THIS IS A PROJECT CONSIDERED TO A

DIFFERENT AGRICULTURE STRUCTURE CONSTRUCT

IN FARM STEAD

AGRICULTURE STRUCTURE KAUSHAL .V. GADARIYA

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A

Study on

Agriculture structures

COURSE NO: - APE-3.1.5

COURSE NAME: - agriculture structure

COURSE CREDIT: - 4 (3+1)

REG.NO: - PAGEN-097-2012

SUBMITTED BY

KAUSHAL VINODCHANDRA GADARIYA

POLYTECHNIC IN AGRICULTURE ENGINERRING, MUVALIYA FARM, DAHOD

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CONTENT SR. No.

Date Subject Page No.

1 5/8/2014 To study of Dairy barn 1.1 Dairy barn 1.2 Types of dairy barn

1.2.1 Stanchion barn 1.2.2 Loose housing barn 1.2.3 Open air barn 1.3 8/8/2014 Cow stall 1.4 Barn equipment 1.5 Site selection of dairy barn 1.6 20/8/2014 Milking parlor 1.7 Pen barn 1.8 Community barn 2 22/8/2014 To study different types of farm fencing

2.1 Classification of farm fencing 2.1.1 Woven wire fencing 2.1.2 Barbed wire fencing 2.1.3 Plain wire fencing 2.1.4 Welded wire fencing 2.1.5 Electrical fencing 2.2 Numerical 3 To study different types of poultry house

3.1 Types of poultry house 3.1.1 Wire floored house 3.1.2 Deep liter poultry house 3.1.3 5/11/14 Cage house 3.1.4 Brooder house 3.2 Poultry house

3.2.1 Feed trough 3.2.2 Water trough 3.2.3 Trap nest 3.2.4 Perches 3.2.5 Roost 3.2.6 Dropping pits

4 5/11/14 Storage structure 4.1 Improved storage structure

4.1.1 Pusa bin 4.1.2 Brick and cement bin 4.1.3 Bunker storage structure 4.1.4 Cap storage structure 4.2 7/11/14 Modern storage structure

4.2.1 Ware house

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4.2.2 Bag storage structure 4.2.3 Numerical 4.3 13/11/14 Silo Structures

4.3.1 Pit silos 4.3.2 Trench silos 4.3.3 13/11/14 Numerical

5 13/11/14 Sheep and got houses 5.1 Space requirement for feeding 5.2 Design of floor 5.3 14/11/14 Cost estimation of farm building 6 17/11/14 Agriculture by product utilization

6.2 Important terminology 6.2.1 Gasification 6.2.2 Retention time 6.2.3 Gasifier 6.2.4 Fermentation 6.2.5 Pyrolysis 6.3 Biogas production technology 6.4 Factors affecting biogas plant 6.5 Site selection of biogas plant 6.6 Types of biogas plant

6.6.1 KVIC biogas plant 6.6.2 Deenbandhu biogas plant 6.7 Numerical 7 18/11/14 Sanitation

7.1 Purpose of sanitation 7.2 Septic tank 7.3 Location 8 24/11/2014 Temperature and moisture changes in

storage structures

8.1 Moisture migration in summer 8.2 Moisture migration in winter

Xsayyed farid sir(Assistant Professor Department of AP & FE)

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AGRICULTURE STRUCTURE

AIM: - TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF DAIRY BARN

DAIRY BARN

PLANNING –

Ø According to entire farm size of barn decided.

Ø Prevailing of winds, road, and drainage and landscaping.

Ø Requirement of dairy cows and calves should be consider.

LOCATION –

Ø Fodder and feed storage structure should be consider in the dairy barn.

Ø Milk staining, weighing, cooling and cleaning.

Ø Future expansion should be considered.

Ø Size of herd should be consider on the basis of availability of fodder.

Ø Economical fodder produce in our own farm and concentrate buy from

market.

Ø It should be good approach from highways and farm house.

Ø Milk house should be located in well drained land and separated from dairy

barn up to 6 metre paved passage.

Ø It should be face the road and be provided with door with wire mesh to

keep away the flies.

