Agronomic Evaluation of Eight Genotypes of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Spp L.) in a Coastal Savanna Zone of...

8/9/2019 Agronomic Evaluation of Eight Genotypes of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Spp L.) in a Coastal Savanna Zone of Ghana

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Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org

ISSN 2224-32! "#a$er% ISSN 222&-'3( ")nline%

*ol.4, No.24, 2+4

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Agronomic Evaluation of Eight Genotypes of Hot Pepper

(Capsicum Spp L.) in a Coastal Savanna Zone of Ghana

anuel /watei 0uartey+1

onder Nune$eu+ atilda )wusu-Ansah

+

Andrew Sarodie A$$iah2 noch Selor /ofi )fori3 Harry ensah Aoatey4

+.Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch 6entre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch Institute, 7hana

Atoic nergy 6oission, #. ). Bo8 97 !, 9egon-Accra

2.Biotechnology 6entre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch Institute, 7hana Atoic nergy

6oission, #. ). Bo8 97 !, 9egon-Accra

3.5adiation ntoology and #est anageent 6entre, Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch

Institute, 7hana Atoic nergy 6oission, #. ). Bo8 97 !, 9egon-Accra

4.7raduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, :ni;ersity of 7hana, Atoic 6a$us, #. ). Bo8 A +

Atoic nergy

1-ail of the corres$onding author< ea=uart>yahoo.co

Astract

9ocal landrace ;arieties of $e$$er "Capsicums$% often fail to eet the e8$ectations of farers with res$ect to

fruit yield, while e8otic ?reeds are unada$ted to local conditions, with detriental effects on local $e$$er

$roduction. @he ai of the study was to assess the agronoic $erforance of eight "!% $e$$er genoty$es,

co$rising e8otic and 2 local genoty$es, under rain-fed conditions to identify those suita?le for culti;ation

locally. @he e8$erient was conducted ?etween A$ril and )cto?er 2++ at the research far of the

Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch Institute of the 7hana Atoic nergy 6oission. @he

5andoied 6o$lete Bloc esign "56B%, with three re$licates was used. eed control was carried out

anually with the aid of a hoe and a cutlass at 4 and + wees after $lanting "A#%. )ne a$$lication of +&-+&-

+& N#/ fertilier was ade at 2 A#, using a rate of 2 g ha-+

. No $esticides or fungicides were a$$lied.#araeters easured include nu?er of days to &C flowering, height at first ?ranching, total $lant height at

aturity, cano$y s$read at aturity and total yield. 5esults indicate that e8otic hy?rid ;arieties atured earlier

than the local genoty$es. @hey also $erfored ?etter in ters of fruit weight, fruit length and fruit yield.

Howe;er, the two local landrace ;arieties, Anloga and 9egon +!, $roduced the highest nu?er of undaaged

fruits.!ey"or#s$Capsicums$, genoty$es, e8otic $e$$er, landrace, yield, $lant height, fruit weight

%. &ntro#uction

#e$$er "Capsicum sp.%, also widely nown as chilli, is an i$ortant cro$ consued all o;er the world and

?elongs to the faily Solanaceae. It is ?elie;ed to ha;e originated fro and doesticated in the Aericas o;er

, years ago. @hough its fruits are considered to ?e ;egeta?les, ?otanically they are ?erries. #e$$er fruits are

the ost widely consued as a s$ice. @hough there are a?out 2&-3 s$ecies of 6a$sicu, Capsicum annuumisthe ost widely culti;ated s$ecies "Belletti et al., +''!, 6sillDry, 2, 5a;ishanar et al., 23%.

In 7hana, $e$$er is an ine;ita?le constituent in the diets of any $eo$le. @he nutriti;e ;alue of the cro$

is highE it is an e8cellent source of ;itains A, B-co$le8, 6 "ascor?ic acid%, and along with inerals lie

oly?denu, anganese, folate, $otassiu and thiaine. Soe $e$$er ;arieties ha;e ?een noted to contain

se;en ties ore ;itain 6 than orange "9ee and /ader, 2%. Beta-carotenoids, and ;itains A and 6 in

$e$$er are $owerful antio8idants that destroy free radicals "Sionne et al., +''F%.@he cro$ is culti;ated for its fruits which are used locally or e8$orted to destinations in uro$e.

