Agro Techniques for Processing Winter School-2009

8/6/2019 Agro Techniques for Processing Winter School-2009

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Parveen Kumar

Senior Scientist (Agronomy)Central Potato Research Institute

Campus, Modipuram

Agro technology for potatoes destinedAgro technology for potatoes destinedfor processingfor processing


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Dried (Granules,

flakes etc.)Starch Par-fried Snacks & extruded

productsCooked

Despite many uses of potatoes, processing in India is still verylow compared to developed countries (30-67%)


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Why special agronomy for processing?

India first processing cultivars in 1998, before

agro techniques standardized for seed and ware

Grown with PoP of ware crop led to 50-55% PG

Need for specialized agro techniques to increase

PG in produce to enhance the raw material to

industries and increase profits to farmers

At present 5 processing varieties (K. Chipsona-

1,2,3, K. Himsona, K. Frysona)


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Quality requirements of processing

potatoes

Precise size and shape

Chips: 45-85 mm, round

French fries: >75 mm, long

Flakes: >35 mm

High tuber dry matter ( > 20%) and SG

Lower reducing sugars (


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Selection of field

Free from soil borne diseases like

common scab, powdery mildew,black scruff, brown rot and

nematodes


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Field preparationPreparation depends upon the soil

texture and in sandy/sandy loams twoharrows followed by 1-2 tillers and

planking is sufficient

FYM @ 10-30 t/ha


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Seed preparation

Withdrawal of seed from cold stores 10-15 days

before planting,

Keep the seed in shade (diffused light) and

properly ventilated conditions for good sprouting,

Pre sprouted tubers help in early emergence,

better stand, early tuberization, maturity and

higher yields


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Effect ofSeed Age on Tuber yield(Source: CIP BULLETIN)


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FOR NORTH-CENTRAL PLAINS

K. Chipsona-1, K. Chipsona-2,

Kufri Chipsona-3, Kufri Frysona

Kufri Surya

VARIETIES


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NORTH- CENTRAL PLAINS

Optimum : IInd-IIIrd week of October

PLANTING


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Chips

67.5 20 cm (74,000

plants/ha) for seed sizetubers (35-45 mm)

French fries

67.5 26.5 cm and 90

20cm (55,000 plants/ha)for seed size tubers (35-45 mm)

Crop geometry


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Depth of planting & Interculture

Higher than most of table cultivars,

short stolons 3-4 inch where EUp; 5-6 inch where

EUp not practiced

Interculture at 20-25 DAP when plants

are 10-15 cm tall


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Nutrient management

Shallow rooted crop

N = 40-50 %

P = 10-15 %

K = 50-60 %

Nutrient efficiency in potato


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Influence of nitrogen on tuberInfluence of nitrogen on tuber

processing parametersprocessing parameters

Deficien Op imum Excess

Very small tubers

High sugar level

Low dry matter

Mature tubers

Disease susceptible

Optimum size tubers

Low sugar level

High dry matter

Mature tubers

Disease resistant

Optimum size tubers

High sugar evel

Medium drymatter

Immaturetubers

Disease & bruise

susceptible


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Effect of N on yield and economicsEffect of N on yield and economics

of Chipsona cultivarsof Chipsona cultivarsN (kg/ha)N (kg/ha) PGYPGY

(t/ha)(t/ha)

TTYTTY NR NR

(Rs./ha)(Rs./ha)

B:CB:C

00 11.9 a11.9 a 17.2 a17.2 a 1,089 a1,089 a 1.03 a1.03 a

9090 22.9 b22.9 b 30.1 b30.1 b 34,379 b34,379 b 1.83 b1.83 b

180180 28.7 c28.7 c 35.1 c35.1 c 49,192 c49,192 c 2.14 c2.14 c

270270 33.0 d33.0 d 39.2 d39.2 d 60,392 d60,392 d 2.35 d2.35 d

360360 34.2 d34.2 d 40.0 d40.0 d 61,944 d61,944 d 2.33 d2.33 d

(Kumar et al 2007)


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Effect of N on processing quality ofEffect of N on processing quality of

