Chapter 12, Section 5Chapter 13, Sections 3-5Chapter 14, Section 1

Aggressors Invade Nations

Objectives

By the end of this PowerPoint you will be

able to:

– Describe Japan’s attempts to build an empire.

– Trace the moves of European Fascists in

seeking world power.

– Summarize why British and French

appeasement and American isolationism failed

to stop Fascist aggression.

12.5 Conflicting Forces in Japan

Essential Question: How did Japan change in

the 1920s and 1930s?

4 of 7

Kobe, Japan in the 1880s

4 of 7

Kobe, Japan in the 1920s

Through policies of democratization and limited foreign expansion, along

with the enjoyed peace and economic well-being, Japan’s economy grew

until an earthquake hit Tokyo in 1923 and government corruption led to

protests.

1 of 7

Japan on the Rise in the 1920s

Emperor Hirohito:

The Head of State

Japan

Empire (dictatorship)

1926-1989

Rise to Power

• Write in a detailed description of the dictator’s rise to power. What family, social, and/or economic crises might have influenced his actions?

• In 1921 he visited Europe, becoming the first Japanese crown prince to travel abroad. Upon his return he was named prince regent when his father, the emperor Taishō, retired because of mental illness. In 1924 he married the princess Nagako Kuni.

• Hirohito became emperor of Japan on Dec. 25, 1926, following the death of his father.

• He broke the precedent of imperial silence on Aug. 15, 1945, when he made a national radio broadcast to announce Japan’s acceptance of the Allies’ terms of surrender. In a second historic broadcast, made on Jan. 1, 1946, Hirohito repudiated the traditional quasi-divine status of Japan’s emperors

• He was the longest-reigning monarch in Japan’s history.

• His reign was designated Shōwa, or “Enlightened Peace.”

Wearing a sokutai in 1926 at his enthronement ceremony. Hirohito, 1939

Political Influence

• He came to power as next in line to the

throne of the oldest remaining dynasty in

the world

• His people thought he was descended from

a god.

• He wanted to establish a New Order in

Asia led by the Japanese Empire.

Political Influence

•The Japanese constitution invested him with

supreme authority, but in practice he merely ratified

the policies that were formulated by his ministers

and advisers.

•Many historians have asserted that Hirohito had

grave misgivings about war with the United States

and was opposed to Japan’s alliance with

Germany and Italy but that he was powerless to

resist the militarists who dominated the armed

forces and the government. Other historians assert

that Hirohito might have been involved in the

planning of Japan’s expansionist policies from

1931 to World War II.

People’s Rights

• A League of Nations committee recommended in October

1932 that Japanese troops be withdrawn, Chinese

sovereignty restored, and a large measure of autonomy

granted to Manchuria. The League called upon member

states to withhold recognition from the new puppet state.

Japan’s response was to formally withdraw from the

world body in 1933.

• On July 7, 1937, Japanese troops engaged Chinese units at

the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing, leading to warfare

between China and Japan. Japanese armies took Nanking,

Han-k’ou (Hankow), and Canton despite vigorous Chinese

resistance; Nanking was brutally pillaged by Japanese

troops

People’s RightsA national-mobilization law (1938) gave the Konoe

government sweeping economic and political powers,

and in 1940, under the second Konoe cabinet, the

Imperial Rule Assistance Association was established

to merge the political parties into one central

organization; yet, the institutional structure of the Meiji

constitution was never altered, and the wartime

governments never achieved full control over

interservice competition. The Imperial Rule Assistance

Association failed to mobilize all segments of national

life around a leader. The emperor remained a symbol,

albeit an increasingly military one, and no führer could

compete without endangering the national polity.

Timeline

• 1931: Invasion of China

• Sept. 27, 1940: Tripartite, or Axis Pact negotiated by Japanese foreign minister Matsuoka Yosuke, the pact pledged its signatories to come to one another’s help in the event of an attack “by a power not already engaged in war.”

