Aggression PSYA3

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    Aggression PSYA3

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    Social Psychological theories of

    aggression (8+16) AO1

    Social Learning Theory according to the eha!io"rist a##roach to

    aggression$ li%e any other eha!io"r$ is learnt

    This #ro#oses that aggression is learnt thro"gh i&itation

    According to the eha!io"rist a##roach$ eha!io"r is reinforced (re'arded)

    is &ore li%ely to e re#eated

    f an indi!id"al sees aggressi!e eha!io"r eing reinforced 'hen another#erson (the &odel) dis#lay it (!icario"s reinforce&ent) the indi!id"al is

    &oti!ated to re#rod"ce eha!io"r to otain the sa&e re'ards

    and"ra arg"es that learning aggressi!e eha!io"r occ"rs in * states

    Attention$ ,etention$ ,e#rod"ction and -oti!ation (A,--)

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    Social Psychological theories of

    aggression (8+16) AO1

    .eindi!id"ation refers to the loss of #ersonal identity and #ersonal

    res#onsiility 'hen 'e are$ for e/ale$ one of a cro'd or 'earing a

    &as%

    This conce#t can e "sed to e/#lain aggressi!e eha!io"r eca"se

    'hen deindi!id"ated indi!id"als feel less constrained y the nor&s of

    social eha!io"r$ and feel ale to eha!e in an anti0social 'ay

    Peo#le feel #art of the cro'd and #erha#s not identifiale eg in a

    &o li%e d"ring the 212 riots

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    Social Psychological theories of

    aggression (8+16) AO243

    SLT e/#lains inconsistencies in aggressi!e eha!io"r eg a #erson eing

    aggressi!e at ho&e "t s"&issi!e at 'or% according to SLT$ learnt that

    aggressi!e eha!io"r is only a##ro#riate in certain sit"ations

    SLT does not acco"nt for iological e/#lanations of aggression

    deter&inistic

    and"ra 66 children 'atched fil& of ad"lt &odel eha!ing aggressi!ely

    to oo doll in 3 conditions neither re'arded or #"nished$ re'arded or

    #"nished if re'arded 5 &ost aggressi!e$ #"nish&ent 5 least aggressi!e

    SLT relies on and"ras e/#eri&ent ho'e!er oo dolls do not retaliate

    'hen hit 'hich raises 7"estions ao"t 'hat the st"dy tells "s ao"t

    i&itation of aggression

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    Social Psychological theories of

    aggression (8+16) AO243

    i&ardo 'anted to in!estigate r"tality re#orted a&ongst A&erican

    #rison g"ards ,ecreated #rison and recr"ited #artici#ants to #lay

    role of #risoners and g"ards Anony&ity of each gro"# &ade it easier

    for g"ards to eha!e r"tally to'ards and deh"&anise #risoners

    9thical iss"es #rotection fro& har&

    The eha!io"r oser!ed in i&ardos st"dy &ay ha!e een a res"lt of

    the #artici#ants confor&ing to their roles rather than a res"lt of a los

    s of self identity

    A &eta0analysis of 6 st"dies of deindi!id"ation concl"des that there

    is ins"fficient s"##ort for deindi!id"ation clai&s

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    Social Psychological theories of

    aggression (8+16) AO243

    .eindi!id"ation can increase #rosocial eha!io"r S#i!ey et al fo"nd

    deindi!id"ation co"ld lead to either #rosocial or antisocial eha!io"r$

    de#ending on sit"ational factors

    ;hen #rosocial en!iron&ental c"es 'ere #resent (eg #rosocial

    &odel)$ deindi!id"ated #artici#ants #erfor&ed &ore altr"istic acts

    and less antisocial acts

    ,eal 'orld a##lication &an analysed 21 s"icide lea#s in

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    nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO1

    ortation &odel r'in and @ressey

    o This theory states that indi!id"als 'ho enter #rison 'ith #artic"lar

    characteristics are &ore li%ely to engage in !iolence than those

    'ho do not #ossess these characteristics0 !iolence is not a #rod"ct

    of the instit"tion itself$ "t of the characteristics of those 'ithin

    the instit"tion

    o Yo"nger in&ates are tho"ght to find ad?"sting to #rison life &ore

    diffic"lt$ and so are &ore li%ely toengage in !iolence than others Ada&s (1=81) clai&s that yo"nger i

    n&ates are &ore li%ely to !ie'

