Agriculture Pests and diseases book

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] OF PESTS AND DISEASES UNDER CHANGING

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

Agriculture is the dominant sector of Indian economy, which determines the growth and sustainability. About 65 per cent of the population still relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. India is the first in the world in the production of milk, pulses, jute and jute-like fibres; second in rice, wheat, sugarcane, groundnut, vegetables, fruits and cotton production; and is a leading producer of spices and plantation crops as well as livestock, fisheries and poultry.

Total food grains production in 2011-12 was 257.44 MT while in 2010-11 was 244.78 MT; projected demand by 2030 is 280 MT. Agriculture and its allied activities accounted for about 13.9 percent of the GDP in the period 2011-12. Major crops such as wheat, pulses and oil seeds showed decline in output. Farm area with deficit rainfall increased by 40% from 28% during last 3 years and delayed irrigation projects has made matters worse. Weather plays a large role in plant disease development. Most fungi require free water or specific levels of humidity or moisture for prolonged periods of time to develop. Dry climates are not conducive to their survival.

Climate change on plant diseases and insect pests are being witnessed all over the world. Many factors are responsible for this and majorly by the human interference like afforestation, industrialization and increased population. Even a slight change in the environmental and weather factors will have a huge impact on the growth and development of agricultural crops. In this regard, recently we are noticing variations in the incidence and occurrence of diseases and pests than before. For example, minor diseases have became major in few cases. Sucking pests have become very much serious because of increase in dry spells in most of the regions of India. There is a necessity to educate the farmers about how to overcome the problems due to changing climatic conditions. Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has implemented “National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)” to promote climate resilience agriculture in India. Knowledge of common pests and diseases, favorable climatic conditions and their successful management is very much essential to increase their crop production.

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] book will going to be useful for the farmers to notice, diagnose and to manage the some extent.

Major pests and diseases of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea)

Major Diseases:

Insect Pests:

Peanut bud necrosis Collar rot Dry root rot Rust

Stem rot Early leaf spot Late leaf spot

Red hairy caterpillar

Termite damage Thrips

Leaf miner

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected]


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementPeanut Bud necrosis

Tomato spotted wilt virus transmitted by Frankliniella schultzei and Scirtothrips dorsalis

Chlorotic rings on leaves Necrosis of terminal bud Plants stunted and mottled

During January-March and August-September Kharif when thrips population high

a) Early sowing.b) Spray Dimethoate 2ml/l, or neem oil 5ml/l c) Border crops- Sorgum/maize

Collar rot Aspergillus niger Pre-emergence rotting of seeds, hypocotyl, rapid wilting of the entire plant or its branches.

High soil moisture,Deep sowing of seeds

Deep ploughing, crop rotation Seed treatment with thiram, 75% WP @ 3-5 g/kg seed or Captan 80% WP 3 g/kg seed.Spray mancozeb 3gm/lit.

Dry root rot Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia bataticola

Water soaked necrotic spots on the stem just above the ground level. Sclerotia develop on roots, stems.

Moderate to high soil moisture

Seed treatment with carbendazim 2 g/kg seed or Captan 3 g/ kg seed or thiram @ 3-5 g/kg seed.

Rust Puccinia arachidis Orange colored pustules appear on the lower leaf surface

Wet weather coupled with a temp of 22-25o C

Chlorothalonil 2g/lit of water, Spray Mancozeb 2g/l

Early leaf spot Cercospora arachidicola

Spots are sub circular.With light to dark brown centre and a yellow halo. Dark brown in colour on the upper leaflet surface

Lower temp (25o C), long periods of high RH and RF

Intercropping pearl millet or sorghum with groundnut (1: 3). Spray carbendazim 0.1% or mancozeb 0.2% or chlorothalonil 0.2%

Late leaf spot Phaesariopsis personata Circular, black spots appear on lower leaf surface.

18-30o C, leaf wetness, Mg deficiency and heavy application of N and P

Remove volunteer crops, intercropping with pearl millet. Mancozeb 2gm or hexaconazole 2ml/lit, Carbendazim 1g/l

PestsLeaf miner Aproaerema

modicella.Small blister like mines seen on the upper leaf surface near mid rib.

Crop rotation with non-leguminous crops, Spray Quinolphos 2ml/lit of water.

Red hairy caterpillar

Amsacta albistriga Early stage of the larvae scrape the leaves.Full grown larvae devour the entire foliage, flowers and growing points.

Collection of egg masses, larvae and destroy.Poison bait, light traps. Dusting of Carbaryl or Quinolphos @ 25-30 kg/ha. Dig the drenches to prevent the marching of caterpillars

Termites Odontotermes obesus

Termites penetrate and hollow out the tap root and cause wilting and premature death of the plant.It also feed on the pod shell.

Drenching 5ml of chloropyriphos/litre of water at the localised spots.

Thrips Frankliniella schultzei, Scirtothrips dorsalis

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap. Develops dull yellowish green patches on upper surface

High temp. with low rainfall favours multiplication.

Sow border crops.Spray dimethoate or monocrotophos (2 ml/l)


Major pests and diseases of Ragi/Finger millet (Eleusine coracana)

Leaf blast Pink stem borer

Earhead bugAphids

Root aphid Root aphid


Diseases Causal organism

Symptoms Favourable conditions Management

1) Leaf and neck blast

Pyricularia grisea a) Water soaked lesions on leaf laminab) Spindle shaped necrotic spots with grayish center

Low night temp. (<24°C) coupled with high RH helps in rapid spread of the disease.

Avoid excess application of N. Spray Tricyclozole (0.6 g/l) or Hinosan or Kitazine. GPU-28, GPU-48, C-5

Pests1) Pink stem borer:

Sesamia inferens Larvae enters into the stem and causes dead heart symptoms

The optimum temperature for the hatching is 24-29oC with RH 90-100%.

Spray phorate 10% CG @ 1 lit/ha at every 20 days interval after germination.

2) Earhead bug: Calocoris angustatus

Nymphs and adult suck the juice from grains during milky stage. Grains shrink and turn black and chaffy.

Spray carbaryl 50 WP @ 1.0 kg/ha at milky stage.

3) Aphids Rhopalosiphum maidis

Yellowing of leavesAphid colonies present on the central leaf whorl and earsPresence of ants

Requires warm temperature Spray dimethoate 30 EC@ 2 ml/lit (using high volume sprayer)

4) Root aphid Tetraneura nigriabdominalis

Wilting and drying of plants in patches.Black ants attend them for honeydew and their presence confirm the root aphid attack

Spray carbaryl 50 WP@ 1 kg/ha (500 l spray fluid/ha).

Major pests and diseases, their symptoms and management practices of ragi (Finger millet)

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)

Minor pests

Fusarium wilt Phytophthora blight Dry root rot Powdery mildew

Cercospora leaf spot Sterility mosaic Termites damage Blister beetles

Jassids Eryophid mite Pod borer

Cow bugsScale insects


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions Management

Fusarium wilt Fusarium udum Yellowing of leaves followed by partial or complete premature death of the plant.Dark brown to black discoloration of the xylem in the stem and root regions.

