Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.
-
Upload
hilda-foster -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.
![Page 1: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions
Jessica G. DavisColorado State University
![Page 2: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of BMPs• Livestock Producers
– Nutrition– Production site– Manure storage and treatment– Land application of manure
• Crop Producers– Fertilizer management practices
![Page 3: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
BMPs: Nutrition—Basic Principles
• Don’t overfeed protein• Analyze feeds regularly• Phase feeding
– By growth stage– By sex– By productivity
• PRECISION FEEDING
![Page 4: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
C L LMTT
Am
mo
nia
em
itte
d (
g)
Day 3Day 2Day 1
12.5%
55.4%
BMPs: Nutrition--swine
Wendy Powers, Iowa State University
![Page 5: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BMPs: Nutrition--Feedlot Cattle•Cole et al. (2005) found that increasing crude protein in feeder diets from 11.5 to 13.0% resulted in increases in NH3 loss from 60-200%
![Page 6: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
BMPs: Nutrition—Dairy (NH3 loss from slurry applied to soil)
Feeding trial
type Trial
components
Slurry type
Fresh Stored
% applied N lost as ammonia
13.6% 31b 12b Crude Protein level
19.4% 68a 29a
Misselbrook et al., 2005 (lab study)
![Page 7: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
BMPs: Nutrition--layers
•Diet acidification minimizes volatilization of ammonia by acidifying excreta
050
100150200250300350400450500
Daily NH3emissions, g
per bird
Control
Acidified
Wendy Powers, Iowa State University
42%
![Page 8: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BMPs: Livestock Production Site• Dust control
– Frequent manure harvesting– Pen moisture management
• Stocking density• Watering
– Reduce surface pH
![Page 9: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Manure harvested within previous 3 days, < 1” deep
Wind
Manure not yet harvested, > 2” deep
Manure Harvesting
![Page 10: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pen Moisture
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Moisture Content (%wb)
Du
st/O
do
r P
ote
nti
al
Dust Odor
Dust and odor events are driven principally by the effect of short-term weather patterns on the moisture content of the manure pack on the corral surface.
![Page 11: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fee
d ap
ron
1 2 3 4
Moisture Dynamics Vary Within Corrals
Water trough
High activity;High moisture
Low activity;Low moisture
![Page 12: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
BMPs: Livestock Production Site
•Feedlot Surface–Application of a urease inhibitor onto the feedlot surface every 8 days reduced NH3 loss from 49-69%–Lab study by Parker et al. (2005)
![Page 15: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Washing Wall• 33-50% reduction in NH3 loss
![Page 16: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Biofilter• Reduces NH3 loss 50-60%
![Page 17: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Alum in Broiler Litter
Ammonia loss
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Control 100 g/kg alum 200 g/kg alum
Treatment
Lo
ss
(g
/kg
)
![Page 18: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Annual loss of ammonia nitrogen100 heifers using different beddings
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Chopped corn stalks
Composted manure solids
Chopped newspaper
Chopped straw
Pine shavings
Sand
N lo
ss (
lbs)
Misselbrook and Powell (2005)
Bedding types--Dairy
![Page 19: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BMPs: Manure Storage and Treatment
• Minimize storage time• Cover piles and lagoons• Divert rainfall and runoff from
stockpiles• Aerobic lagoons reduce
gaseous N loss and conserve N• Constructed wetlands increase
N2O loss (denitrification)• Aerobic/anaerobic alternating
lagoons increase N2O loss • Anaerobic digestors conserve N
![Page 20: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dairy Lagoons•A self-forming crust on dairy lagoons reduced NH3 loss by ~50% (Misselbrook et al., 2005)
•Composting•Composting feedlot manure with different beddings
–Straw bedding -- 42% N lost–Wood chip bedding—12% N lost
–There was little difference in N2O loss; apparently, the difference was mainly in NH3 loss.
–(Hao et al., 2004)
![Page 22: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
BMPs: Land Application of Manure• Incorporate immediately after
application• Injection of slurries• Drop nozzles for sprinkler
irrigation
![Page 23: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BMPs: Fertilizer Management• Fertilizer Selection
– In general, dry fertilizers have less NH3 loss.
– In calcareous soils, ammonium nitrate has the lowest amounts of NH3 loss.
• Ammonium sulfate has the highest loss.• Urea is moderate.
• Application Method– Band N fertilizers to reduce NH3
loss.– Broadcasting increases N loss.
• Fertilizer Application Rate– Higher rates result in higher N loss.– Use agronomic rates.
![Page 25: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
BMPs: Fertilizer Management• Timing
– Synchronize application with crop demand.
– Use slow-release fertilizers.
• Soil Properties– NH3 loss is greatest in
• Sandy, low organic matter soils• High temperatures• Moist soil conditions—Don’t over-
irrigate!
• Tillage Practices– No-till increases N loss due to
reduction in both soil evaporation and infiltration of fertilizers.
![Page 26: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Impact of improved management on reductions in ammonia emission from dairy farms
Together these management practices can reduce ammonia N loss by 65-70%.
Mark Powell, USDA-ARS, Madison, WI
Management practice Mechanism for decrease ammonia loss
Decrease in ammonia loss (%)
Remove excess and/or feed balanced dietary protein
Decrease N output in urine
10 to 15
Cover manure storage Decrease ammonia escape
20 to 30
Incorporate or inject manure
Reduce ammonia production and loss
30 to 50
![Page 27: Agricultural BMPs to Reduce N Emissions Jessica G. Davis Colorado State University.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070410/56649ecf5503460f94bdc440/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Future Needs
•Thorough literature review–Cost of BMPs–Effectiveness of BMPs
•BMP adoption rates•Decision tree to help agricultural producers choose appropriate BMPs