Ø In India barn should be designed facing in east-west direction.

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TYPES OF DAIRY BARN

There are three types of dairy barn –

1. The stanchion barn

2. The loose housing barn

3. The open air barn

1. The stanchion barn –

Ø The cows are house and milk in the same building.

Ø It is also called general purpose barn.

2. The loose housing barn –

Ø The cows are house in covered or partially covered yard but they are milk

in batches in a special milking house is called as milking parlor.

Ø It is also called milking house system.

3. The open air barn –

Ø The cows are milk, live and feed in the feed.

Ø It is also called as loafing barn.

COW STALL

1. Flooring –

Ø Finishing of the flooring should not be slippery.

2. Roof –

Ø Roof should not be left rough surface in that water accumulated.

3. Drainage –

Ø Sufficient slope may be provided to allow drainage water into gutter.

4. Manger –

Ø It should have width of 75 to 90 cm.

Ø Back of the manger is about 60 cm.

Ø The length of stall equal to width of manger for individual animals (12.5

cm high from manger).

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5. Feed alley –

Ø Passage between outer wall and manger along which the push cart full of

silage may be moved.

Ø Feed alley having width of 1.2 m.

6. Walls and ceiling –

Ø The height of the walls running along the barn should be 2.4 m.

Ø If gabble roof is provided the width is maintained up to 5 to 5.5 m and

length is up to 10 to 11 m.

Ø Walls should be free from crack.

7. Doors and windows –

Ø Double range collapsible door is 2.4 to 2.7 m.

Ø Adequate light facility is provided for that windows area is about 0.37 m2

per individual is required.

BARN EQUIPMENT

1. Water bowls –

Ø It is desirable to provide an automatic supply system of drinking water to

the cow stalls.

Ø Bowls are placed in the manger at about 60 cm above the floor level.

Ø Good quality of bowls are now easily available in India.

2. Reservoir tank –

Ø Reservoir may have a water holding capacity of 100-125 liters.

Ø These reservoirs may be filled from the water pipeline passing near the

reservoir.

Ø Occasionally these reservoirs should be cleaned.

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3. Stanchions –

Ø Stanchions are used to tying the animals in the barn.

Ø Angle iron stanchions are usually provided with a wooden lining.

SITE SELECTION OF LOOSE HOUSING BARN

ª It permits to move animals freely and to allow simple and economical

construction of the feeding and shelter places.

ª Except small portion which is used for manger made up of cement concrete and

remaining are unpaved.

ª In hot climatic condition there are no necessity to covered entire barn area.

ª Shed should be constructed such that it’s protected from sun and rains.

ª The size of cows house depends upon

- Climatic condition

- Inside and outside feeding arrangement

- Average production of herd

ª High milk producing cows required more feed and water.

ª Floor space required for feeding and loafing is about 9 to 11 m2 per cow.

ª Roof is constructed of GI sheet / asbestos cement sheet with simple threshers

supported with pillars.

ª Feed manger is about 70 to 75 cm.

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MILKING PARLOR

¯ Milking parlor are type of arrangement in which cows are milk but not house.

¯ It is important and essential part of loose housing barn through also associate

with stanchion barn.

¯ Provision made for cows to pass easily from feed area to milking parlor.

¯ Most convenient milking room arrangement tandem type single or twin row

arrangement.

¯ Herring bone type arrangement is also used.

¯ Milking house system consist of compressor room, cold room, wash room and

loading platform.

¯ Location is generally 2.4 m away from barn.

PEN BARN

¯ It is a structures used for sheltering and restricting dairy animals.

¯ It is also known as isolation chamber.

¯ Size of pen barn is 11-17 m2 and width is about 3 m.

¯ Additional arrangements for calving, calf rearing and housing of sick animal.

COMMUNITY BARN

Ø There are growing trends to house cows and buffaloes under one shelter and

getting roughage, concentrate and drinking water.

Ø Arranged by government or co-operative organization, such place is known as

milking colony.

Ø Milking colony attached with dairy.

Ø Owner has to care and feed the animal and collect milk, than sell it into dairy.