Low soil temp. and increasing plant maturity favours the disease. Contnous cultivation of pigeonpea

Resistant var’s (Maruthi, Asha), summer ploughing, crop rotation with cereals, Seed treatment with carbendazim50%+thiram50% @3g/kg seeds.

Phytophthora blight Phytophthora drechsleri

Water soaked, irregular lesions on leaves often causing blighting of the leaf/leaflets. Brown sunken lesions on the stem causing girdling.

Cloudy weather and drizzling rain with temperature 25°C

Good drainage, wide inter-row spacing, Ridge planting. Seed dressing with metalaxil @ 3g/kg. Foliar sprays (two) at 15 days interval after 15 days of germination.

Dry root rot Macrophomina phaseolina

Early symptoms are spindle-shaped lesions on stems and branches.Infected plants prematurely dry up. Roots are brittle and break when touched.

Hot (above 30°C) and dry weather encourage disease development.Rain after prolonged dry spell pre-disposes the plant to the disease.

Avoid late sowing. Seed treatment with Trichoderma 4g+thiram 3g per kg seeds

Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica White powdery growth of the fungus seen on aerial parts of the plants.Severe infection leads to defoliation.

Dry humid climate following rainfall favours the disease

Late sowing (After July). Spray wettable sulphur @ 1g/litre or Triademefon 25 @ 0.03%.

Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora cajani, Cercospora indica

The circular spots on leaves coalesce leading to severe defoliation. Severe infection leads to the die back of the tender branches of the plant.

Cool temperature and humid weather is favourable

Select field away from perennial pigeon peas.Spray Maneb 3g/litre of water or carbendazim 1g/lit

Sterility mosaic disease

Sterility mosaic virus transmitted by Eriophyid mite Aceria cajani

Bushy and stunted appearance of the plants, reduction in of the leaf size Light and dark green mosaic pattern on the infected leaves of younger plants. Partial or complete sterility of the plant resulting in low or no flowering and podding

Shade and humidity encourages multiplication of virus

Use certified seeds, uproot infected plants and destroy in the early stage itself.Seed treatment with 10% aldicarb at 3g/kg. spray Kelthane @ 0.1% to control mites

PestsTermites Odontotermes obesus Wilting and death of plants with Red soil with less 1. Seed treatment with aldrin or HCH.


a hole in the stem, just below the soil surface.The stems are coated with soil. Tunnels are seen in stem and roots when split.

moisture, high temperature

2. Drenching of termite nests with aldrin or HCH

Blister beetles Mylabris pustulata Adult beetles feed on flowers and tender pods.

Peak activity during Aug-October

Manual picking and destruction of adult blister beetles

Jassids or leaf hoppers

Empoasca kerri Leaflets are cup-shaped and have yellow edges and tips.Seedlings may be stunted and have red-brown leaflets followed by defoliation.

Summer days Application of any systemic insecticides. Dimethoate, Malathion

Mites Aceria cajani Transmit sterility mosaic disease. light green, chlorotic foliage.

Population is high when dry spells are more

Spray Kelthane (2 ml/l) to control mites. Heavy rain reduces the mite population

Pod borers Helicoverpa armigera destroys buds, flowers and pods All over the year Bird perches placed just above the crop canopy.Applying HNPV at a rate of 500 larval equivalents (LE) per ha. physical shaking of pigeonpea plants to dislodge larvae.

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of chilli (Capsicum annuum)

Fusarium wilt Chilli mosaic

Mites Thrips

Aphids Whiteflies

Fruit borer

Damping off Anthracnose Leaf curl Cercospora leaf spot

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions Management

Damping off Pythium aphanidermatum

Seed may rot or the seedlings may be killed before they emerge from the soil. Stems show water soaking lesions and shriveling of stem which fall over and die.

High soil moisture and relatively higher soil temperature

Soil drenching with 1% Bordeaux mixture or 3g Copper Oxychloride or 1.5g Ridomyl MZ per litre of water.Seed treatment with Metalaxyl MZ @ 2g/kg of seeds will control the damping off

Anthracnose Colletotrichum capsici Dark sunken spots are formed on fruits and pink or dark coloured dots appear in the centre of the sunken spots.

Moist weather, shade and heavy dew

Seed treatment with Capton (2.5g/l) before sowing.Mancozeb (Dithane M-45) @ 2.5 gm per litre of water, Hexaconazole @ 2g/l.

Leaf curl Chilli leaf curl virus, Bemisia tabaci

Leaves become small in size accompanied by downward curling.

High temperature (30-35°C) is optimum for disease

Imidacloprid (Confidor) @ 0.3-0.5 ml/l

Cercospora leaf spot

Cercospora capsici small brownish spots on the leaves, gradually develops into the big circular grayish spots with whitish center

Mean temperature 22.5-23.5oC, relative humidity of 77-85 per cent

Seed treatment with Captan 3g/kg of seed.Spraying with 1g Carbendazim or 2g Mancozeb/1lit

Fusarium wilt Fusarium solani Initially, water soaked areas developed at the collar region.brown sunken lesion which soon appear as girdled resulting in seedling collapse.

Warmer and drier climates (>25oC) favor disease

Proper drainage, Drenching with 1% Fytolan may give protection.Mix 2kg T.viride formulation with 50kg FYM, sprinkle water and cover with a thin polythene sheet and apply after 15 days

Chilli Mosaic Chilli mosaic virus mottling of yellow and green colour on the leaves Whenever the incidence of aphids is more

Removal and destruction weeds.spraying dimethoate 30 EC 500 ml or monocrotophos 36 WSC 500 ml

Mites Tetranychus spp Spider mites suck the sap of the plants, causing mottling of the upper leaf surface, High infestations cause defoliation

Hot dry conditions Spraying of miticides (eg. Mitac, Omite) during the off-fruiting period. Kelthane/Karathane @ 2ml/l.

Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis

Both adult and nymph suck sap from the leaves, stems and fruits.damaged leaves curling upwards

Higher temperature is ideal for infestation

Use yellow sticky traps for monitoringGrow hedge crops like jowar, maize, bajraSpray systemic insecticides.

Aphids Aphis gossypii & Myzus persicae

Suck the sap and reduce the vigour of the plant.Secrete sweet substances which attracts ants and develops sooty mold

Spray with 0.1% Dimethoate or Methyl demeton (2 ml in one litre of water) or Monocrotophos 1.5ml or Acephate (1g in one litre of water)

Whiteflies Bemisia tabasi Chlorotic spots, leaves become brittle and drop prematurely.

Hot summer days are ideal. They cannot tolerate cold weather.

crop rotation with non-preferred hosts of white fly.Spray 5% NSKE, During early stages, spray methyl demeton 25 EC @ 500 ml (500 lit. of spray fluid/ha). Imidacloprid (Confidor) @ 0.3-0.5 ml/l.

Fruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Young larvae feed on flower buds and young pod by making a circular hole.

peak activity is noticed during October to June month in chilli ecosystem.

