Agroforestry and carbon markets

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Agroforestry and Carbon Markets: Linking Science and Policy in a Development Context Alex O. Awiti, PhD World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) 23 rd November 2011

Transcript of Agroforestry and carbon markets

Page 1: Agroforestry and carbon markets

Agroforestry and Carbon Markets: Linking Science and

Policy in a Development Context

Alex O. Awiti, PhD

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)23rd November 2011

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Land degradation– Degradation affects 65 %

of of cropland in Africa and 51% in Latin America (GLASOD)

– Deforestation and forest degradation –

– 66% of new cropland comes from deforestation

Hunger and malnutrition

22Kg/ha of N, 2.3 Kg/ha P, 15Kg/ha of K lost in 30 yrs – Equivalent to $4 billion in

fertilizer cost (Sanchez, 2002)

Persistent decline in household food production in 60% of rural households in the tropics and subtropics (Stocking, 2003)

Framing the Development – Human Wellbeing Context

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Persistent decline in household food production in 60% of rural households in the tropics and subtropics

Globally, ca. (14%) 980 million people in the world are chronically or acutely malnourished.– In SSA, the prevalence of

hunger is 30%– 50% are smallholder farm

households

Chronic hunger results in annual losses of 6 to 10% in foregone GDP due to losses in labor productivity.– Illness and morbidity– Human development – Intergenerational poverty

traps

Framing the Development – Human Wellbeing Context

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Coupling between GDP and anthropogenic GHG emissions

CO2 emissions went up in rapidly expanding economies, led by China and India with increases of 10% and 9% respectively.

Natural resource intensive economic growth models are strongly correlated with tropical deforestation –  high deforestation rates:

27% in Asia; 19% in SSA; 14 % in Latin America

Tropical deforestation, accounting for some 20%-25% of global CO2 emissions.

Framing the Development – Human Wellbeing Context

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A Veritable Carbon Crisis

The Double Whammy: Rapid Increase in Atmospheric CO2 and Severe Depletion of SOC

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Cut Anthropogenic CO2

Reduce land Degradation, Enhancing

Ecosystem Services while Improving

Food and Nutritional Security

Equitable and Sustainable

Development

An Existential Challenge

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Sustainable Land Use and Land Management:– Sequestration of Carbon in vegetation and soils– Increasing land productivity

Market-based Emission Control Mechanisms: – Strong targets in industrialized countries and

economies in transition could drive capital flows and incentive bundles to support sequestration in soil and vegetation

Meeting the Challenge

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Tools to Meet the Challenge

Cut Anthropogenic CO2

Reduce land Degradation, Enhancing

Ecosystem Services while Improving

Food and Nutritional Security

Sustainable land use: Agroforestry

Emissions Trading: Carbon Markets

Equitable and Sustainable

Development

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Land use systems that deliberately integrate trees and woody perennials with agricultural crops, pastures and/or livestock on the same land management unit to harness the ecological and socio-economic interactions and emergent services (Lundgren, 1982; Nair,1993; Young, 1997).

Agroforestry

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Biomass production (Mg ha-1) in selected improved fallow trials in western Kenya (see Boye, 2000; Ndufa, 2001; Nybert 2001; Impala, 2001)

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Maize grain yield (t ha-1) from 2-year coppicing mixed fallow species treatments at Msekera, Eastern Zambia (Adapted from Mafongoya et al., 2006)

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Modified from Lal (2005)Rapidly growing plantations

Planted Fallows

Plantation with shade crop

AF with cover crops

No till with residuemulch

Traditional cropping

Improved land use mgt

Conversion of TFE to cropland

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SOC pool under natural forest

0 20 40Time (yrs)

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