• April 13, 1941: Japan concluded a neutrality pact with the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union)

• December 7 (December 8 by Japanese time) 1941: a surprise attack on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet in its base at Pearl Harbor in the Hawaiian Islands

USS Missouri

August 14

(August 15 in

Japan): The

Pacific war came

to an end. The

formal surrender

was signed on

September 2 in

Tokyo Bay

aboard the

battleship USS

Missouri.

Actions that led to WWII

Began World War II in Asia when he

invaded China in 1931.

The Pearl Harbor attack, unannounced

beforehand by the Japanese as it was,

unified the American public and swept

away any remaining support for American

neutrality in the war. On December 8 the

U.S. Congress declared war on Japan with

only one dissenting vote.

• When the Great Depression hit in 1929, Japanese exports

fell and its people suffered.

• Ultranationalists seized the moment to demand renewed

expansion for land and natural resources.

• In 1931, Japanese army officers provoked an incident that

led to the invasion of Manchuria (The Mukden Incident).

• September 18, 1931 an explosion destroyed a section of

railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese owned

the railway.• The U.S. issued the Stimson Doctrine stating that the United States would not

recognize any agreements between the Japanese and Chinese that limited free

commercial intercourse in the region

• Japan withdrew from the League of Nations when this act

was condemned.

2 of 7

The Nationalist Reaction

The actual damage was small enough that a train

drove over the rails with no difficulties the same

day.

Japan’s Expanding Empire

7 of 7

Japan Seeks an Empire

• To alleviate a struggle with ultranationalists, the

Japanese government suppressed most democratic

freedoms and built a cult around Emperor Hirohito.

• Militarists wanted to solve the country’s economic

problems through foreign expansion.

• The goal of the conquest of China was renewed.

The Japanese killed tens of thousands of soldiers

and civilians during the Rape of Nanjing (1937)

when the Chinese capital of Nanjing fell to

Japanese invaders.

• During World War II, Japan allied with Germany

and Italy and spread the war into the Pacific region.

3 of 7

Militarists in Power

Rape of Nanjing "The bodies in the

villages, piled up in tens or hundreds, laid in ditches, ponds, fields or among haystacks. The horror of the scenes is hard to describe. Especially women..., their faces were dark, teeth fell, cheeks broken, blood in their mouth, their breasts had been cut off, chest and abdomen had been pierced through, intestines dragged on the ground, lower abdomens had been kicked at, their bodies had been bayoneted randomly."

Rape of Nanjing

"December 14th, noon, Japanese soldiers broke into a house in JianYin street, they kidnapped four girls, raped them for two hours.”

Rape of Nanjing

Rape of Nanjing

Rape of Nanjing

Nationalism and Revolution Around the World: Section 5

Color Transparency 167: Japanese Military Build-Up, 1929-

1941

6 of 7

Copy on page 109 of your packet

Note Taking Transparency 165

5 of 7

Copy on page 111 of your packet

Copy on page 113 of your packet

Copy of page 113 of your packet

Chapter 13, Section 3

Essential Question:

–How and why did fascism

rise in Italy?

1 of 8

Mussolini’s Rise to Power

Italian nationalists, led by Benito

Mussolini, felt betrayed by the government

and the Allies from World War I. They

revolted and became powerful through

terror. These Fascists, as they were known,

were finally handed the reins of

government by the king in order to avoid a

civil war.

2 of 8

Mussolini’s Rule and the Nature of Fascism

Mussolini’s Rule The Nature of Fascism

Fascism glorified action,

violence, discipline, and

blind loyalty to the state.

They pursued foreign

expansion through warfare.

They distrusted reason and

used emotion to their

advantage. The state was

all.

Although Italy was

officially a parliamentary

monarchy, under Mussolini,

it became a dictatorship. He

used propaganda and terror

to control the people. The

Fascists wanted everyone to

live and work only for the

state.