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon)

Bacterial wilt Early blight Fusarium wilt Discolouration of vascular tissue

Late blight Powdery mildew Septoria leaf spot Root knot nematode

Tomato Spotted wilt disease Anthracnose Fruit borer Leaf miner

Leaf eating caterpillar White flies Thrips damage on leaves On fruits

Mealybugs Red spider mites


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementBacterial

wiltRalstonia solanacearum Rapid wilting and death of plants.

Brown discoloration inside the stems of infected plants

Bacteria do not survive under lower temperature. Infestation is severe at >30°C

Plant in non-infested soil.Soil fumigation Remove and destroy infected plants immediately

Early blight Alternaria solani Symptoms of early blight occur on fruit, stem and foliage.small 1-2 mm black or brown lesions.he lesions will enlarge and are often surrounded by a yellow halo

Warm, humid (24-29°C). Presence of free moisture

Field sanitation.Mancozeb (2 g/l) and chlorothalonil 2 ml/l, Quintal (Iprodione25 wp + Carbendazim 25wp).

Fusarium wilt

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici

Yellowing and partial or complete wilting of the plant. Interior of main stem (when split) shows discolored streaks

The fungus favors temperatures between 70º-90ºF and wet weather

Plant resistant varietiesRemove infected plants from the fieldAvoid over-application of high nitrogen fertilizersCrop rotation with non-solanaceous

Late blight Phytophthora infestans Irregularly shaped water soaked lesions can be observed on young leaves.leaves shrivel and become necrotic and die. Brown lesions can occur on stems and leaf pedicels.

High humidity,prolonged periods of cool, wet, humid weather

Stake up tomato plants.Keep stems and branches away from the ground.Do not plant potatoes near tomatoes,Chlorothalonil or mancozeb

Powdery mildew

Leveillula taurica White, powdery spots appear on leaf surfaces, spreading to cover leaves and even stems.

Prefer humidity, which lead to wet leaves

Avoid overhead watering. Remove weeds. Preventive treatments are sulfur dusts and spray neem oil. Triademefon 25wp (Bayleton), Tridemorph

Septoria leaf spot

Septoria lycopersici Initially, small, water-soaked circular spots appear on the undersides of older leaves.centers of the spots are gray with dark brown margin

Wet conditions with temperature of 25°C is optimum

Remove weeds, Deep ploughing. Seed treatment with Mancozeb (2g/kg)Fungicides: maneb, mancozeb (3g/l), chlorothalonil, at 10 days interval.

Root-knot Meloidogyne spp. Infected plants are stunted, appear yellow or pale green in color, and wilt easily, even when soil moisture is adequate. produces small, discrete galls

Irrigation water, soil adhering to implements help in dissemination of juveniles and eggs of nematodes

Two-year crop rotations with resistant ps crops like corn, soil fumigation Incorporation of cruciferous green manures such as cabbage, mustard. Nursery bed treatment with carbofuron 3G

Tomato spotted wilt

Tomato spotted wilt virus, transmitted by Frankliniella

Young leaves may show small, dark-brown spots and eventually die.

Yellow sticky traps, remove weeds Control thrips with systemic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato_spotted_wilt_virus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meloidogyne

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septoria_lycopersici

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leveillula_taurica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._lycopersici

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum_f.sp._lycopersici

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternaria_solani

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralstonia_solanacearum


schultzei, Scirtothrips dorsalis

Growing tips severely affected with systemic necrosis and stunted growth.Immature fruit have mottled, light green rings with raised centers; the unique orange and red discoloration patterns on mature fruits

Insecticides. Dimethoate or methyl demeton at 10 days interval.

Anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Initially small, slightly sunken, water soaked circular spots on fruits. Lesions increase in size and become depressed and central potion darkens.

Warm, moist weather.poorly drained soils

Three- to four -year crop rotations.H Harvest and use fruit before it fully ripens.

Insect pestsFruit borer Helicoverpa armigera Young larvae feed on tender foliage

Mature larvae bore circular holesThrust only a part of its body into fruit and eat the inner content

Collect and destroy the infected fruits and grown up larvae.Grow marigold in bordersSetup pheromone trap with Helilure at 12/haNovaluron 10 % EC 7.5 ml/10 lit.

Quinalphos 25 % EC 13 ml/10 lit.Serpentine leaf miner

Liriomyza trifolii Leaves with serpentine mines Mining symptom on leaf Drying and dropping of leaves

Collect and destroy mined leaves Spray NSKE 5%

Leaf eating caterpillar

Spodoptera litura Young larva scrap leaves on ventral surface Grownups defoliate crops

Plough the soil to expose and kill the pupae

Grow castor along border and irrigation channel as trap crop

Collect and destroy egg masses in castor and tomato

Hand pick grown up larvae and kill them

Spray chlorpyriphos 20 EC 2lit/ha or dichlorovos 76 WSC 1 lit/ha

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum_gloeosporioides

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colletotrichum_gloeosporioides


Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Chlorotic spots Yellowing Downward curling and drying of leaves. Vector of tomato leaf curl disease.

Uproot and destroy the diseased leaf curl plants Use nitrogen and irrigation

judiciously. Remove alternate weed

host Abutilon indicum Use yellow sticky traps at 12/ha to

attract and kill insects.Apply carbofuran 3G @ 40 kg /ha or spray Dimethoate 30 % EC 1.0 ml/lit.or Malathion 50 % EC 1.5 ml/ lit.

Thrips Thrips tabaci, Frankliniella schlutzei

Silvery streaks on leaf surface pre-mature dropping of flowers Bud necrosis. Vector of tomato spotted wilt virus.

Mechanically uproot the diseased plants and destroy them

Use yellow sticky traps @ 15/ ha Release larvae of Chrysoperla

cornea @ 10,000/ ha Spray methyl demeton 25 EC @

1lit/ha or dimethoate 30 EC @1lit/ha

Striped mealybug

Ferrisia virgata Presence of white, cottony mealy bugs on the leaves and twigsStunted growth.

Spray Phosphomidon 40 SL 2ml/lito Imidacloprid 80.5 SC 0.6

ml/lito Chlorpriphos 20 EC 2ml/lito Thiamethoxam 25 WSG

0.6 mg/lito Profenophos 2ml/lit

Red spider mite

Tetranychus spp Affected leaves become reddish brown and bronzy

Severe infestation larvae silken webbing on the leaves

Leaves wither and dry Flower and fruit formation affected

Spray dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5 ml/lit or wettable sulphur 50 WP 2g/lit


Major pests and diseases of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Bacterial brown spot Bacterial brown spot Common blight Common blight

Halo blight Halo bloght Anthracnose Anthracnose

Powdery mildew Rust Bean common mosaic Bean golden mosaic

Leaf beetle damage Leaf beetle Bean black aphids


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementBacterial

brown spotPseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

Initial foliar symptom is small water-soaked spots. Later these spots develop into distinctive necrotic brown spots, often with a narrow, diffuse yellow margin.Sunken brown spots can form on the pods

cool, moist weather, and especially by hail storms which cause enormous damage to foliage

Spray with a registered bactericide (Streptocycline 500 ppm) when weather conditions favour disease development to prevent infection.Seed treatment with the antibiotic streptomycin

Common blight

Xanthomonas campestris pv. Phaseoli

Small water soaked lesions at the bottom of the leaves. Spots enlarge and coalesce becoming brown, dry and brittle. Infected pods exhibit circular, water-soaked areas.