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SITE SELECTION FOR STANCHION BARN

ª Common type, modern, large no. of animal can be handled in one barn unit.

ª Individual feeding arrangement is there.

ª For eight or more cows, the two rows which is either face in or face out

arrangement is there.

ª Face out type arrangement for mulch animal and face in for bullock.

ª These barn is 10 to 11 m wide.

ª Central drive arrangement is there to drive manure cart smoothly.

ª In face in type arrangement manure alley is eliminated.

ª In face in type arrangement 20% floor area is worth / save as compared to face

out type arrangement.

ª Maximum length is 40 m in these cows accommodate 72 cows.

ª Cross drive increasing efficiency.

ª Specification of gutter is 45 cm width, 15 cm depth and 2% of slope.

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AIM – TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF FARM FENCING

FARM FENCING

v It is a barrier in which confining animals to definite area or to keep them away

from particular area.

CLASSIFICATION OF FARM FENCING

Ø There are several types of farm fencing

1. Woven mesh type

- Large mesh type

- Close mesh type

- Hexagonal wire type

2. Barbed wire fencing

3. Plain wire fencing

4. Welded plain wire fencing

5. Electric fencing

WOVEN WIRE FENCING

Ø Most popular in general fencing.

Ø Properly galvanized and weather protected.

Ø This type of fencing is used for large animal, cattle, buffaloes and horses.

Ø Specification in woven wire fencing

- Horizontal wires spacing: 7 to 22.5 cm

- Vertical wires spacing: 15 to 30 cm.

Ø Fences are closer at bottom and wider at the top.

Ø There are three types of fencing

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CLOSE MESH TYPE

¯ It is idle fence for poultry house, rabbit, and goat.

¯ The height is 43 cm.

¯ Spacing between horizontal wires is 4 to 8 cm.

¯ In this fence horizontal wire is made heavy as compare to vertical wire and it’s

wrapped around horizontal wire.

HEXAGONAL WOVEN WIRE TYPE

ª Uniform through the length.

ª Height of hexagonal woven is 2 m.

ª Each hexagon varies from 2.5 to 5 m in length and thickness is 20 (Φ) gauge.

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BARBED WIRE FENCING

v Two strand of wire twisted together with one another having two or more bits

wrapped around one another having four projections of regular interval.

v Galvanized barbed wire available generally.

v The spacing between the barbs varies between 7.5 and 15 cm.

v Barbed wire is made up of 14 gauge wire and is available in a roll of 50 kg

stretching to about 160 m long.

v It is cheaper than woven wire fencing.

v It is effective against goats and rabbits.

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PLAIN WIRE FENCING

Ø This is mostly used for large cattle fencing, with or without barbed wire.

Ø Plain wires are available in various diameters, but five strands 6.5 mm

diameter.

Ø Plain wire are strong enough for most purposes.

WELDED WIRE FENCING

ª Horizontal wire welded over vertical wire to make small or large mesh.

ª These wires are available in rolls of 100 m having heights varying from 1 to 1.5

m.

ª It is usually used for demarcating the boundary.

ELECTRIC FENCING

One or more strand of bare wire which is supported by insulator wire connected

to controller which act as barrier to animal.

If animal come with a contact of live wire and earthling, it get shocked by electric

current.

Some controller act on 230V and 50Hz frequency AC sources with battery of 6V.

Voltage applied to fence varies between 6000V to 15000V.

The higher voltage is effective even during dry weather.

It is important that continuous voltage is not applied to fence.

From the point of view of safety, the circuit may be kept ON for about ONE

TENTH OF SECOND and OFF for about FOUR FIFTH OF SECOND.

Even during ON period, the maximum value of the current must not exceed

0.008 AMP and a pulsating current of 0.005 AMP is considered satisfactorily.

It is generally used for dairy cattle and elephant.

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MERITS AND DEMERITS OF FARM ELECTRIC FENCING

1. MERITS:

- Easily erected and dismantled within short period.

- Generally plain wire is used for electric fencing.

2. DEMERITS:

- Untrained and infuriated bulls damage the electric fencing set up.