6urrently, culti;ation is on the decline as a result of incidence of $est and disease conditions, inade=uate use of

fertilisers, inade=uate irrigation facilities, lac of an organied syste for ;egeta?le $rocessing and areting

and the low incoe deri;ed ?y farers during the regular growing seasons "Anon, 2+2E illenniu

e;elo$ent Authority, 2+%. @he a?sence of a ;ia?le seed industry for ;egeta?le cro$s "including $e$$er% has$a;ed the way for the unrestricted i$ortation of e8otic seed ?y local seed co$anies to fill the ga$.

6onse=uently, farers ha;e access to ?oth landraces as well as e8otic ;arieties for coercial

$roduction of $e$$er. @he local landraces are drought tolerant, and ha;e long aturity $eriods ?ut are inherently

low yielding with long aturity $eriods. @he e8otic ;arieties are unada$ted to local growing conditions and

easily succu? to the ;agaries of the weather and other a?iotic and ?iotic deterinants of yield there?y

$erforing way ?elow e8$ectation. In the a?sence of current and relia?le agronoic data on the $erforances of?oth local and e8otic genoty$es, farers are liely to continue culti;ating culti;arsGgenoty$es with low

econoic $otential.@his study was, thus, conducted to e;aluate si8 e8otic $e$$er genoty$es against two local checs in

order to identify su$erior genoty$es with desira?le growth and yield characteristics under $re;ailing field


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*ol.4, No.24, 2+4

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conditions. @he outcoe of this study should $ro;ide $lant ?reeders with the inforation necessary for ?reeding

of new ;arieties.

'. etho#

2.+Area of Study

@he study was conducted at the Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch Institute of the 7hana Atoicnergy 6oission ?etween A$ril and )cto?er 2++. @he study site was located a?out 2 north of Accra

"& 4 N and +3 %, with an ele;ation of F a?o;e sea le;el. @he ;egetation is 6oastal Sa;annah,

and the area is characteried ?y a ?iodal rainfall $attern with the aor season falling ?etween the onths of

arch and June, and a inor rainy season around )cto?erGNo;e?er each year. @he ean annual rainfall is !+

distri?uted o;er less than ! days, and te$eratures are oderate with a8iu rarely e8ceeding 32 6

while the iniu does not fall ?elow +F 6.

2.2Experimental MaterialSi8 e8otic and two indigenous genoty$es were used for the study. @he choice of aterials was ?ased on their

wides$read culti;ation and econoic i$ortance. escri$tions of the genoty$es used are shown in @a?le + and

Kigure +.

2.3 Layout of experimentA$$ro8iately one hundred and fifty "+&% seeds of each genoty$e were sown in a nursery cell tray filled with awell-i8ed su?strate of 3


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;alues of 23-3 A@ for ?irds eye $e$$er to achie;e &C flowering. )ther worers re$orted ;alues ranging 4-

4& A@ "5o?erts and Ho$e, 24%, &4-&F A@ "ochiah et al ., 2+2%, &-2 A@ "Booalfa et al., 2'%, -

F4 A@ "*alade-Bustos et al., 2'%, +-!3 A@ "9aw-)g?oo and 9aw-)g?oo, 2+%, and !-F& A@

"I=?al et al., 2'% for ;arious genoty$es of $e$$er to achie;e &C flowering.

@he aturity $eriod of a cro$ is a ;ery i$ortant factor considered in the choice of $lanting aterial

"ewitt and 5osaland, 2'%. Karers in regionsGdistrictsGareas with short rainy $eriods $refer early-aturing;arieties to a;oid cro$ loss.

3.2 $ei#%t at &irst 'ranc%in#

@here was significant ;ariation aong genoty$es for height at first ?ranching as shown in Kig. 3. Archard

?ranched at a height of 2 c which was significantly shorter than the height at which all other genoty$es

?ranched. Anloga recorded the greatest height at first ?ranching "3 c% which was not statistically different

fro the height at which Sunny K+, Kore;er+ and 9egon +! achie;ed first ?ranching. Height at first ?ranching

has a direct ?earing on cano$y height and the tendency of ?ranches in the lower cano$y to droo$. :nder high?earing, fruits fro such cano$ies ay touch the soil, $redis$osing the to infection fro soil icroorganiss

there?y reducing =uality of har;est "Ahad et al., 2+3E Barth et al., 2'E Bela?ir et al., +''!E Snowden,

+'!%.