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 3

Color Transparency 170: The Triumph of Musssolini

5 of 8

Mussolini Attacks Ethiopia October 1935- Mussolini

takes Ethiopia.

Mussolini’s army was stronger than Ethiopia's.

Ethiopian emperor asked the League of Nations for help.– Condemned the attacks,

did nothing.

Britain allowed Italian Troops through the Suez Canal.– Hoped to keep peace in

Europe.

Benito Mussolini Created the Fascist Party in

1919

Came to power when he

forced his appointment as

Prime Minister

Ruled Italy from 1922 until

1944

Became involved in WWII

when he invaded Ethiopia

and then allied with GermanyWanted to restore Italy

to the glory days of

the Roman Empire

3 of 8

Looking Ahead

Democracy, Communism, and Fascism

competed for influence in postwar Europe.

Fascism was on the fast track during the

Great Depression.

Copy on page 115 of your packet

Copy on page 115 of your packet

Chapter 13, Section 4

The Soviet Union Under Stalin

Essential Question: How did Stalin

transform the Soviet Union into a

totalitarian state?

1 of 8

The Soviet Union Under Stalin

A Totalitarian State

In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin set up a

totalitarian state. He took away all free

market rights and made every enterprise

and farm state owned. This gave workers

little incentive to produce quality products

or extra food and the country struggled to

feed its people.

2 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism

Stalin’s Terror Tactics

Stalin was ruthless

against anyone perceived

as being disloyal. He set

up Gulags where people

would be sent to work

and he even took food

away from farm families

in what was called the

Terror Famine. The

country lost many of its

best and brightest.

Communist Attempts to

Control Thought

Stalin used propaganda to

boost his popularity.

Posters, loudspeaker

announcements, and

newspaper articles extolled

Communism. Books, music,

and other art forms that

were critical of Stalin were

censored. He also tried to

replace religion with

communist ideology.

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4

Color Transparency 170: Gulag Prisoners, by Nikolai German

6 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism

Soviet Society Under Stalin

There was still a class order

under Communism, but this

one put party members at

the top. All others endured

shortages of food and

consumer goods, although

they did get free education

and health care, and women

were treated as equals to

men in the workplace.

Soviet Foreign Policy

The Soviets encouraged

communist revolutions in

other countries through an

organization called

Comintern. This

organization supported

revolutionary groups

around the world and

created a “Red Scare” in

the United States.

4 of 8

Looking Ahead

Stalin succeeded in making his country a

military superpower, but it was also home

to people with a much lower standard of

living than the rest of the developed world.

Copy on page 117 of your packet

Note Taking Transparency 169

5 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4

Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

7 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 4

Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

8 of 8

Josef Stalin •1920- 1953 – Led the Soviet Union

•Totalitarianism

Chapter 13, Section 5

Essential Question:

–How did Hitler and the Nazi

party establish and maintain a

totalitarian government in

Germany?

The Weimar Republic’s Rise and Fall

1 of 8

Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

The democratic government known as the

Weimar Republic suffered from the

competition of too many small parties and

economic disasters. Still, it was a prolific

time for artists, who stimulated new

movements, such as Dadaism.

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5

Color Transparency 173: Ethnic Groups of Eastern Europe,

1936

6 of 8

2 of 8

Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany

The Nazi Party’s Rise to

Power

The Great Depression

and the feeling that the

Weimar government was

weak, led to the rise of

Adolf Hitler. He appealed

to veterans, workers, the

lower middle classes, and

business people with his

promises to rearm

Germany, create jobs,

and end reparations.

The Third Reich Controls

Germany

Hitler and the Nazis moved

quickly to change

Germany’s course. They

put people to work through

public works programs;

they terrorized dissenters;

they placed restrictions on

Jews, who were blamed for

Germany’s loss in World

War I; and they denounced

modern art and

Christianity.

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5

Color Transparency 172: Hitler at Nuremburg Stadium

5 of 8

3 of 8

Authoritarian Rule in Eastern Europe

Just as in Germany, many nations in Eastern

Europe came under dictatorships. Ethnic and

religious conflicts rose in the new states of

Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and elsewhere.