- Growing grass come in contact with fencing, make fencing in

effective.

- It may be come fatal to human life if it is not properly installed.

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AIM: - TO STUDY DIFFERENT TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSES.

TYPES OF POULTRY HOUSES

ª It is depending upon the material used in the construction of the floors.

ª The poultry houses can be broadly classified as –

1. Wire floored poultry house

2. Cage house

3. Deep litter poultry house

ª Either of these may be a buying house for hens of a brooder house for chicks.

WIRE FLOORED POULTRY HOUSES

Ø That make use of 12 to 14 gauge expanded metal or welded wire mesh for making

their floors.

Ø The floor is placed about 45 cm above the ground level having a rising slope of

15%.

Ø These are series of nest placed all along the posts throughout the entire length

of house.

Ø The floor of nest may be made of either woven or hard cloth with 12 to 15 % slope

towards the central service alley of the house.

Ø At the lowest end of the floor, there is 3 cm high stopper to collect the eggs.

Ø Feed and watering trough are suitable located to facilitate the work.

Ø The roots are placed at horizontally for the birds to take rest.

Ø The ground floor an which the dropping falls is rammed smooth, but the floor

of the service alley may either be made of bricks or be kept as in the other portion

of the house.

Ø The roof is covered with galvanized iron sheet about 20 % slope in the roof is

good enough and it is best to have an overhang of about 1 m on all side of 5.5 m

wide house.

Ø The overall dimension of a house of 400 birds may be 23×5.5 m having a service

alley of 1.8 m width in the middle of the house.

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DEEP LITTER POULTRY HOUSE

v In this system the birds are kept inside the house all the time.

v The birds live on the floor, which is covered with a suitable litter of about 15 to

20 cm depth.

v Litter material usually consist of chopped paddy straw, rice husk or dry leaves,

materials like wheat or barely straw, dry grass or dry stalks of maize or bajra

also make good litter.

v These save s labour involved in frequent clean of the floor.

v Usually the entire litter gets well decompose by the one year is removed as use

as a good quality manure.

v The birds keeps in excellent health and grow and later lay well.

v As the birds are always confined inside the house, crowding f birds should be

avoided.

v Provision should be made for plenty of ventilation, but the same time protection

against sun and rains, by providing on overhanging roof on all sides of the house

is essential.

v A floor area of 0.36 m2 per bird is usually provide, thus the 2.4×2.4 m small shed

can be accommodate about 16 birds.

v Another important point to be kept in view is that the litter is keep dry.

v Deep litter housing offers an excellent opportunity for the birds to burrow in it,

when the air temperature is high and these by cool themselves.

v Similarly they can warm themselves in cold weather and is known as

HOMEOSTASIS.

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MERITS AND DEMERITS OF POULTRY HOUSE

1. MERITS:

- Vitamin B12 and B2 are made available to birds from the litter

material by the bacterial action.

- The welfare of birds are maintained to some period.

- The deep litter manure is a useful fertilizer.

- Lesser nuisance from flies when compared to cage system.

2. DEMERITS:

- Because of the direct contact between bird and litter, bacterial and

parasitic disease may be a problem.

- Respiratory problem may emerge due to dust from the litter.

- The cost of litter is an additional expenditure on product cost.

- Faults in ventilation can have more serious consequences than in the

cage.

CAGE HOUSES

ª Cage house are generally built in warm regions where birds needs no protection

cold winds.

ª There may be one to four rows of these cage in a house, depending upon its

width.

ª Cages are made of welded steel wires and are provided with a slopping floor and

egg retainer firm where the eggs can be collected.

ª The dimensions of the cage house may be 0.6×0.2×0.45 m.

ª Usually the feeding and watering trough are placed outside of the cage so that

the operator can easily supply the materials.

ª Droppings are allow to fall on the earth or concrete floor.

ª Sometimes two tier cage are used, in which case the droppings of the top of cage

has to be collected on a sliding receiver placed in between the two cages.

ª The eggs are placed at a height between 75 and 90 cm from the floor.

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MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CAGE HOUSE

1. MERITS:

- Minimum floor space is needed.