    !iolence as an a##ro#riate 'ay of sol!ing conflicts

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    nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO1

    .e#ri!ation &odel

    o This theory ac%no'ledges that 'hilst in&ates &ay enter #rison 'ith

    characteristics that &ay e &ore s"ited to !iolence$ it is the #rison

    en!iron&ent that ca"ses stress and fr"stration$ 'hich in t"rn

    leads to !iolence

    o arrer and Steffens&eir (1=86) #ro#ose that !iolent eha!io"r in in&ates

    is a

    res#onse to the B#role&s of ad?"st&ent #osed y the de#ri!ations of irison&entC

    o Sy%es (1=D8) identified so&e of these B#role&sC$ for e/ale$ loss of

    heterose/"al relationshi#s

    o The #role& of

    de#ri!ation is #artic"larly co&&on in o!ercro'ded #risons'here the condi

    tions lead to e/acerated tensions et'een in&ates and staff

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    nstit"tional Aggression (8+16) AO243

    o -c@or%le et al (1==D) state the iortation &odel fails to e/#lain ho' to

    &anage !iolent offenders4red"ce #rison !iolenceo According to the indi!id"ation &odel$ &e&ers of !iolent gangs #rior to

    irison&ent 'ill sho' higher le!els of !iolence in #rison$ as they 'ill

    iortant characteristics of their gang &e&ershi#

    o'e!er$ .eLisi et al (2*) fo"nd that in 8 &ales in&ates$ gang &e&ershi#

    #rior to irison&ent had no effect on !iolent cond"ct

    o The &ain st"dy of the de#ri!ation &odel fails to s"##ort its &ain ass"tions

    -c@or%le et al(1==D) fo"nd no e!idence to s"##ort a correlation et'een !iolence and as#ects

    of the #rison

    en!iron&ent in a sale of 3>1

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    Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO1

    Lo' le!els of serotonin and high le!els of do#a&ine ha!e eenassociated 'ith aggression in ani&als and h"&ans

    Serotonin tho"ght to red"ce aggression y inhiiting res#onses to

    e&otional sti&"li that &ight other'ise lead to an aggressi!e res#onse

    Lo' le!els of serotonin in rain ha!e een associated 'ith increased

    s"sce#tiility to i"lsi!e eha!io"r$ aggression and e!en !iolent

    s"icide So&e dr"gs are tho"ght to alter serotonin le!els and this increase

    aggressi!e eha!io"r

    -ann et al fo"nd de#lete serotonin de/fenfl"ra&ine in &ales 'as

    associated 'ith aggression and hostility scores

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    Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO1

    igh le!els of do#a&ine and aggressi!e eha!io"r is not as 'ell

    estalished as serotonin$ there is so&e e!idence to s"ggest that a lin%e/ists

    ncreases in do#a&ine acti!ity !ia the "se of aheta&ines ha!e also

    een associated 'ith increases in aggressi!e eha!io"r

    Anti#sychotics 'hich red"ce do#a&ine acti!ity in rain ha!e een

    sho'n to red"ce aggressi!e eha!io"r in !iolent delin7"ents

    -ale se/ hor&one testosterone tho"ght to infl"ence aggression fro&

    yo"ng ad"lthood on'ards d"e t action on rain areas controlling

    aggression

    ;agner et al castrated &ale &ice fo"nd &ice 'ere less aggressi!e$

    &ore aggressi!e if in?ected in aggression

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    Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243

    Lin%s et'een iological &echanis&s s"ch as serotonin andtestosterone estalished in non0h"&an ani&als