Warm humid weather is ideal. Warm temperature (>28°C)

Plant certified seed.Avoid the use of sprinkler irrigation.practice 2 to 3 year rotation.Bactericides or antibiotic sprays are generally not effective

Halo blight Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

first symptoms of infection are small water-soaked spots on leaflets.A broad yellow-green halo then develops around necrotic spots. Haloes are not evident in hot weather

Wet weather and plant injury from rain, hail or equipment.

Crop rotationAvoid the use of sprinkler irrigation, which can provide the needed moisture and humidity for halo blight development.

Anthracnose Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Small, reddish brown to black blemishes and distinct circular, reddish brown lesions are typical symptoms.Infected seeds have brown to black blemishes and sunken lesions

Cool (16°C) to moderate temperatures and prolonged periods of high humidity or free water on the foliage and young pods promote anthracnose development.

Use resistant cultivars.Spray Thiophenate Methyl (2g/l) or Chlorothalonil (2g/l) or bavistin(1 g/l)

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe polygoni White powdery patches appear on both sides of the leaves

Increased humidity can increase the severity of the disease, and infection is worse during periods of heavy dew.

Use disease free seedsSpray Sulphur fungicides early in the season. Grow resistant varieties

Rust Uromyces phaseoli pustules of red-brown powdery spores (urediniospores) which rupture the epidermis.

Extended hours of relative humidity greater than 95% and moderate temperatures (17-27°C)

Resistant varieties, rotate to other crops.Maneb (2g/l), chlorothalonil (Bravo) (2g/l) and azoxystrobin,

Bean common mosaic

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV)

light green-yellow and dark green mosaic pattern developing on the trifoliolate leaves. puckering, blistering, distortion, and downward curling and rolling

Mosaic symptoms are best expressed at moderate temperature (26-32°C).

Use resistant cultivarsAdjust planting date to minimize exposure to aphids.Control aphids by spraying Imidacloprid (0.6 ml/l) or Rogor 2ml/lit

Bean golden mosaicVirus

Bean Golden mosaic virus (BGMV)

The most striking foliage symptom is a bright yellow or golden mosaic. Leaf wrinkling and rolling is also apparent, along with plant distortion and stunting

Successful mechanical transmission of BGMV requires warm temperature (24-30°C).Similarly whitefly transmission is optimum at 26.5°C and above

Isolation of bean fields from virus reservoir plants (soybean, tomato, cotton and tobacco) and whitefly susceptible crops.Control the whiteflies by systemic insecticides. Imidacloprid (0.6 ml/l).


PestsBean leaf beetle

Cerotoma trifurcata Round holes in foliage, within the leaf margins. Stunted plant growth due to larvae feeding on roots.

Black bean aphid

Aphis fabae Aphids feed on plant sap and excrete plant sugars as honeydew

Spray the infested areas of a plant with a strong jet of water to keep aphid numbers down. Imidacloprid spray (0.6 ml/l).

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of cauliflower (Brassica

oleraceae) var. botrytis

Blackleg Downy mildew Whiptail

BlackspeckWire stem Diamond back moth

Leaf webber Tobacco caterpillar Aphids on leaves


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementBlackleg Leptosphaeria

maculansPale, irregular spots on leaves.black rot of lower stem and roots.plants are stunted, wilt, and turn a dull blue-red color

Treat infested seed 25 to 30 min in water at (50°C).Seedbeds should not have crucifer crops nearby. Eradicate susceptible weeds, and remove plant debris.

Downy Mildew

Peronospora parasitica

Small, light green-yellow lesions on the upper leaf surface, later on undersurface.Grayish white moldy growth underside. Cabbage heads develop sunken black spots,

High humidity, fog, drizzling rains, and heavy dew

Eradicate cruciferous weeds.Seed treatment with Apron 35 SD @ 6g/kg. Spray Metalxyl+ Mancozeb (Ridomil-MZ) @ 4g/lChlorothalonil, Ridomil.

Whiptail nutritional, molybdenum deficiency

Chlorosis of leaf margins.The leaf blades do not develop properly.When the deficiency is severe, only the midribs develop. growing point deformed and do not form curd

Light sandy soils with pH levels close to or below pH 6 under conditions of high fertility can show severe Mb deficiency.

Raise the soil pH above 6.5. Molybdenum is essential in the nitrogen fixation process in legumes.

Blackspeck A physiological disorder

Black specks on the cauliflower. Foliar spray, with calcium nitrate may control the problem or alternatively by a reduction in nitrogen fertilizer levels.

Wirestem Rhizoctonia solani This is the same Rhizoctonia that causes seedling blight in canola.

Sterilized soil and seedbed drenches with fungicides will give good disease control.

PESTSDiamond Back Moth,

Plutella xylostella Larva is small and green in colour. It feed on leaves and makes bite holes, causes excessive defoliation, mostly on the growing part i.e primordial. Severe attacks could abort head formation. It may cause yield up to 80 to 90%.

Hot periods. Planting Indian mustard as trap crop.4 % Neem Seed Kernel Extract at head initiation stage i.e 17 to 28 days after planting.Repeat at 10 to 15 days interval, avoid the spray after curd formation. Spray of contact insecticides like quinalphos or chlorpyriphos 0.05%

Leaf webber Crocidolomia binotalis

Group of hairy larvae damage the leaves.he leaves are skeletonized and larvae remain on the under surface of the leaves in webs. They also damage the heads

The same management measures recommended for DBM would be followed against this pest also

Tobacco Spodoptera litura Young larvae feed gregariously and skeletonize Treat the nursery soil with


caterpillar the leaves. Large larvae bore into heads neem cake at 1.0 kg/m2

Soil solarisation with use of white polythene. Funnel trap baited with pheromone for S. litura @ 12/ha.

Collection and destruction of egg masses and gregariously feeding early instar larvae.

Spray of NSKE 4 % in early stage of larvae

Aphids Brevicornea brassicae, and Lipaphis erisim

They suck the plant sap from the under surface of the leaves and infested leaves shows whitey mealy covering. Severe cases it affects quality of curd.

Planting mustard as trap crop Use of NSKE 4% when control is necessary Application of Oxydemeton methyl 0.02%

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var.

capitata)

Diamond back mothLeaf webber

Damage by leaf webber larva Adult moth

Blackleg White rust Clubroot

Cabbage aphids


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementBlackleg Leptosphaeria

maculansPale, irregular spots on leaves.black rot of lower stem and roots.plants are stunted, wilt, and turn a dull blue-red color

Treat infested seed 25 to 30 min in water at (50°C).Seedbeds should not have crucifer crops on or near them for at least 5 years.Eradicate susceptible weeds, and remove plant debris.