- More no. of hens can be received.

- Less feed wastage.

- Better feed efficiency.

- Clean egg production.

- No need of litter material.

- Artificial insemination (AI) can be adopted.

2. DEMERITS:

- High initial investment cost.

- The incidence of blood spots in egg is more.

- Handling of manure may be broken.

- Generally flies become a greater nuisance.

BROODER HOUSE

Brooder house are essential in rising and managing chicks.

There are generally of two types

- Stationery

- Portable

The average size of house is 3.75×3 m.

A concrete or earth floor is desirable for a stationery house, while a wooden or

close mesh floor is best for a portable house.

Portable house should be constructed on skits and should be light in weight,

strong and durable.

The walls should be well ventilated and strong.

They should be made water-proof using metal and have a sufficient overhang.

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A brooder house should be constructed so that it can be kept cool during

summer.

Enough floor space for no. of chicks to be brooded should be provided.

About 450 cm2 floor space for each chicks is considered adequate.

Chicks cage are arranged either a single deck or double deck system.

The feeders and water troughs are arranged on outside.

Now a day’s nipple drinking system is followed from day-old itself.

Newspaper may be spread over the cage floor for first 7 to 10 days.

Feed is usually provided inside the cage during the first week of age.

POULTRY EQUIPMENTS

ª Some of the important equipment’s which are in regular use in or around the

poultry house are feed troughs, watering troughs, trap nest, perches and roosts.

1. FEED TROUGH:

- For average conditions, 100 gram of feed mixture per hen is required

daily.

- A minimum of 5 cm length of feed hopper is adequate for each birds.

- Feeders should be built such that they are easily to fill and clean and

do not waste food.

- They should be arranged in such a way that birds cannot roost on

them.

- Hanging feeders are also in small units.

2. WATERING TROUGH:

- Water consumption varies with season but not more than 30

liters/day/100 birds will be required.

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- Automatic watering equipment is more desirable.

- It is absence, ordinary metal containers properly protected from

contamination can serve the purpose.

- On some poultry farms, automatic fountains are used which provide

a continuous supply of fresh running water.

3. TRAP NEST:

- Hens are trap nested to determine the total no. of eggs laid by each

birds during the year.

- Trap nests are usually built in single or double tiers of four nest per

tier.

- One trap nest can serve 3 or 4 hens.

- The common type of nest box may be 37.5×30 cm and 37.5 cm high.

- The bottom of the nest should be raised about 45 cm from the floor.

- Nest bottoms are made of either wood or wire.

- A slopping roof over the nest will keep hens from roosting the top.

4. PERCHES:

- It is for the birds sit on whenever they wish.

- They are made of 5×5 cm or 5×4 wooden pipes with top corners

rounded off and are placed 37.5 cm apart.

- About 20 cm of perch space is required for a small birds and 25 cm

for heavy breeds.

- The length of perch should not be exceed 1.5 m.

- Portable perches may be placed in the poultry yard.

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5. ROOSTS:

- Act as a perch.

- They are required in the laying house to serve as a perch for hens to

rest upon it.

- They should be rigid and firm, and all fixed at the same level.

6. DROPPING PITS:

- Low protected roosts are called dropping pits.

- The pits is best made up of 1.5×2.1 m size so that it be moved easily

and will bit between posts.

- Its depth can be kept between 40 and 45 cm for the use of deep litter

on the floor.

- The roost poles are placed 35 cm apart, and may be placed either

across or along the pits.

- The birds are kept out of the pits by side planks and with 2.5×5 cm

in welded wire or hexagonal wire fastened under the roosts poles.

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AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT OF GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURES

IMPROVED GRAIN STORAGE STRUCTURES

¯ Some of improved, low cost and small capacity structure are described in brief.

¯ There are –

- Pusa bin structure

- Brick and cement structure

- Bunker storage structure

- CAP

PUSA BIN

On the top, an open space of about 50×50 cm is left for loading of grains.

It is made up of burnt and unburnt bricks.

