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Transcript of Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change....
Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Dr. Brenda B. Lin
Research Scientist
October 27, 2011
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Agriculture and climate change effects
• Temperature• Maximums and
minimums• Seasonal shifts
• Precipitation• Extreme events• Flooding• Drought
Fisher et al, 2005; Parry and Livermore, 2005
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Lansigan et al, 2000; Porter and Semenov, 2005; Wollenweber et al, 2003
Maize - reduced pollen viability above 36 °C
Wheat - heat pulses applied to wheat during anthesis reduced harvest
Rice - decreased seed weight during El Niño drought seasons
Agricultural Vulnerabilities
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
• Agricultural based economies with few other livelihood strategies
• Reliance on ecosystem services, natural resources - water, soil, air
• Small family farms have little capital to invest in adaptation strategies
Smallholder farmers: Exposure and Sensitivity
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Varieties, planting times, spacing
Stubble, water, nutrient and canopy management etc
Climate ready germplasm
Climate-sensitive precision-agric
Diversification and risk management
Transformation from landuse or distribution change
New products such as ecosystem services
Climate change
Ben
efit
fro
m
adap
tati
on
Incr
easi
ng c
ompl
exity
,
cost
and
risk
Progressive adaptation
Howden et al. 2010
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Agroforestry Systems: Adaptation and Mitigation
Schoeneberger 2009
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Literature Survey
• Web of Knowledge search • “agfor* AND climate change”
• Two main categories of agroforestry implementation for smallholder farmers• Adaptation tool to protect against climate change• Mitigation tool to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
What are the ways in which agroforestry can increase farmer resilience to climate change
effects?
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Adaptation
Examples from the coffee agroforestry system
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Low Shade (LS)Shaded Monoculture
Coffee grown under one species of shade tree
Hei
ght
40High Shade (HS)
Traditional Polyculture Coffee grown under natural canopy, with
other commercially productive trees
Hei
ght (
m)
Medium Shade (MS)Commercial PolycultureCoffee grown only with
commercially productive trees (no natural canopy)
15
Hei
ght
Variation in Coffee Agroforestry
Moguel and Toledo, 1999
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Buffering against Temperature variability
15
18
21
24
27
30
0 6 12 18
Temper
ature (
°C)
15
18
21
24
27
30
0 6 12 18
Tem
pera
ture
(ºC
)
Dry Season Wet Season
Time Lin, 2007
Shade cover
Low
Medium
High
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
0
30
60
90
120
150
High Shade Medium Shade Low Shade
Wat
er L
oss
thro
ugh
Evap
otra
nspi
rati
on
(g H
2O
m-2
h-1
)
Soil Evaporation
Plant Transpiration
High Shade Medium Shade Low Shade
a
b
c
0
30
60
90
120
150
HighShade
MediumShade
LowShade
Water Loss throug
h Evapotranspirat
ion (g H
2O m
-2 h
-1)
Soil Evaporation
Plant Transpiration
Buffering against water loss
Lin, 2010
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Philpott et al, 2008
Buffering against extreme events: storms and winds
Tropical Storm Stan: Oct 1-5, 2005
• In Chiapas – economic damages estimated 3 billion in the agricultural sector
• 20% of coffee harvest lost worth $US 4 million in the Pacific region of Guatemala
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Greater farming intensity led to greater farm area affected by landslides
P=0.014
y=1.64x-0.8312 R2 = 0.0827
Buffering against extreme events: storms and winds
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Carbon sequestration potential
Verchot et al, 2006
Mitigation
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
• Trees• Agroforestry systems maintains 22 times more carbon stored
aboveground when compared to traditional maize
• Soil organic matter• Improved fallow agroforestry
found to increase topsoil C stocks up to 1.6 Mg C/ha/yr above continuous maize cropping
• Sequestration potential• 95 Mg C ha-1 median value
for the agroforestry system as a whole
Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry
Soto Pinto et al, 2010; Montagnini and Nair, 2004; Albrecht and Kandji, 2003
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Payments for carbon sequestration
• Eligible for afforestation/reforestation (A/R) activity in the Clean Development Mechanism
• REDD – reduce carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
• At $100 per MgC, carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems could potentially raise per capita incomes up to 15%
Antle et al., 2007
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
• Less fertilizer use because of nutrient cycling • Mitigate N2O and CO2 emissions from soils and
increase CH4 sink strength
Palm et al 2002; Mutuo et al, 2005
Curbing GHG emissions
Land-use system N 2O emissions CH 4 flux CO2 emissions Source
(µg N m -2 h -1 ) (µg C m -2 h-1) (µg C m -2 h -1 )
Cropping System High input cropping 31.2 15.2 84 Palm et al (2002)Low input cropping 15.6 -17.5 66.6 Palm et al (2002)Cassava/Imperata 7.1 -14.8 Tsurata et al (2000)
Shifting cultivation 8.6 -23.5 67.5 Palm et al (2002)Multistrate agroforestry 5.8 -23.3 32.6 Palm et al (2002)Peach Palm 9.8 -17 66.4 Palm et al (2002)Jungle rubber 1 -12 Tsurata et al (2000)
Rubber agroforests 12.5 -27.5 Tsurata et al (2000)
Forests Forest 9.2 -28.8 73.3 Palm et al (2002)Forest 5 -31 Tsurata et al (2000)Logged Forest 7.2 -38.2 Tsurata et al (2000)
Adapted from Mutuo et al 2005
Agroforestry Systems
CSIRO. Agroforestry adaptation and mitigation options for smallholder farmers vulnerable to climate change
Benefits for Smallscale Farmers• Adaptation to climate change effects
• Temperature• Precipitation
• Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions• Carbon sequestration• Decreased GHG loss and increased sinks
• Increase on farm profitability by• Protecting crop production from climate change and potential
secondary effects • Increasing crop diversification and products produced
including carbon sequestration
Conclusions
Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au
Thank you
CSIRO Climate Adaptation FlagshipBrenda B. LinResearch Scientist
Phone: 03 9239 4476Email: [email protected]: www.csiro.au/org/ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html