White Rust Albugo candida White rust, sometimes called white blister, is easily recognized by the chalk-white, cheesy, raised spore masses (sori) which occur mostly on the underleaf surfaces

prolonged periods of cool dewy nights and slightly warmer days. Plants are rarely attacked inwarm, dry weather

Crop rotation with non cruciferous host plants is also effective.Weed controlSpray by fungicide Ridomil (2g/l) or Blitox (2g/l)

ClubRoot Plasmodiophora brassicae

chlorosis or yellowing, wilting during hot days, and exhibit stunted growth.swollen, club-shaped roots instead of the normal fine network of roots.

Acidic pH The pH of the soil should be raised to 7.2 or higher with hydrated lime.

Diamond Back Moth,

Plutella xylostella Larva is small and green in colour. It feed on leaves and makes bite holes, causes excessive defoliation, mostly on the growing part i.e primordial. Severe attacks could abort head formation. It may cause yield up to 80 to 90%.

Hot periods. Planting Indian mustard as trap crop.4 % Neem Seed Kernel Extract at head initiation stage i.e 17 to 28 days after planting.Repeat at 10 to 15 days interval, avoid the spray after curd formation. Spray of contact insecticides like quinalphos or chlorpyriphos 0.05%

Leaf webber

Crocidolomia binotalis

Group of hairy larvae damage the leaves.he leaves are skeletonized and larvae remain on the under surface of the leaves in webs. They also damage the heads

The same management measures recommended for DBM would be followed against this pest also.

Cabbage borer

Hellula undalis The larva webs the leaves and bore into the stem, stalks or leaf veins

Collect and destroy mechanically caterpillars in the early stages of attack Bacillus thuringiensis @ 2g/lit at primordial stageCartap hydrochloride @ 500g /ha or malathion 50EC @500ml/ha

Aphids Brevicornea brassicae, and Lipaphis erisim

They suck the plant sap from the under surface of the leaves and infested leaves shows whitey mealy covering. Severe cases it affects quality of curd.

Planting mustard as trap crop Use of NSKE 4% when control is necessary Application of Oxydemeton methyl 0.02%

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of Brinjal (Solanum melangena)

Damping off Bacterial wiltCercospora leaf spot

Alternaria leaf spot Phomopsis blight Little leaf

Shoot and fruit borer Shoot and fruit borer Leaf eating beetle Epilachna beetle

Jassids Red spider mite Mealybug Root knot nematode


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementDamping Off

Pythium aphanidermatum, P. debaryanum. P. ultimum, Phytophthora spp., Rhizoctonia spp.

Rotting the base of the nursery plants and then die off.

High soil, moisture and moderate temperature along with high humidity especially in the rainy season

The seed should be treated with Thiram @ 2g/kg of seed.Trichoderma viride in soil @ 1.2kg/ha

Phomopsis Blight

Phomopsis vexans Small circular spots develop in leaves.Turn grey later with light colored centre

21°C to 32°C, wet weather with 26°C favours fruit rot in storage.

Seed treatment with Thiram (2 g/kg seed).Spraying with Dithane Z-78 (0.2%) or capton (2g/l) or Bordeaux mixture (1%) effectively controls the disease in the field

Leaf spot Cercospora melongenae Chlorosis lesion, angular to irregular in shape, later turning greyish-brown. Severely infected leaves drop off prematurely

Warm temperature, frequent rain, and high humidity

spraying the affected plants with Bavistin (0.1%) or Chlorothalonil (2 g/litre of water)

Alternaria Leaf Spots

Altrenaria melongenae characteristic leaf spots with concentric rings 26.6°C when abundant moisture is present

Drip irrigation helps to avoid wetness on leaves.chlorothalonil, mancozeb

Bacterial Wilt

Ralstonia solancearum Wilting, stunting, yellowing of the foliage and finally collapse of the entire plant

High soil moisture and soil temperature

Crop rotation with cruciferous vegetables.Spray Copper fungicides to control the disease.(2% Bordeaux mixture

Little Leaf of Brinjal

Phytoplasma transmitted by leaf hopper (Hishimonas phycitis)

Reduction in leaf size and rosette appearance Barriers of trap cropsSpraying Malathion (3 ml/litre of water), Methyl demeton (2 ml.litre)

Shoot and Fruit Borer

Leucinodes orbonalis Short pinkish larva of the pest initially bore into the terminal shoots resulting in withering and drying of the shoot

Favoured by moderate climate

Carbaryl (0.1%) or Cypermethrin (0.5ml/litre of water)

Leaf Eating Beetle

Epilachana vigintioctopunctata

The yellowish coloured grubs and adults feed voraciously on the leaves and tender parts

Collection and destruction of infested leaves along with the grubs, adult and eggs reduces the pest incidence. Spraying the crop with Malathion (2ml/litre of water) or Carbaryl (2-4 g/litre of water)

Jassids Amrasca biguttula biguttula

Both nymphs and adults suck the sap from the lower surface of the leaves. The infested leaf curl upward along the margins, which may turn yellowish and show, burnt up patches

Malathion (0.1%) or Dichlorvos (0.05%) 20 days after transplanting

Red Spidermite

Tetranychus neocaledonicus,

Nymphs and adults suck cell sap and white patches appear on leaves. Affected leaves become mottled, turn brown and fall

Low relative humidity favours mite multiplication

Dicofol (0.05%) and Wettable Sulphur (0.3%)

Mealy Bug Centrocccus insolitus Nymphs and adults of mealy bugs suck sap from the leaves, tender shoots, and the fruits. Leaves show characteristic curling symptoms similar to that of a virus

Dichlorvos (0.02%) or Chlorpyriphos (0.05%)

Root-Knot Nematodes

Meloidogyne incognita Development of galls on the roots.plants become stunted and the leaves show chlorotic symptoms

Crop rotation with crops like marigold etc. Treating the nursery beds with Aldicarb or Carbofuran @ 2g a.i./m2.application of Aldicarb or Carbofuran @1-2 kg a.i. /ha

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] pests and diseases of carrot (Daucus carota)

Aster yellows Black root rot Cavity spot

Common scab Alternaria leaf blight Sclerotinia rot Bacterial soft rot

Carrot rust fly Carrot rust fly

Carrot weevil Aster leafhopper


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions

Management

Aster yellows

Mycoplasma Vein clearing and chlorosis, production of many adventitious shoots, with the tops looking like a witches’-broom.

Leaf hoppers transmit the disease. Leaf hoppers are more when plants have lush growth, during hot weather supplied with high N.

Removing infected plants from the garden to minimize spread.Control leaf hoppers by spraying 5% NSKE

Black Root Rot

Thielaviopsis basicola (Chalara elegans)

Carrots may show black scattered lesions when stored in polythene bags.When temperatures are above 25 °C, dark, irregular lesions will develop on the surface of the root

Root damage and high storage temperatures and high RH

Rapid cooling of harvested carrots and storing them at 0°C Minimise mechanical damage during harvesting and in the packing shed

Cavity Spot Pythium spp. carrots have small brown spots (usually less than 10mm in diameter) on the surface

Occur in early stage of carrot development. Favoured by moist soil conditions, High N

Practice 3-year crop rotations with crops other than carrots. Do not over-irrigate. Harvest soon after they mature. Spray Ridomil (2g/litre)

Common Scab

Streptomyces scabies Both raised and sunken, dry, corky lesions may form on the carrot root

Alkaline soils and dryish high organic soils are conducive.20° to 22°C

Rotation with small grains, grasses, corn, sorghum, soybeans. thoroughly incorporating Terraclor, PCNB into the top 4 to 6 inches of soil at or just before planting

Leaf Blight Alternaria dauci and/or A. radicina

Small brown, dead spots on the leaves and petioles (leaf stalks). These spots grow rapidly and eventually join so that the leaf yellows and dies. The petioles also break during harvesting

Periods of prolonged wet, humid weather.