On this platform a sheet of 700 (Φ) gauge plastic is spread in such a way that it

overlaps the platform on all side by at least 6 m.

On the plastic sheet a layer of 7 cm thick kaccha brick is laid.

Walls are made up of kaccha bricks and these are sealed with mud plaster.

When the walls are raised to proper height, a wooden frame is placed on it.

The upper root is made of burnt bricks.

Material requirement for two different capacities of pusa bin is given below –

2 TONNE PUSA BIN

- BASE : 140×100 cm

- HEIGHT : 160 cm

- PLASTIC SHEET : 180 cm width, 8.5 m long

- KACCHA BRICKS: 1550 nos.

- BURNT BRICKS: 100 nos.

- STEEL PIPE : 0.5 inch

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4 TONNE PUSA BIN

- BASE : 172×152 cm

- HEIGHT : 160 cm

- PLASTIC SHEET : 180 cm width, 11 m long

- KACCHA BRICKS: 1650 nos.

- BURNT BRICKS: 210 nos.

NOTE – Standard brick dimension:

- 21.5×4.5×5 cm

- 19×5×5 cm

BRICK AND CEMENT STORAGE STRUCTURE

Ø It is also known as grain house.

Ø These storage structures are very strong and effect of seasons on these are

minimal.

Ø The bin is made on a platform raised at 60 cm above the ground.

Ø A hole of 60 cm diameter is provided on the roof for loading purpose.

Ø The walls of bins are 23 cm thick with cement plaster on both sides.

Ø Roof is made of reinforcement cement concrete (RCC).

Ø The capacity of such bin is between 1.5 to 60 tons.

BUNKER STORAGE STRUCTURE

This is used for long term storage of a large volume of grains.

A typical bunker type storage has proved successful as a means of storing grain

safely and economically.

By controlling insects and moisture levels.

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COVER AND PLINTH STORAGE STRUCTURE (CAP)

¯ The word CAP is used for cover and plinth from the bottom and cover from the

top.

¯ The cover is rectangular in shape having four sides made from polythene film of

1000 (Φ) gauge, leaving the bottom side open.

¯ The covers having a dimension of 9.4×6.4×5.5 m normally weight is 52 kg.

¯ Normally the stack is built over a space of 9.11×6.1 m.

¯ Cover is also known as ‘veranda cover’.

¯ The stacks are built to a height up to 7 bags having average capacity of 24 tons.

MODERN STORAGE STRUCTURE

ª The modern facility for storing grains in bulk is ‘silo’ are constructed from steel

or reinforced concrete.

ª These are cluster of adjoining silos in capacity processing plant.

ª These silos are generally circular with conical bottom.

ª In India, mild steel bins and RCC bins are quite common.

1. ADVANTAGES:

- Less expensive and easier handling and quality control.

- Lesser space required.

- Elimination of cost of bags.

- Provision of automation and mechanization for quitter handling and

maintaining quantity of stored product.

- Protection from losses due to birds and rodents.

ª There are two types of ware houses

- Ware houses and bag storage structure

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AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT OF DIFFERENT FODDER STORAGE STRUCTURE

SILO

v It is a farm structure used to stored and protect the animal fodder so that it

preserved is an ideal condition for the farm animals.

v There are two types of silo –

- Pit silo

- Trench silo

DESIGN OF PIT SILO

Permanent circular deep well.

Permanent lining of concrete wall having thickness with 20 cm.

Lining arrangement is there.

It construct where water table of that area is to be low.

It is made up of brick, cement, and limestone.

Inner wall come in contact with silage must be plastered.

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RATE OF FEEDING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATION

ü 3 kg silage/100 kg of animal body weight

ü Normal silos ratio is 14 to 18 kg/cow/day.

ü 10 cm/day thickness of silage to be excavated.

ü 1 m3 = 650 kg silage stored

ü 6 m diameter, depth is 2 to 3 times of diameter (12 m, 18 m)

DESIGN OF TRENCH SILO

A trench silo often dug into a bank or slope, sometimes lined with concrete and

used mostly in regions of low rainfall for making and storing silage.

It should be considered that the water table of that area is to be high.

