o que apresentou maiores valores para teorde flavonóides e polifenóis totais, dois antioxidantes naturais. Detectou-se ampla variabilidade genética para a grande maioria dasagronomic traits, físicas e químicas dos frutos entre os accessions de bananeira, possibilitando planejar cruzamentos que visem odesenvolvimento de híbridos com porte baixo, alta produtividade, resistentes a pragas e com altos teores de carotenóides, flavonóidese ou polifenóis.

Palavras-chave: Musa spp. variabilidade, componentes funcionais, peso do cacho, rendimento.

In general, wide genetic variability was detected formost agronomic, physical and chemical characteristics ofthe 26 banana accessions, enabling the planning of crossesfor the development of cultivars with short stature, highyield (bunch weight) high carotenoid, flavonoid and/orpolyphenol contents. Among the accessions, the triploidsCaipira and Thap Maeo and the tetraploids Ambrósia andCalipso performed particularly well for number of fruitsand bunch weight. Highest carotenoid contents wereobserved in the diploid genotypes Jaran and Malbut. Thehighest values of total flavonoid and polyphenol contents,two natural antioxidants, were found in the tetraploidTeparod.

CONCLUSIONS

In seven of the eight wheat lines used as parents,the genotypes containing loci responsible for the graincolor inheritance were fully or partially characterized.Among the genotypes evaluated, Frontana and Ônix havethree genes for the determination of pre-harvest sproutingresistance, and this expression only occurs when all allelesare recessive homozygous.

The red seed color is not considered solely as a fullguarantee of greater pre-harvest sprouting resistance.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are indebted to the Fundação de Amparoà Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB) for the Postgraduateaward.

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