Chlorothalonil (2g/litre), copper, difenoconazole, mancozeb (2g/litre), metiram and zineb

Sclerotinia Rot-White Mold

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum soft, watery rot with white mold and black sclerotia present

Crop rotation, weed control (to improve air circulation), planting on raised beds, winter flooding, rapid cooling prior to storage

Bacterial soft rot

Erwina carotovora subsp.carotovora

soft rots are characterized by a watery, smelly decay

soil conditions are wet or storage conditions are poor

Careful harvest handling, grading and sanitation are the only ways to reduce the problem

PESTS


Carrot Rust Fly

Psila rosae The young larvae feed at first on root hairs and small rootlets

Carrot rust fly adults can be monitored with range/yellow sticky traps placed in the carrot field or in nearby trees where the adults rest.

Carrot Weevil

Listronotus oregonensis Adult females chew small cavities in the petioles or crown of the young larvae tunnel down into the root and enter the roots from the soil. Some young plants may wilt and die.

Aster leafhopper

Macrosteles fascifrons Nymphs extract plant sap from the underside of leaves and cause a general yellowing of plant foliage. Adults transmits aster yellows

Remove the weeds

http://www.insectimages.org/browse/subthumb.cfm?sub=7607

HIMA AGRI CLINIC 8088981212 [email protected] Pests and Diseases Cucurbits

Powdery mildew of bottle gourd Downy mildew Anthracnose

Fruit flies Aphids Jassids



Management

Powdery mildew

Erysiphe cichoracearum

Foliage and green stems is characterized by the appearance of tiny. white to dirty grey spots. The superficial powdery mass may ultimately cover the entire green surface of the host

Winter season crops, Dry weather and less humidity

Remove cucurbitaceous weeds near field. Spray Karathane @ 6g in 10 litre of water. About 2-3 sprayings will be required when early symptoms observed.

Downy mildew

Pseudopernospora cubensis

First symptom on leaves resemble mosaic mottling. On the lower sides of these spots a purplish downy growth appears

Serious during later part of the rainy season.15 -22ºC is optimum

Remove severely affected leaves.Ridomil-MZ (3g/litre) at 30 days interval

Anthracnose Colletorichum lagenarium

On foliage symptoms begin as small yellowish or water soaked areas

Temperature of 20 to 30ºC and 100% relative humidity for at least 18 hours.

Crop rotation, proper field drainage, destruction of wild hosts etc.Spray Difoltan (0.2%) or Toprin (0.1%) or Captan (0.2%) at 10 days interval.Seed treatment with Thiram or Capton 4g/kg.

Fruit flies Dacus cucurbitae fruits are attacked in the early immature soft stage, and they do not develop properly. They may rot and drop down prematurely

Humid hot weather is most suitable for its attack

Destroy the damaged fruits along with maggots.Spraying Carbaryl (Sevin 50% W.P. at 4 g/litre) or Malathion (Cythion 50% EC at 2 mI/litre), 2 -3 times at 10 days interval

Aphids They damage the plant by sucking the leaf sap. In young stage, cotyledonary leaves crinkle and in severe cases the plants wither.

Spray Rogar 0.1 to 0.2 per cent

Jassids They suck the sap of the leaves. The plant loses its vigour and the leaves give shriveled appearance.

Jassids can be controlled by spraying 0.1 % Malathion


Major pests and diseases of banana (Musa paradisa)

PESTS:

Panama disease Bunchy top Anthracnose

Sigatoka Moko disease Mosaic

Rhizome weevilCut worm


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementPanama disease Fusarium

oxysporum f sp. cubense

Yellowing and dying of the leaf edges, leaves later collapse, Internally, the water conducting tissue is discoloured.

Warm soil temperature and bad drainage and also light soils and high soil moisture

Spray carbendazim 1g/litre. Strict quarantine regulations to prevent spread of infected material to clean areas through movement of soil, water or plant materials

Bunchy top Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV)

Characterized by the 'bunched' appearance of newly emerging leaves. Affected plants do not produce fruit, which can cause significant loss of production on commercial farms.

The virus spreads through infected suckers and by banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa

The aphid should be controlled by spraying with (Metasystox 0.1 to 0.5%, Dimecron or Parathion).Regular inspection, roguing of diseased plants and planting virus-free suckers

Anthracnose Gloeosporium musarum

Ripe fruits develop symptoms from the tip as minute, circular dark brown sunken spots invading the entire tip which becomes black.

Severe during June-September when temperatures are high accompanied by rain

Careful harvesting, clean packing, refrigeration at 100C after harvest, fruit dip in aqueous solution of Benomyl at 1000 ppm or aureofungin 100 ppm help in reducing blemishes on fruits.Spraying Chlorothalonil 2 g/I at 15 days interval is effective in minimising later infections.

Leaf Spot Or Sigatoka Disease

Cercospora musae Spots towards the leaf edges. First appears as pale yellow or greenish yellow streaks running parallel to leaf veins on both the leaf surfaces. Streaks enlarge and form small spindle or eye shaped spots with greyish centre and dark brown or black borders and chlorotic halo around them.

Most common during the rainy season with temperature above 21° C.

Removal of infected leaves and burning.Proper drainage, spacing, weed management Spraying of Thiophanate methyl 1 g/l, or Captan 2 g/l

Bacterial Wilt Or Moko Disease

Ralstonia solanacearum

Affected plants show more or less rapid- wilting and collapse of leaves with a characteristic discolouration of vascular bundles, wilting and blackening of suckers.Production of yellow fingers, discoloured vascular bundles and internal dry rot of fruits.

Selection of healthy planting material, eradication of infected plants. Disinfecting cutting knives and providing better drainage.

Banana Mosaic Or Infectious Chlorosis

Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV),Aphis gossypi.

Light yellow streaks run parallel to leaf veins giving the leaf a striped appearance. The streaks run usually from mid rib to edge of the blade.Mosaic plants are easily recognized by their dwarf growth and mottled, distorted leaves.

Virus is disseminated by suckers and Aphis gossypi.

Use of disease free suckers.Treating suckers at 40°C with dry heat for 1 day followed by treatment with 120 ppm aureofungin.

PESTSRhizome Cosmopolites Grubs bore into the rhizome and cause death of the Select healthy sucker and plant

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20_-Banana.html#1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum


weevil, sordidus plantPresence of dark coloured tunnels in the rhizomes.Death of unopened pipe, withering of outer leaves.