1 m3 = 800 kg silage stored

15 cm/day thickness of silage to be excavated.

The floor is natural earth or concrete.

The capacity varies but can be large.

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AIM: -TO STUDY DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF SHEEP/GOAT HOUSE

SHEEP/GOAT HOUSE

Ø Uses- wool, meat, skin, milk

Ø They are very susceptible to diseases.

Ø They are very sensitive to cold wet weather.

Ø House location should be near to Pasteur land.

Ø Farm stead of farm house should not be near to sheep farm.

Ø Protection provide against wild animal like jackals, wolves.

Ø Shepherds are handling sheep/goat house.

SPACE REQUIREMENT AND FEEDING

¯ Sheep’s are mostly allow to graze in Pasteur land, in some cases stall

arrangement is also there.

¯ Feed track is provided either fixed or movable.

¯ 2 kg roughage and 225 gram of concentrate.

¯ Feed area should be 1.12 m2/ sheep or goat.

¯ Lambing pen is provided for feeding sheep’s.

¯ Water trough arrangement at should available.

¯ Ewe- name of female sheep

¯ Lamb- name of baby

¯ There should be arrangement of yard for ewe and lamb.

¯ Drafting yard for holding, forcing and shearing.

¯ Feeding rate -3.5 kg/animal/day.

¯ 7 kg weight of average sheep.

¯ Dry bhusa provided at proper quantity.

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AIM: - TO STUDY IN BRIEF OF COST ESTIMATION OF FARM BUILDING

COST ESTIMATION OF FARM BUILDING

1. Design cost

2. Element cost

3. Elementary library

- Generate a database

4. Trade cost

- Annual prize book (lax ton’s prize book)

- Quarterly prize book (architecture general information library)

- Monthly prize book (London measure rates to trade the journal)

5. Standard cost

- Ministry of agriculture fisheries and food.

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AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT AGRICULTURE BY-PRODUCT UTILIZATION

The agricultural by products includes crop residues, animal refuse, forest

biomass and processing by products.

It is estimated that about 3500 lakh tons of such products are annually produce

in India in forms of straw, stalks, husk, cods, shells, sticks, peels etc.

But the bulk of such materials remain unutilized and their disposal becomes a

problem and also becomes a source of environmental pollution.

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IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY

1. RETENTION TIME:

- The time period during which feedstock are retained inside the

digester is the retention time.

2. GASIFICATION:

- It is a process of converting solid carbon to combustible carbon

monoxide in an air-sealed chamber by the thermochemical reaction.

3. GASIFIER:

- It is an equipment, in which gasification of biomass takes place.

4. FERMENTATION:

- It is a process of breakdown of complex molecules in an organic

compound under the influence of a ferment such as yeast, bacteria,

enzymes, etc.

- It is well established and widely used technology for the conversion

of grains and sugar crops into ethanol.

5. PYROLYSIS:

- It is an irreversible conversion of biomass into char, pyro lytic oils

and fuel gases through heating in oxygen free or low oxygen

environment.

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF BIOGAS AND ITS PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGY

Biogas technology is based on phenomenon of microbial decomposition of

organic matter in the absence of air to yield a gas mainly consisting of methane

and carbon dioxide.

In this process, different groups of microbes act upon complex organic matter

in the four stages.

In the first stage of biogas production, the hydrolytic bacteria degrade the high

molecular weight substances like cellulose, starch, proteins, fats, etc.

Present in the organic matter into smaller molecular weight compounds like

fatty acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

In second stage, the acetogenic bacteria act upon the end products of the first

stage and convert them into acetates and hydrogen.

Simultaneously a third group of bacteria called homo acetogens convert the

hydrogen and simple carbon compounds into acetates.

In the fourth stage, the methanogens convert the acetates and some simple

compounds like hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane.

This methane can be collected and used as a source of energy.

The major constituents are listed below:

- Methane- 50 to 60%

- Co2- 30 to 45%

- H2- 5 to 10%

- N2- 0.5 to 0.7%

- Other are in traces

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE BIOGAS PRODUCTION

1. pH: (hydrostatic concentrate)

- It ranges from 6.5 to 7.5 for optimum pH for slurry.