Copy on page 119 of your packet

Note Taking Transparency 170

4 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5

Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

7 of 8

The Rise of Totalitarianism: Section 5

Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

8 of 8

Adolf Hitler Wrote the book Mein Kampf

– His blueprint for a new Europe,

and talked about the

extermination of all Jews.

Came to power through free

elections

Ruled Germany from 1933

until 1945

Began WWII when he

invaded Poland September 1,

1939

Believed in supreme

nature of the Aryan or

Germanic races

Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty March 7, 1936- German

troops moved into the

Rhineland.

The Treaty had

forbidden German

troops to go here.

Britain urged

appeasement- giving in to

an aggressor to keep

peace.

Hitler’s growing strength

convinced Mussolini that

he should seek an alliance

with Germany.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Rhineland

The Axis PowersGermany, Italy and Japan came to be called

the Axis Powers.

Keeping the Peace

Chapter 14, Section 1

Essential Question: How did the Spanish

Civil War involve combatants from other

countries?

1 of 7

From Appeasement to War: Aggression Goes

Unchecked

When the aggressive actions of dictators in Japan,

Germany, and Italy went virtually unchallenged, these

regimes grew bolder. The Western policy of appeasement

and widespread pacifism fed the ambitions of the three

countries, which formed a pact not to interfere in each

other’s expansion.

Nazis and Soviets Sign Nonaggression Pact

Stalin bargained with Britain and France as well

as Hitler.

August 23, 1939- Germany and the Soviet Union make a

pact NEVER to attack each other non-aggression pact.

World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1

Color Transparency 174: Wonder How Long the Honeymoon

Will Last?

6 of 7

2 of 7

Spain Collapses into Civil War

When conservatives led by Francisco Franco revolted

against the new reformist government in Spain, a civil

war broke out that drew help from Germany, Italy, and

the Soviet Union. Franco’s rebels won, and he set up a

fascist dictatorship.

Francisco

FrancoSpain’s Fascist Dictator

1939-1975

Francisco Franco

In full Francisco Paulino HermenegildoTeódulo Franco Bahamonde, by name El Caudillo (“The Leader”) (b. December 4, 1892, El Ferrol, Spain—d. November 20, 1975, Madrid), general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic in the Spanish Civil War(1936–39); thereafter he was the head of the government of Spain until 1973 and head of state until his death in 1975.

Background

Background: Spain becomes a republic in 14 April 1931 when King Alfonso XIII abdicates and goes into exile. However, the country is unable to maintain any political stability. A provisional administration is replaced first by a republican left government in October 1931 then a conservative government in November 1933 and finally by the Popular Front, a coalition of socialists and left republicans, in February 1936. Spanish conservatives become concerned that the Popular Front will turn the country into a communist state. The right-wing National Bloc openly appeals to the military to save Spain. The military acts in July 1936, sparking the Spanish Civil War.

Background 1931

Franco's career is halted when the leftist leaders of the

new Spanish republic (known as the Second Republic)

adopt a policy to reform the army.

The leaders of the Second Republic introduce numerous

other reforms. Women are given the vote, the Catholic

Church is excluded from the education system and

divorce is legalized. Catalonia and the Basque provinces

are given some political autonomy. Land reform

measures seek to divide large estates in the south of the

country among local peasants.

However, social conservatives view the reforms with

alarm; while the Spanish economy stagnates and

unemployment rises as the Great Depression grips the

world.

Spain collapses into Civil War

When conservatives led by Francisco

Franco revolted against the new reformist

government in Spain, a civil war broke out

that drew help from Germany, Italy, and

the Soviet Union. Franco’s rebels won, and

he set up a fascist dictatorship.

Civil War Erupts in Spain

Republicans overthrow monarchy.

1936- Fascist Francisco Franco raises army to take control of govt.