Trimming the rhizomeGrow less susceptible varieties like Poovan, Kadali, Kunnan, Soil incorporation at the time of planting: carbofuran 3 G 10g, phorate 10 G 5 g/plan.Before planting, the suckers should be dipped in 0.1 per cent quinalphos emulsion.

Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa f. typica

Leaves bunched into rosette appearanceLeaf margins are wavy and upward curlingStunted growth, do not produce bunches

Use clean suckers, Destroy diseased plants with rhizome. Spray methyl demeton 25 EC 0.05% or monocrotophos 36 SL 0.072%. Inject monocrotophos 36 SL 1ml/plant (1ml diluted in 4 ml of water).Avoid injection of monocrotophos after flowering

Cut worm Spodoptera litura Young larvae feed by scrapping the leaves from ventral surface. Later feed veraciously during night time

Hand pick and destroy the caterpillar, destroy the affected parts, summer ploughing, Spray chloropyriphos,

http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20_-Banana.html#1


Major pests and diseases of grapes (Vitis vinifera)

Anthracnose Mealy bugs

Flea beetle Thrips damage Stem borer Stem borer

Mites

Anthracnose

Downy mildewPowdery mildew

Downy mildew


Diseases Causal organism

Symptoms Favourable conditions Management

Downy mildew Plasmopara viticola

Small yellow oilspots on upper leaf surface, Downy growth on the undersides of the oilspots. Flower clusters, bunches and young berries may be covered with white downy growth.

18 to 25 ºC with high relative humidity of >90%.

Remove abnormal un-harvested bunches from vines and burn them.Spray Bordeaux mixture 0.5 % or Copper hydroxide 2.0 g/l or COC 3.0 g/l at 15-20 days interval to cover all rainy period. Or spray Ridomil MZ 2g/lit

Powdery mildew Uncinula nacator

Whitish or greenish-white powdery patches on the undersides of basal leaves.

Low temperature of 25-30°C, RH of above 90% is optimum

Spray Sulfur 2.0 g/l or Dinocap 0.25 ml/l or Potassium bi carbonate 10.0 g/l.

Anthracnose Elsinoe ampelina

Numerous small, circular and reddish spots appear on young shoots. Spots then enlarge, become sunken, and produce lesions with gray centers and round or angular edges

low temperature and high RH favours the disease

Prune out and destroy (remove from the vineyard) diseased plant parts during the dormant season.Spray Benomyl/Bavistin/Bitertanol (1gm/lit) or Chloronthalonil 2 kg/ ha

PESTSMealybugs Maconellicoccu

s hirsutus, Planococcus citri

Nymphs and adult mealybugs suck the sap from the trunk, buds, aerial roots, leaves, shoots, flower, panicles and bunches

It attains peak population before harvesting of bunches during March-April.

Buprofezin 25 SC 1.25 ml/l, Azadirachtin 1% 2 ml/l.

Flea beetle Altica spp Feed on primary buds, which prevents them from developing into shoots, and also decreases grape yield

Cool springs Foliar spray of Carbaryl 50 WP @ 2 g/l. 7-15 days after pruning

Thrips Scirtothrips dorsalis

nymphs and adults by rasping the lower surface of the leaf with their stylets and sucking the oozing cell sap.The affected berries develop a corky layer and become brown

Peak population seen in November and December months

Foliar spray of Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.3 ml/l.The spread of the infection can be controlled by spraying the entire orchard with Quinalphos (0.06%) + Dichlorvos (0.08%)

Stem borers Celosterna scabrator

The adults feed on the outer bark of the vine by scraping

Injecting vines with 2 ml of Dichlorvos 76% EC 60-75 days after pruning to kill the larval stage of stem borer

Mites Tetranychus urticae

Both nymphs and adults suck the cell sap from lower surface of tender leaves. The infested leaves turn yellowish

Pest is highly active during summer months

High humidity and rainfall reduces mite numbers


Major pests and diseases of mango (Mangifera indica)Diseases:

Pests:

Physiological disorders:

Leaf hoppers Mealy bug Stone weevil

Anthracnose Sooty mold Powdery mildew

Malformation Blak tip

Stem borer (Adult)Stem borer (Larva)Fruit flies


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementAnthracnose Colletotrichum

gloeosporiodiesLeaves show oval or irregular greyish ,brown spots which may coalesce to cover larger area of the leaves.These enlarge and cause girdling and drying of affected area. Often, black necrotic areas develop on the twigs from the tip downwards causing a dieback

High humidity, frequent rains and a temperature of 24-32.C at the time when the young shoots or flowers or fruits are produced, are very favourable for its large scale infection and damage

The fungus survives on dead and dried twigs, therefore, they should be pruned/cut and burnt as soon as possible.The disease can be controlled by spraying Bordeaux I mixture (3:3:50) Blitox or Phytolan (0.3%), Bavistin or Benlate (0.1 %), thrice a year (i.e. in February, April and September).

Powdery mildew Odium mangiferae A white superficial powdery mass of fungus growth covers the leaves, the stalks of the panicles, the flowers and tender fruits

Rain and mist accompanied by cool nights during the flowering period, favours the development of the disease

dusting finely powdered sulfur on the flowering branches.application of Kelthane (0.1%) or Bavistin (0.1%) or Benlate «0.1%). The spray should be given before the flowering, as a preventivemeasure.

Sooty mould Caponodium ramosum Dry, black encrustation contains innumerable fungal spores, which arrest the photosynthetic process in the leaves resulting in leaf shedding and weak trees

The mango trees with the infestation of scales or hoppers leave honey like exudates on leaves, on which the moulds causing blackening develop

Spraying of orchards with Nuvacron @ 1.5 ml/one litre of water or Metasystox @ 1 mI/ litre of water or Phosphomidon @ 1 ml/4 litres of water, control hopper and scale insects population during January-April which ultimately prevents sooty mould infection followed by sprays with Blitox @ 3g/1itrc of water

PESTSMango leaf hopper

Amritodus atkinsom Both adult hoppers and their nymphs suck the sap of new shoots, buds and flowers resulting in drying of the entire inflorescence and even small fruits

Periodic insect pest attack starts from end of March arid continues till the end of June. The old trees arc more intensively damaged than the newly planted ones.

Spraying with 0.05% Malathion i.e. (500 mg in 1 litre water) (50% Malathion plus 50% Chlordane) or Endosulfan 35 EC or Carbaryl 50% W.P. is effective.

Mango mealy bug Drosicha mangiferae Suck the sap from the twigs, fruits and flowers. Flowers dry up and only few fruits are set. The fruit bearing twigs become weak. They secrete honey dew which attracts fungus due to which black spots may be seen on twigs and shoots.

More serious during the spring when the twigs or shoots are richly supplied with cell sap. The attack persists from November to April- May

Raking the soil around the base of the infested tree so that egg masses are exposed to the sun and are killed by the heat during May-June.Application of sticky band around the tree trunk 1/2 to 1 m above the ground level.Phosphamidon 100 EC -0.3ml/l

Mango stone weevil

Sternochetus mangiferae

makes a tunnel inside the ripe fruit, thus destroying it

The adults have been found throughout the years on the trees

Proper disposal of mango stones and fallen fruits should be done.It has been discovered that the insect inside the seed stone gets killed by dipping the fruits in hot water at 50'C for two hours.