Chipsona cultivarsChipsona cultivars

N (kg/ha)N (kg/ha) SGSG TDM (%)TDM (%) CC atCC at

harvestharvest

CC afterCC after

5 months5 months

00 1.086 a1.086 a 21.9 a21.9 a 2.5 a2.5 a 3.0 a3.0 a

9090 1.089 bc1.089 bc 22.7 ab22.7 ab 2.7 a2.7 a 3.0 a3.0 a

180180 1.090 b1.090 b 23.1 b23.1 b 2.9 a2.9 a 3.0 a3.0 a

270270 1.089 bc1.089 bc 23.0 b23.0 b 2.7 a2.7 a 3.0 a3.0 a

360360 1.088 c1.088 c 22.6 ab22.6 ab 2.6 a2.6 a 3.0 a3.0 a

(Kumar et al 2007)


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Growth severely restricted, few stems; yellowing of

older foliage

N deficient


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Influence of phosphorus on tuberInfluence of phosphorus on tuber


eficient ptimum cess

Ver s ll t ers

Hi s g rlevel

Low dr matter

Mat ret ers

Diseases s eptible

Optimum si etubers

Lowsugarlevel

High dr matter

Maturetubers

Diseaseresistant

Optimum si etubers

Lowsugarlevel

High dr matter

Maturetubers

Diseaseresistant


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Effect of P on yield and economics ofEffect of P on yield and economics of


PP22 55(kg/ha)(kg/ha)

PGYPGY

(t/ha)(t/ha)

TTYTTY NR NR

(Rs./ha)(Rs./ha)

B:CB:C

00 28.928.9 35.435.4 53,24353,243 2.332.33

4040 29.029.0 36.136.1 53,40053,400 2.312.31

8080 31.231.2 38.738.7 59,50359,503 2.432.43

120120 30.330.3 37.137.1 55,36155,361 2.312.31

160160 31.431.4 38.238.2 57,94557,945 2.352.35

LSDLSD0.050.05 1.611.61 1.621.62 4,6064,606 0.110.11

(Kumar et al 2007)


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Effect of P on processing quality ofEffect of P on processing quality of


ProcessingProcessing qualityquality traitstraits vizviz..,, specificspecific gravity,gravity, tubertuber drydry

mattermatter content,content, chipchip colourcolour atat harvestharvest andand afterafter fivefive

monthmonth storagestorage atat elevatedelevated temperaturetemperature ofof 1010--1212ooCC withwith

foggingfogging of of sproutsprout suppressantsuppressant (CIPC)(CIPC) werewere notnot

influencedinfluenced toto aa levellevel ofof significancesignificance byby variedvaried PP levelslevels((00 toto 160160 kg/ha)kg/ha)

(Kumar et al 2007)


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Phosphorus D fi iPhosphorus D fi i

Growth thin, few stems; leaflets marginal scorch, older

leaves shed, forward rolling


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Influence of potassium on tuberInfluence of potassium on tuber


eficient ptimum xcess

Smalltubers

High sugarlevel

Lowdry matter

Maturetubers

Diseasesusceptible

Optimum sizetubers

Lowsugarlevel

High dry matter

Maturetubers

Diseaseresistant

Optimum sizetubers

Lowsugarlevel

Low dry matter

Maturetubers

Diseaseresistant


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Effect of K on yield and economics ofEffect of K on yield and economics of


K2

(kg/ha)

PGY

(t/ha)

TTY NR

(Rs./ha)

B:C

00 20.120.1 28.428.4 28,57028,570 1.711.71

5050 25.525.5 33.233.2 43,85343,853 2.092.09

100100 27.627.6 35.535.5 49,88649,886 2.232.23

150150 31.231.2 38.438.4 59,67759,677 2.452.45

200200 31.131.1 39.239.2 60,10760,107 2.452.45

LSDLSD0.050.05 2.262.26 2.222.22 6,5266,526 0.160.16

(Kumar et al 2005)


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Effect of K on processing quality ofEffect of K on processing quality of

K. ChipsonaK. Chipsona--11

K2

(kg/ha)

SG TDM

(%)

CC at

harvest

RS

0 1.092 23.6 2.7 41

50 1.092 23.7 2.9 43

100 1.092 23.0 2.9 37

150 1.090 22.6 2.8 31200 1.089 22.3 2.8 36

LSD0.05 0.0022 NS NS NS

(Kumar et al 2004)