3.3 (lant %ei#%t at maturityAong all the genoty$es studied, Big Sun recorded the highest $lant height at aturity of !+. c whileBo?ardier recorded the least "&2.F c%. ifferences aong genoty$es for $lant height at aturity were

statistically significant "Kig 3%. @hese results are consistent with the re$orts ?y other worers "Booalfa et al.,

2'E 9ah?i? et al., 2+3E I=?al et al., 2'E 5o?erts and Ho$e, 24%. )n the other hand, other re$orts indicate

a;erage $lant height at aturity in the ranges of +.-&F. c "Nsa?iyera et al., 2+2%, 23.!-2&.2 c "ochiah

et al., 2+2%, 32.+-!.3 c "Nansah et al., 2++%, -' c "ewitt and 5osaland, 2'% and F2 -++F c

"*alade-Bustos et al., 2'%. 5udall "+''4% stated that increase in $lant height is acco$anied ?y a

corres$onding increase in ste girthGthicness, ?oosting the $lants resistance against lodging. 7enoty$ic

differences ay account for ;ariation in $lant height in this study as e8$lained ?y ecoteau and 7raha "+''4%.

3.4 Canopy "idt% at maturity

ean cano$y width of the genoty$es is shown in Kig. &. 6ano$y width ;aried fro .'& c in Sunny K+ to

++.! c in Archard. ifferences in cano$y width aong genoty$es were statistically significant. 6ano$y

width ;aries aong $e$$er genoty$es as re$orted ?y Booalfa et al. "2'% and 5o?erts and Ho$e "24%.

Nansah et al. "2++% re$orted cano$y width ;alues of 3.2 -!3.3 c aong ?irds eye $e$$er genoty$es. @he

findings in this study are inconsistent with those of Nsa?iyera et al."2+2% who re$orted a;erage cano$y width

of 3& genoty$es of $e$$er in :ganda to ;ary fro +.! - +.F c.

ifferences in cano$y width aong $e$$er ;arieties are ost often associated with differences in

;arietiesGgenoty$es, nutrition, soil oisture a;aila?ility, age of seedlings at trans$lanting and $lanting distances

"ecoteau and 7raha, +''4E Nsa?iyera et al. 2+2%. :sually $lants with sall cano$y width ae u$ for this

deficiency with u$right growth. 9arge cano$y width $ro;ides large leaf area surfaces which enhance the

interce$tion of solar radiation with su?se=uent increase in the aount of $hotosynthetic acti;ities, which

corres$ondingly increases the $lants assiilatory a?ility ")ra and ller, 24%.

3.5 &ruit )ei#%t *unripe and red+ amon# #enotypes

ean fruit weight of har;ested sa$les "unri$e and red% is shown in Kig. . 9egon +! recorded the least fruit

weights of .'4 g and .43g, while Kore;er K+recorded the highest "of +'.'' g and +'.&g% in the unri$e and ri$e

states res$ecti;ely. @hese were not significantly different fro ;alues recorded for Big Sun, Antillas and

Archard. Howe;er, ;alues recorded for Anloga, Bo?ardier, Sunny K+and 9egon +! were significantly lower at?oth the unri$e and ri$e state. In general, ean fruit weight of genoty$es reduced fro the green aturity state

to the ri$e state, e8ce$t for the genoty$es Anloga and Big Sun. Kor instance ean fruit weights of Antillas and

Bo?adier significantly reduced fro +.4 g to+4.! g, +.+g to !.! g and 44. g to 4+.! g res$ecti;ely. Kor all

genoty$es, differences in ean fruit weight aong the green atured and ri$e fruits were statistically highly

significant "$O.+%. Siilar results ha;e ?een re$orted ?y other worers "Booalfa et al., 2'E 5o?erts and

Ho$e, 24%. Howe;er, results re$orted in this study are higher than those re$orted ?y @esfaw et al ."2+3% andNsa?iyera et al. "2+2%.