Fruit flies Ceratitis cosyra They cause dark punctures in the fruits. Later, a June to August Collection and disposal of fallen infested fruits.


brownish rotten patch appear on the surface of the fruits The fruits ultimately drops when the maggot comes out and enters the soil for pupation.

Undersized fruits left on the tree should be picked and destroyed.The flies can also be controlled by bait sprays Carbaryl (0.2%).

Mango stem borer (Bactocera rufomaculate

It attacks the main trunk and branches resulting in their complete drying.The infested trunk or branches become hollow and break down very easily.

Holes are plugged with cotton wool soaked with carbon disulfide and chloroform.One or two sprays of Carbaryl (0.2%) or Nuvacron (0.04%) during the emergence period of vegetative flush.

Physiological disordersMango malformation

Pathological, nutritional and physiological aspects, Fusarium monoliniformae, Aceria mangiferae

Vegetative malformation: The shoot gives the appearance of "witches broom".Floral malformation: abnormal development of inflorescence takes place.

Broad spectrum pesticides should be used. Encouraging results have been obtained with Benomyl and Aphiden.spray of 200 ppm of NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) in the month of October followed by deblossoming at bud burst stage

Black tip or mango

Brick kilns are the causal factors. carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and acctylene which constitute the brick kiln fume are responsible. Affected fruits are also deficient in boron.

Characteristic yellowing of tissues at the distal end. Gradually the colour intensifies into brown and finally black. At this stage, further development is retarded and the black spot at the tip gradually extends towards the upper part of the fruit. Such fruits prematurely drop off and become unmarketable.

Orchards situated on the eastern side of the kilns arc more vulnerable to the disorder.

The disorder can be avoided by allowing brick kiln only at a distance of 1.6 km in the east and west, and 0.8 km in the north and south of the orchard, The chimney height should also be increased to at least 15-18 m.Soil application of 500 g Borax or 1% Borax i.e. (10 g in 1 litre water) spray, at the time of fruit set reduces the incidence.


Major Pests and Diseases of Marigold (Tagetes erecta)

Cercospora leaf spot Collar rot Botrytis blight

Bud caterpillar Aphids

Damping off Alternaria leaf spotSeptoria leaf spot



Management

Damping off Rhizoctonia solani Brown necrotic spots and girdling on the radicle, later on extends to plumule and causes pre-emergence mortality.

Damping Off fungi need high humidity

Infected seedlings are pulled, sterilization of soil with Formalin@2% or Captan 2g/ litre of water.

Leaf spot and blight

Alternaria sp., Septoria tageticola., Cercospora sp.

The minute brown circular and brownish-grey spots appear on the leaves.

Wet weather and temperature of 27°C

Spraying fungicides regularly. Copperoxychloride (Blitox) 2.5g/litre.

Collar and root rot

Pythium ultimum, Sclerotinia slerotiarum

Rotting of root and collar portions is noticed in nursery stage which resulting in wilting of the plant.

Wet weather and temperature of 27°C

Soil sterilization and controlled watering.

BOTRYTIS FLOWER BLIGHT

Botrytis cinerea Flower parts turn brown and die. Gray masses of spores form on the infected tissue when wet.

Cool moist conditions and high RH

Avoid overhead irrigation. Apply chlorothalonil , fludioxonil, azoxystrobin, iprodione, mancozeb (2g/ litre), thiophanate methyl + mancozeb, or ferbam.

Bud caterpillars

Helicoverpa armigera Eggs are laid singly on young buds. Larvae feed on developing flowers by damaging florets. Larvae of Phycita sp. feed on heads of buds and flowers.

Collection and destruction of infested buds and flowers.

Aphids Aphis gossypii Aphids mainly infest lower surface of flowers and base of petals. Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the flowers causing discolouration and withering.

2-3 sprays of Imidachloropid solution 0.25%.


Major pests and diseases of Rose

Pests:

Black spot Powdery mildew Botrytis nold

Rust Downy mildew

Aphids Thrips Spider mites

Leaf cutter bees Leaf hoppers


Diseases Causal organism Symptoms Favourable conditions ManagementBlackspot Diplocarpon rosae Circular black spots appear on

upper leaf surfaces. Each spot surrounded by a yellow halo. As the spots enlarge and coalesce, the entire leaf turns yellow and falls from the plant.

Hot, humid or rainy summers and hot days with cool, damp nights.

Avoid overhead irrigation. Remove black spot infested leaves and fallen leaves To prevent black spot from infecting new plants, spray 2g/ litre Chlorothalonil as soon as leaves appear in spring and repeat according to label directions. Benomyl 2g/ litre

Powdery mildew Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae Leaves, especially new leaves are covered with a white powder. Flower buds and canes may also be affected

warm days and cool nights. Shade or low light favours disease

Remove and destroy all infected leaves.Carbendazim 1g/ litre, Wettable Sulfur (3g/ litre) / Triademefon/Thiophenate Methyl (2g/ litre) / neem oil.

Botrytis blight Botrytis cinere Small flecks on infected petals. sunken, grayish-black spots (lesions) may be found on the stem

cool, damp, cloudy weather Strict sanitation. Avoid over-fertilization. Spray fungicides like chlorothalonil or mancozeb (2g/ litre)

Rust Phragmidium tuberculatum orange, powdery substance appears on the undersides of the leaves

Need cool temperature and high moisture

Burn fallen and infected leaves. Spray mancozeb (2g/ litre)

Downy mildew Peronospora sparsa Black patches appear on upper leaves, then spread to rest of the plant. Leaves fall off within a few days of patches appearing.

Cold temperatures, lower light and lower growth rates

Prune out and destroy all affected parts of the plant. Spray remaining plants with Stature, Subdue, or Aliette.

PESTSAphids: Macrosiphum rosae Suck the juice from the plant and

secrete the sticky substance. Leaves curl, rosebuds and foliage wither or become distorted

18-25°C and 80% RH. Aphids may be knocked off plants with a stream of water. In severe infestations, spray with an insecticide

Thrips F. occidentalis brownish yellow streaks and small dark spots seen on leaves.

The survival of thrips from egg-hatch to adult was the

spray plants with a systemic insecticide just before the

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplocarpon_rosae


highest (62.8%) at 20°C. buds open. Acephate 75 SP at 1g/l

Spider mites Tetranychus spp Tiny specks may be visible on the undersides of the leaves. Eventually, thin webbing appears on the foliage

high temperature (above 85° F.) and low relative humidity (below 60% RH)

Use different miticides; mites may build up resistance to a single miticide

Leaf cutter bees Megachile spp Small circles or ovals appear in leaf margins

Active from early spring to late summer

Prune out canes that have damaged foliage

Leafhoppers Edwardsiana rosae Upper surfaces of leaves are covered with small yellow specks. Leaves may curl.

Temperature above 30°C is favourable

Systemic insecticides

Agriculture Pests and diseases book

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