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Response to PotassiumResponse to Potassium

Growth tends to be squat and bushy; leaflets bluish green and slight

intervenal chlorosis, marginal scorch and brown spots on under

surface, backward rolling


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BasalBasal dosedose :: 135135 kgkg NN (Through(Through CAN/AS)CAN/AS)

8080 kgkg PP22OO55,, 150150 kgkg KK22O/haO/ha

AtAt earthingearthing :: 135135 kgkg N/haN/ha (Through(Through Urea)Urea)

NPK dose, time and source for ChipsonaNPK dose, time and source for Chipsona

cultivarscultivars

With the use of this dose the proportion of PG increasedWith the use of this dose the proportion of PG increased

from 50from 50--60% to 7560% to 75--80%,80%, CC remained acceptable upto 5 months storageCC remained acceptable upto 5 months storage

Urea is 10Urea is 10--20% less efficient than CAN/AS20% less efficient than CAN/AS

++


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Response to N and K splitting

(soil and foliar application) Kufri Chipsona-1 and Kufri Chipsona-3

responded only to 2 splits of N (half at

planting + half at earthing up)

Foliar spray of urea during crop season

deteriorated the processing quality

during CIPC storage

K splitting did not proved beneficial in

Chipsona cultivars(Kumar et at 2007)


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Effect of K source on yield andEffect of K source on yield and

economics of Chipsona cultivarseconomics of Chipsona cultivars

Sources of K fertilizer

Tuber yield (t ha-1)Net

income

(Rs. ha-1)

B:C ratio

(Rs.-1)Processing-

gradeTotal

Potassium chloride 26.5 a 32.7 a 61,951 a 2.55 a

Potassium sulphate 26.5 a 32.9 a 58,093 b 2.32 b

Potassium nitrate 25.0 b 31.5 b 33,862 c 1.53 c

MoP induce frost resistance higher than SoPMoP induce frost resistance higher than SoP

(Kumar et at 2007)


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Effect of K source on processing

quality of Chipsona cultivars

Sources of K fertilizerSources of K fertilizerSpecificSpecific

gravitygravity

TuberTuber

drydry

mattermatter(%)(%)

ChipChip

colourcolour

RSRS

(mg/100g(mg/100g

FW)FW)

Potassium chloride 1.084 a 21.8 a 1.8 a 32.2 a

Potassium sulphate 1.086 b 22.5 b 2.0 a 36.9 a

Potassium nitrate 1.086 b 22.3 b 2.0 a 37.1 a

(Kumar et at 2007)


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Effect of source and time of potashEffect of source and time of potash

application on Chipsona potatoapplication on Chipsona potato

K-sulphate may be used than K-chloride, it

increases the tuber dry matter percentage and

chips recovery and decreases the oil percent of

chips without affecting yield.

Current practice of applying K fertilizers as asingle basal application is also for Chipsona

cultivars preferable over applying K in split

applications

Cultivation of cv. Kufri Chipsona-1&3 is most

profitable to the growers (higher net income)

because of a higher yield, while processing of cv.

Kufri Chipsona-2 is most profitable to the

processor, because of its higher dry matter

percentage and chips yield. (Kumar et at 2007)


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Fertilizer recommendation for

processing cultivars abroad

Country N

(kg/ha)

P2 5

(kg/ha)

K2

(kg/ha)

U A 200 100 200

Netherlands 240 120-180 100-200

France 150-200 80-120 250-300


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Effect of substitution of organics on yield andEffect of substitution of organics on yield and

quality of Chipsona potatoesquality of Chipsona potatoes

TreatmentTreatment PGYPGY(q ha(q ha--11))

TTYTTY(q ha(q ha--11))

100 % Inorganic (I) 271.3 331.5

75 % I +25%N, FYM 261.2 325.4

50 % I +50%N, FYM 225.8 289.8

100 % N, FYM+BF 121.1 193.4

C D at 5% 25.1 25.5

Integrated use of inorganic(75%) and FYM(25% on N basis) is

suggested for Chipsona cultivars

Processing quality parameters viz. SG, DMC, CC and RS were

not significantly influenced due to substitution of organics

(Kumar et at 2008)