3., &ruit diameter *unripe and red+ amon# #enotypes

*ariation in ean fruit diaeter of the $e$$er genoty$es is shown in Kig. F. Kruit diaeter ;aried fro +.+ c

"Sunny K+% to 4.+& c "Big Sun% in atured green fruits. Siilarly, in the ri$e state, the sae trend was o?ser;ed


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*ol.4, No.24, 2+4

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with Sunny K+recording an a;erage fruit diaeter of .'F c while Big Sun recorded an a;erage fruit diaeter

of 4.+ c. ith the e8ce$tion of Kore;er K+, all other genoty$es recorded a reduction in fruit diaeter in the

ri$e and unri$e state. Highly significant differences in fruit diaeter e8isted aong the genoty$es in ?oth the

unri$e and ri$e fruits. any earlier worers "Nsa?iyera et al., 2+2E Nansah et al., 2++E Seen et al., 2++%,

using different s$ecies of $e$$er, o?ser;ed ;ariation in ean fruit diaeter. Hence, the ;ariation in this trait

a$$ears to ?e in res$onse to genoty$ic differences ?ut ay also ?e influenced ?y the factors which also affectcano$y width "ecoteau and 7raha, +''4E Nsa?iyera et al. 2+2%.

3.- &ruit Len#t% *nripe and ripe+ amon# #enotypes

ifferences in ean fruit length aong the genoty$es are shown in Kig. !. Antillas recorded the shortest fruit

length, of 4. c and 4.' c in the unri$e and ri$e fruits res$ecti;ely, while Kore;er K +, which recorded +&.! c

and +. c for fruit length in the unri$e and ri$e states res$ecti;ely, had the longest fruits. ith the e8ce$tion

of Archard and Bo?adier, all other genoty$es recorded an increase in fruit length fro the unri$e to the ri$e

state. Highly significant differences e8isted aong genoty$es for ean fruit length in ?oth unri$e and ri$e states.Kruit length is an i$ortant $araeter in deterining $e$$er fruit =uality, es$ecially for e8$ort "Nsa?iyera et al.,

2+2%. Kore;er K+ and Sunny K+, ?oth hy?rids, had the longest fruits. @he results are consistent with those

o?tained ?y other researchers "Idowu-Agida et al., 2+E Serenli and a;i, 2+E A*56, 24E Ainci and

Ainci, 24%.

3./ &les% 0%icness *nripe and ripe+ amon# #enotypesean flesh thicness of fruits at the unri$e and ri$e states of the genoty$es is shown in Kig. '. Sunny K +, with

;alues of .+4 c and .+2 c in the unri$e and ri$e fruits res$ecti;ely, recorded the least flesh thicness aong

the genoty$es while Kore;er K+, with ;alues of .2 c and .+! c, had the thicest fruits. @here were

significant differences in flesh thicness aong genoty$es in ?oth unri$e and ri$e states. *alues re$orted in this

study are consistent with those re$orted ?y Nansah et al. "2++%, ?ut conflict with those re$orted ?y Booalfa

et al. "2'% and 9ah?i? et al. "2+3%. In all genoty$es, e8ce$t 9egon +!, flesh thicness reduced with ri$ening.

Klesh thicness $lays an i$ortant role in the $rocessing of $e$$er. In 7hana, where ost of the fruits of $e$$er

are $rocessed ?y sun-drying, thic-fleshed fruits re=uire longer drying $eriods which ay $redis$ose the to

fungal infection under su?-o$tial conditions of huidity and te$erature. )n the other hand, $e$$er fruits with

thin flesh are tender and lia?le to daage during $ost-har;est handling, there?y reducing their =uality as fresh

$roduce for e8$ort destinations.

3. umer of Seeds per fruit amon# #enotypes

Kig. + shows differences in ean nu?er of seeds $er fruit aong genoty$es, ranging fro 2 in Bo?adier to

+&3 in Kore;er K+. No significant differences were o?ser;ed in ean nu?er of seeds aong Archard, Sunny K +,

Antillas, 9egon +!, Big Sun and Bo?ardier. ean nu?er of seeds $er fruit recorded in this study was

consistent with the findings of Nsa?iyera et al. "2+2% and Ainci and Ainci "24%. ifferences in ean

nu?er of seeds aong $e$$er genoty$es are ainly genetic, although stress related conditions such as drought

and i?alanced soil $H can also affect seed nu?er "Nsa?iyera et al., 2+2E Seen et al., 2++%%. Kor the food

industry, low seeded fruits are $referred o;er hea;ily seeded fruits.