Hitler & Mussolini send troops, tanks, airplanes to Franco’s troops NATIONALISTS.

1939- Franco becomes dictator.

Kill Tally

Kill tally: Tens to hundreds of thousands. One source says 500,000 killed in the Spanish Civil War, another claims two million executed alone. More sober estimates for executions put the figure at 35,000 killed either summarily or after a hasty court martial. According to military historian Antony Beevor, the figure for non-combatants and surrendered troops killed by Franco's Nationalists during the war "must exceed 100,000 and may be closer to 200,000."

1939

1939 - Britain and France officially recognize Franco's regime on 27 February.

On 28 March the Nationalists take Madrid. The Civil War ends on 1 April. Franco has won a complete and unconditional victory. Up to 500,000 people are estimated to have died during the conflict and much of Spain's infrastructure has been ruined. The population is further depleted as between 250,000 and 500,000 Republican refugees stream out of the country to find safety abroad.

The new regime faces massive debt, owing 400 million Reichsmarks to Germany and five billion lira to Italy alone.

Now commander-in-chief of the armed forces, head of state, and leader of the government, Franco quickly acts to impose order, suppressing all those who present a potential threat to the new regime. "The war is over," he declares, "But the enemy is not dead.“

A state of martial law remains in effect until 1948. Hundreds of thousands of Republicans are imprisoned. Between 1939 and 1943 nearly 200,000 are summarily executed or killed.

Francisco Franco

Dictator of Spain: 1939-1975

After he gained

power:

– Oppressed his

enemies

– Faced a starving

nation

2 of 7

German Aggression Continues

Hitler annexed Austria and

Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland in his quest

to bring all German-speaking people in to

the Third Reich. Britain and France were

not willing to go to war over either move.

Democratic Nations Try to Preserve Peace

Britain and France wanted to avoid a war

b/c:

– They were both dealing w/economic troubles

– They were not over the horrors caused by

WWI

United States remains isolationist- avoids

political ties/involvement w/other

countries.

– Banned loans and sale of arms to countries in

war.

The German Reich Expands

November 5, 1937- Hitler announced that he

planned to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia

into the Third Reich- or German Empire.

Prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles.

March 1938- Hitler sent his army into Austria

and annexed it.

Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia:

– Sudetenland residents did not give in easily.

So…What’s Next?

3 of 7

Europe Plunges Toward War

When Germany seized the rest of Czechoslovakia, Britain

and France decided they would move to stop Hitler if he

attacked Poland. Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made a pact

with Hitler that they would not interfere with each other

in annexing parts of Eastern Europe. Two days after

German forces invaded Poland, on September 3, 1939,

World War II began.

•Severe economic Depression in U.S.

France and Britain

•G.B, U.S, and F remember WWI and

wish to keep peace

•Germany and Italy seek power –

move to conquer other nations

•1935 Italy invades Ethiopia

•Germany invades Rhineland

•Germany annexes Austria and

claims Sudetenland

Appeasement – Giving in to a potential

enemy in order to keep peace

•G.B. and F. do not Stop G. and I.

•Munich Conference – F and B allow G

to take Sudetenland

• March 1939 – Germany occupies

Czechoslovakia, April Italy invades

Albania, Sept 1, Germany invades

Poland. Sept 3, G.B and F declare

war on Germany

Isolationism – Policy of avoiding

political or economic ties to other

countries

•U.S. Congress wishes to stay out of

European Affairs, passes 3 Neutrality

acts in 1935

Copy on page 121 of your Study Guide and add p.121 and 122 to

your E3 packet

Note Taking Transparency 171A

4 of 7

Copy on page 121 of your Study Guide and add p.121 and 122 to

your E3 packet

Note Taking Transparency 171B

5 of 7

World War II and Its Aftermath: Section 1

Progress Monitoring Transparency

7 of 7

Review

Who is the leader of Germany?

What is the party in power in Germany?

Who is the leader of Italy?

How did they gain power?

What is fascism?

What was Kristallnacht?