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Role of Ca in potato nutritionRole of Ca in potato nutrition

Ca improves the storability of potato by

strengthening cell wall and giving stability to cell

membrane

Ca improves tolerance to cold and heat stress and

impart resistance to specific defects like IBS

Ca is 3 to 5 time higher in peel than tuber pulp

Ca enters the tubers through stolons not tubers

hence tuber initiation is the best stage of

application in case of deficiency

Ca needs of the potato crop are normally met if

SSP or CAN are applied to potato Sources: CAN (8.1%), SSP (19.5%), Ca N 3

(19.5%), Gypsum (29.2%) etc.


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Calcium deficiencyCalcium deficiency

Growth fairly good; bushy appearance; young leaflets small, slightly

chlorotic, forward roll and marginal scorch. This plant failed to

form tubers of appreciable size


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Calcium deficiencyCalcium deficiency

Calcium omitted, tubers dwarfed and useless; bottom: complete mineral

nutrient, tubers normal


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Role of Mg in potato nutrition

Mg is the constituent of chlorophyll hence its

application helps in prolonging the life span of

potato plants.

Mg have been reported to increase the ascorbic

acid content Mg does not form the constituent of the

commonly used fertilizes

Mg needs in potato have been felt in hills

Mg have interaction with K

Source: Magnesium sulfate, Magnesium

carbonate


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MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCYMagnesium deficiencyMagnesium deficiency

Central intervenal necrosis

patternField view. Leaves pale green, central

intervenal chlorosis followed by

necrosis and withering


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Role ofS in potato nutritionRole ofS in potato nutrition

SS applicationapplication inin alkalialkali soilssoils reducesreduces commoncommon

scabscab throughthrough reducingreducing pHpH values,values, hencehence

improvesimproves thethe appearanceappearance inin problematicproblematic soilssoils

SS needsneeds isis generallygenerally metmet if if SoPSoP ((1717%%),), ASAS

((2323..77%%)) areare beingbeing usedused inin potatopotato

SourceSource:: ElementalElemental sulphursulphur


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Extent of micronutrient deficiency in potatoExtent of micronutrient deficiency in potato

growing areas in Indiagrowing areas in India

StateState% age of soil samples deficient in micronutrients% age of soil samples deficient in micronutrients

ZnZn CuCu FeFe MnMn

UP 75 0 33 2

Bihar 18 0 0 0

MP 79 0.2 6 55

Punjab 64 3 12 0HP 76 31 0 0

Haryana 83 3 34 13

TN 26 47 15 24


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Micronutrients deficiency and managementMicronutrients deficiency and management

Certain soil are deficient

Increase in cropping intensity

Lack of organic fertilizers

Use of high analysis fertilizer

Micronutrients Soil application (kg/ha) Foliar spray (%)

Zinc Sulfate 25 0.2

Ferrous Sulfate 25 0.2

Manganse sulfate 25 0.2

Copper sulfate 10 0.1

Ammonium molybdate 1 0.05

Sodium borate 1 0.05


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Zinc deficiencyZinc deficiency (critical limit 0.62 for alluvial soils)(critical limit 0.62 for alluvial soils)

Fern leaf or little leaf appears on young developing leaves,

stunting, bronzing, yellowing of foliage around margins,

upward cupping


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Iron deficiencyIron deficiency

Young leaver strongly chlorotic; veins may remain green;

margins and tips brown patches.


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Boron deficiencyBoron deficiency

Growth stunted; growing point killed; leaves dull

grayish green, changing to yellow before dying off

fi ifi i


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Manganese deficiencyManganese deficiency

Leaves from near tips of shoots still green, but showing

characteristic brown spotting, mainly along veins


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Effect of Zinc, Iron and Magnesium on processingEffect of Zinc, Iron and Magnesium on processing

quality and yield of Chipsona varietiesquality and yield of Chipsona varieties

Supplemental sprays of Zn, Fe and Mg (0.2 % at 40 and 60

days after planting) alone or in combinations did not

significantly influence either processing grade or total tuberyield.