3.1 0otal numer of fruits per plant amon# #enotypesKig. ++ shows ;ariation in total nu?er of fruits $er $lant aong the eight genoty$es of $e$$er studied, further

categoriation into daaged and undaaged fruits. Bo?adier recorded the least nu?er of undaaged

fruitsG$lant "+2.+% while 9egon +! $roduced the highest "!+.&F%. ean nu?er of fruitsG$lant aong genoty$es

was statistically significant for total nu?er of fruits $er $lant as well as nu?er of undaaged fruits $er $lant

?ut not for the daaged. Kor daaged fruits, Anloga recorded the least nu?er with a ean of ++.F, while

Archard recorded the highest "2F.3%. @otal nu?er of fruits $er $lant was statistically significant aonggenoty$es and highest in 9egon +! "'4.3% and least in Big Sun "24.'F%. @his is siilar to the re$ort of Nsa?iyera

et al. "2+2% who recorded ean fruit nu?ers in the range +2-'+ for soe accessions of hot $e$$er, ?ut

contrasts with that of Nansah et al."2++% who re$orted ;alues of +43-4&. Kruit nu?er is usually influenced

?y ?oth genoty$ic and en;ironental conditions "Seen et al., 2++%.

Archard, which ?ranched early and e8hi?ited a $rostrate growth ha?it, recorded the highest nu?er of

daaged fruits resulting fro contact with the soil. Kore;er K+, which recorded the hea;iest fruit weight, alsorecorded a high nu?er of daaged fruits. Hea;y load of fruits caused the ?ranches to droo$, with fruits in the

lower cano$y touching the soil and there?y $redis$osing the to soilP?orne $athogens "Kig. +2%.

3.11 0otal fruit yield per %ectare amon# #enotypes

*ariation in total fruit yield $er hectare aong genoty$es, e8tra$olated fro yield $er $lot, is $resented in Kig.


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+3. @his is further $artitioned into daaged and undaaged fruit yield $er hectare. Kore;er K+howe;er recorded

the highest total fruit yield of '.&3 t ha-+

while Bo?adier recorded the least with 3.& tonGha. ifferences in

total yield aong the genoty$es are statistically significant. aaged fruit yield ranged fro .!4 t ha-+

in 9egon

+! to &.32 t ha-+

in Kore;er K+. ifferences in yield of daaged fruit $er hectare aong genoty$es were also

statistically significant. :ndaaged fruit yield $er hectare ranged fro +.4' t ha-+

to .! t ha-+

in Bo?ardier and

Anloga res$ecti;ely with significant differences aong genoty$es. Aong all genoty$es only Kore;er K+recorded ore daaged fruits than undaaged fruits. Significant differences e8isted in yield of daaged fruits

aong the genoty$es. oring with 3& genoty$es of hot $e$$er, Nsa?iyera et al."2+2% re$orted total fruit yield

in the range +.-+F.' t ha-+

. Nansah et al. "2++% recorded ;alues ?etween +.4-3'.3 t ha-+

. Seen et al. "2++%

also re$orted fruit yield of 2+.3'-3&.'2 t ha-+ in cayenne $e$$er. In @aiwan, Jordan and @anania, total fruit

yield of $e$$er has ?een re$orted to ;ary fro &.4-3&.2& t ha-+

, , !.&-2F.2 t ha-+

and +.-3!.4 t ha-

+res$ecti;ely "A*56, 24%, indicating that results fro the current study co$are $oorly with those re$orted

fro these other regions. Anloga, a farers ;ariety "landrace%, recorded the highest undaaged fruit yield $er

hectare, reflecting its su$erior ada$tation to local conditions co$ared to the other genoty$es.

0. Conclusion

@he e8otic $e$$er genoty$es out-$erfored the local genoty$es with reference to days to &C flowering, fruit

length, fruit weight, fruit diaeter, flesh thicness and total fruit yield ?ut recorded higher nu?er of daaged

fruits. @wo local landraces, 9egon +! and Anloga, recorded the highest nu?er of undaaged fruits $er $lantand $er hectare res$ecti;ely. @he two ay ?e used in future ?reeding wor.

Ac1no"le#gement

Authors are grateful to the staff of the Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture 5esearch Institute of the 7hana

Atoic nergy 6oission for the hel$ recei;ed during the course of the research.

eferences

Ahad, I, 6heng, Q, eng, H., 9iu, @., ang, , uhaad, , R asila, H. "2+3%. ffect of $e$$er-garlic

intercro$$ing syste on soil icro?ial and ?io-cheical $ro$erties.(a. . 'ot., 4&"2%< '&-F2.