2. TEMPERATURE:

- It ranges between 10 to 400C to produce gas.

- 350C to 480C for optimum gas production

- 150C to 550C at that bacteria are freeze or killed.

3. LOADING RATE:

- 0.5 To 1.6 kg/m3/day.

4. SOLID CONCENTRATION:

- The raw cow dung into a gobar gas plant contains 18-20% total

solids.

- The optimum solid content of 9 to 10% is recommended for the

better production of biogas.

5. CN RATIO:

- 30:1

6. RETENTION TIME:

- It is depends on the type of feedstock used and the temperature

range.

- Cows and buffaloes dung- 50 days

- Pig and poultry- 20 days

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KVIC BIOGAS PLANT

Ø The Khadi and Village Industries Commission model follow the floating gas

holder design.

Ø The plan contains steel drum, where the gas collects and is taken out from the

top.

Ø This type of biogas plant is in use I India earlier than all other types of biogas

plants.

Ø The design was developed and perfected in India in the year 1962 by KVIC,

Mumbai, therefore it is known as KVIC design.

Ø The design is available in 1 m3 to 140 m3 gas/day.

Ø In this plant, the gas is stored in MS drum of storage capacity of 30 to40% of

plant size at a pressure of about 10 cm of water column, which is sufficient to

carry it up on the size of plant.

Ø The main disadvantage of plant is that the drum is costliest component with

comparatively low life time (10 years) and the gas holder is made of MS plates.

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JANATA BIOGAS PLANT

¯ The Janata biogas plant is a fixed dome digester also called Chinese plant is a

drum less type similar in construction to KVIC model except that the steel drum

is placed by a fixed dome roof of masonry construction.

¯ Tis plant was first developed by the Planning Research and Action Division

(PRAD), Lucknow in 1978.

¯ The digester is cylindrical in shape constructed with bricks and cements.

¯ It should be noted that the diameter and height ratio of the digester is kept

1.75:1.

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FIXED AND FLOATING DOME

FIXED DOME PLANT FLOATING DOME PLANT

It is fixed dome type It is floating dome type

it is a variable pressure type plant It is a constant pressure type plant

Cost of construction is comparatively low

(30-50%)

Requires high cost of construction

No steel gas holder is required, as it as

drum less plant

Steel gas holder needs due to corrosion

Life of unit is comparatively is more Life unit is less

There is no moving parts, maintenance

cost is low

Wear and tear of moving parts increase

the maintenance cost

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AIM: - TO STUDY OF SANETATION AND ITS DESIGN CONSIDERATION

SANETATION

v Safe disposal of all human sewage and domestic waste necessary to protect the

health of community and also to prevent the occurrence of epidemics and other

diseases.

SEPTIC TANK

ü Liquefying the organic compound

ü Removal of solid from sewage

ü Decomposition of solids under anaerobic condition

ü Storage of sludge, slum in the tank

ü 30 m far from well.

ü Below 1.2 m ground surface

ü Tank capacity- 5 people family- 2.8 m3- future expansion- 2×0.42 m2

ü It is not smaller than 2.1 m3

ü Cleaning once in a 2 year

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MOISTURE MIGRATION

1. IN WINTER:

v At the time grain is first stored, grain moisture content uniform throughout the

bin.

v With time, localized high moisture zones may develop due to changes in outdoor

air temperatures.

v The low side temperature cools the grains near to wall.

v This results in a downward air flow through the grain and upward towards the

center of the bin.

v As the air moves through the grain it becomes warmer and begins to pick up

moisture from the grain.

v Condensation occurs when the warm air hits the cool surface of the grain near

the center of the bin, thus leading to grain spoilage.

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2. IN SUMMER:

v The reverse airflow may occur if grain is still in storage in the late spring.

v Warming action from the sun on the outside of the bin causes moisture currents

to move up and into the bin through the center of the bin.

v High moisture due to condensation therefore occurs at the bottom of the bin.

KAUSHAL. V. GADARIYA

Thank you…