Processing quality parameters viz. SG, DMC, CC and R S

also did not significantly influenced due to foliar spray ofZn, Fe and Mg.


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Modern methods of irrigationModern methods of irrigation

Methods like sprinkler and drip saves 30Methods like sprinkler and drip saves 30--50% irrigation50% irrigation

water,water,

Fertigation saves 25% nitrogenFertigation saves 25% nitrogen

Yields are higher, weeds infestation low, tuber qualityYields are higher, weeds infestation low, tuber qualitygood (greening, DM, appearance etc.)good (greening, DM, appearance etc.)


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Irri ationrequire entsof K.Chipsona-1

Hi hestPG (>45 ) andtotaltuber ield wasobtainedat15CPE

SG, DMC,CC and RSnotsi nificantlyaffecteddueto

different irri ationre i es.

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

375

400

425

15 20 25 30 35

CPE (mm)

Tube

ryield(

q

-1)

Process Grade

Total

(Kumar et at 2007)


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Irri ationrequire entsof K.Chipsona-2

Hi hestPG (>45 ) andtotaltuberyield wasobtainedat15

CPE

SG, DMC,CC and RSnotsi nificantlyaffecteddueto

different irri ationre i es.

200

225

250

275

300

325

350

15 20 25 30 35

CPE (mm)

Tub

eryield

(

-1)

Process Grade

Total

(Kumar et at 2007)


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Weeds potato diseases

Diseases WeedsWart disease :Solanum pimpinellifolium.

S. sisymbrifolium.

Late Blight :Polygonum alatum.

Ipomea purpurea

Sonchus oleraceus L.

Datura stramoniumEarly blight :Nicandra physaloides

Bacterial wilt :Datura metal, Amaranthus viridis

Polygonum hydropiper


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Critical period for weed

management

20-40 days after planting

After this crop covers the field.


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Pre-emergence herbicides Metribuzin @ 0.5 kg/ha

Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha

Prometryn @ 1.0 kg/ha

Alachlor @ 1.0-1.5 kg/ha

Linuron @ 0.5 kg/ha

Oxyfluorfen @ 0.2 kg/ha

Atrazine @ 0.3-0.5 kg/ha

Isoproturon @ 0.5 kg/ha

2, 4-D @ 0.5 kg/ha


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Plant protection ThimetThimet 1010 GG @@ 1010 kg/hakg/ha atat earthingearthing up,up,

SparySpary ofof MancozebMancozeb (Diathane(Diathane MM--4545)) @@ 22..55

kg/hakg/ha fromfrom 1515thth NovemberNovember onwardsonwards asas

preventivepreventive measuresmeasures ofof LBLB atat 1010 daysdays interval,interval,

AfterAfter LBLB appearanceappearance sprayspray mancozebmancozeb ++

metalaxylmetalaxyl combinationcombination (ridomil,(ridomil, matcomatco etcetc..)) orormancozebmancozeb ++ cymoxanilcymoxanil @@ 22..55 kg/hakg/ha atat 1010--1515

daysdays intervalinterval

IncludeInclude systemicsystemic insecticidesinsecticides likelike metasystox,metasystox,

imidoclopridimidocloprid etcetc.. inin everyevery fungicidalfungicidal sprayspray toto

controlcontrol buildbuild upup ofof aphidsaphids


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Dehaulm at full chemical maturity (110 days for

Chipsona cultivars), lowest sucrose level (SR)

Harvesting 10-15 days later in clear weather

If rains then delay

Dehaulming and Harvesting


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Curing

Improve storability

Potatoes are heaped to a height of 1-

1.5 m with 4-5 m width,

Heap should be in shade and

ventilated place,

Never cover with polythene

Duration 10 to 15 days


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According to requirement of industry

Remove green, cut/crack, damaged

GRADING


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Processing potatoes should be handled like eggs

Do not drop more than 40-50 cm

quick transport ( truck/container-cool)

no tarpaulin/polythene

HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION


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For processing: 10-12oC with CIPC

The synthetic bags of 40-50 Kg capacity shouldbe preferred for better CIPC distribution

STORAGE


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Thanks, have a nice dayThanks, have a nice day

Agro Techniques for Processing Winter School-2009

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