Ainci, S. R Ainci, I. . "24%. ;aluation of red $e$$er for s$ice "Capsicum annuum 9.% 7er$las

5esource of /ahraanaras 5egion "@urey%.(a. . 'iol. Sci. F"&%

6sillDry, 7. "2%. #e$$er ta8onoy and the ?otanical descri$tion of the s$ecies. Acta. A#ron. $un#.&4

re$roducti;e e;aluation of hot $e$$ers under different $lastic ulches in $olyG$lastic tunnel. (a. . A#ri. Sci.:

4,*2+ ++3-++'.


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*ol.4, No.24, 2+4

2+

9ah?i?, /., Kethi, B. R ohaed, . 7. "2+3%. Selection of $e$$er $arent fro a collection of Capsicum

annuum landraces ?ased on genetic di;ersity.. (lant 'reed. Crop Sci. &"&% !-F2.

9aw-og?oo, /. . R 9aw-og?oo J. . "2+% characteriation and e;aluation of soe culti;ars of sweet

#e$$er "capsicum annum%. ot. Sci. 'iol.2 "+%, 4'-&4.

9ee, S. /. R /ader, A. A. "2%. #rehar;est and $osthar;est factors influencing ;itain 6 content of

horticultural cro$s.(ost%ar9est 'iol. 0ec%nol. 2< 2F-22.illenniu e;elo$ent Authority "2+%. In;estent o$$ortunity in 7hana chilli $e$$er $roduction M)nline%

"htt$nt. . A#ric.Sci.3 "!% &''-!

*alade-Bustos, . 7., Aguado-Santacru, 7. A., 6arrillo-6astaWeda, 7., Aguilar-5incXn *. H., s$itia-5angel,

., ontes-HernYnde, S. R 5o?ledo-#a, A. "2'%. In ;itro $ro$agation and agronoic $erforance of

regenerated chili $e$$er "6a$sicu s$$.% $lants fro coercially i$ortant genoty$es.>n 6itro Cell. De9. 'iol.

(lant. 4&


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Kigure +. 5i$e fruits of $e$$er genoty$es used in the study< "a% Anloga, "?% Sunny K+, "c% Kore;er K+, "d% 9egon

+!, "e% Archard, "f% Bo?adier, "g% Antillas and "h% Big Sun.

Kigure 2. ays to &C flowering aong genoty$es


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Kigure 4. #lant height at aturity aong genoty$es

Kigure 3. Height at first ?ranching aong genoty$es


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Kigure . Kruit weight "g% of the genoty$es

Kigure &. 6ano$y width at aturity aong genoty$es


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Kigure F. Kruit diaeter "c% of the genoty$es


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Kigure+. Nu?er of SeedsG$er fruit aong genoty$es

Kigure'. Klesh thicness "c% of the $e$$er genoty$es


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Figure 12. Fruits of Forever F1showing extent of damage

Kigure ++. Nu?er of fruitsG$lant aong genoty$es


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Kigure +3. Lield of $e$$er genoty$es in t ha-+


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Journal of Information Engineering and Applications [email protected]

Industrial Engineering Letters [email protected]

Journal of Network and Complex Systems [email protected]

Environment, Civil, Materials Sciences Journals PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL

Journal of Environment and Earth Science [email protected] of Civil and Environmental Research [email protected]


Life Science, Food and Medical Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL

Advances in Life Science and Technology [email protected]


Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare [email protected]

Journal of Food Science and Quality Management [email protected]

Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research [email protected]

Education, and other Social Sciences PAPER SUBMISSION EMAIL

Journal of Education and Practice [email protected]

Journal of Law, Policy and Globalization [email protected]

Journal of New Media and Mass Communication [email protected]

Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy [email protected]

Historical Research Letter [email protected]

Public Policy and Administration Research [email protected]

International Affairs and Global Strategy [email protected]

Research on Humanities and Social Sciences [email protected]

Journal of Developing Country Studies [email protected]

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The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event management.

The aim of the firm is Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.

More information about the firm can be found on the homepage:

http://www.iiste.org

CALL FOR JOURNAL PAPERS

There are more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals hosted under the hosting platform.

Prospective authors of journals can find the submission instruction on the following

page: http://www.iiste.org/journals/ All the journals articles are available online to the

readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those

inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Paper version of the journals is also

available upon request of readers and authors.

MORE RESOURCES

Book publication information:http://www.iiste.org/book/

IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners

EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open

Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische ZeitschriftenbibliothekEZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial Library , NewJour, Google Scholar
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