    This isnt to deny s"ch lin%s e/ist "t rather that the cole/ity of

    h"&an social eha!io"r &eans iological on its o'n is ins"fficient to

    e/#lain all as#ects of aggressi!e and !iolent eha!io"r

    f lo' le!els of serotonin are associated 'ith lo' i"lse control and

    aggressi!e eha!io"r$ dr"gs that clinically raise serotonin le!elssho"ld #rod"ce conc"rrent lo'ering in aggression

    ond estalished this is e/actly 'hat ha##ens in st"dies of

    antide#ressant dr"gs that ele!ate serotonin le!els

    S"ch dr"gs to dent to red"ce irritaility and i"lse aggression

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    Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243

    Altho"gh research is fairly inconcl"si!e ao"t the cas"al role of do#a&inein aggression$ recent research s"ggests its infl"ence &ight e as a

    conse7"ence instead

    @o"##is and Fennedy fo"nd that in &ice$ a re'ard #ath'ay in rain

    eco&es engaged in res#onse to aggressi!e e!ent and do#a&ine is in!ol!ed

    as #ositi!e reinforce in #ath'ay

    S"ggests indi!id"als intentionally see% o"t an aggressi!e enco"nter solelyeca"se they e/#erience a re'arding sensation o"t of it

    ;agner et al ani&al st"dy not generalisale

    -ost st"dies concerned 'ith testosterone and aggression in!ol!ed &ale

    #artici#ants$ does it also increase aggression in fe&alesG Hender ias

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    Ee"ral and or&onal (8+16) AO243

    ,esearch s"ggests testosterone and aggression is higher in fe&alethan &ale sales (Archer et al)

    I"rther st"dy sho'ed that 'o&en 'ith higher testosterone had higher

    occ"#ational stat"s$ as a res"lt of eing &ore asserti!eG

    9isenegger et al fo"nd testosterone co"ld &a%e 'o&en act Jnicer

    rather than &ore aggressi!ely$ de#ending on sit"ation

    S"##orts the idea that rather than directly increasing aggression$testosterone #ro&otes stat"s0see%ing eha!io"r of 'hich aggression

    is one ty#e

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1

    -onoKygotic (-) t'ins share all of their genes 'hilst diKygotic (.)

    share only D

    n t'in st"dies researchers coare the degree of si&ilarity for a

    #artic"lar trait (eg aggression) et'een - t'ins to the si&ilarity

    et'een sets of . t'ins

    f - &ore ali%e in ter&s of aggressi!e eha!io"r then this sho"ld e

    d"e to genes rather than en!iron&ent

    @occaro et al "sed t'in ad"lt #airs and fo"nd nearly D of the

    !ariance in direct aggressi!e eha!io"r co"ld e d"e to genetic

    factors

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1

    Ado#tion st"dies f a #ositi!e correlation is fo"nd et'een aggressi!e

    eha!io"r and ado#ted st"dies and aggressi!e eha!io"r elongs to

    iological #arents$ a genetic effect is ilied

    A st"dy of o!er 1*$ ado#tions in .en&ar% fo"nd that a significant

    n"&er of ado#ted oys 'ith cri&inal con!ictions had iological

    #arents (es#ecially fathers) 'ith cri&inal con!ictions This #ro!ides

    e!idence for a genetic effect Altho"gh no indi!id"al gene for aggression has een identified in

    h"&ans$ a gene res#onsile for #rod"cing a #rotein called -AOA has

    een associated 'ith aggressi!e eha!io"r

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO1

    -AOA reg"lates &etaolis& of serotonin in the rain and lo' le!els of

    serotonin are associated 'ith i"lsi!e and aggressi!e eha!io"r

    ."tch fa&ily fo"nd that &any of its &ale &e&ers eha!ed !iolently

    and aggressi!ely -any had een in!ol!ed in serio"s cri&es s"ch as

    ra#e and arson These &en 'ere fo"nd to ha!e anor&ally lo' le!els

    of -AOA

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243

    -ore than one gene "s"ally contri"tes to a gi!en eha!io"r

    As 'ell as genetic factors there are &any non0genetic factors ie

    en!iron&ental infl"ences on the &anifestation of aggressi!e

    eha!io"r

    These infl"ences &ay interact 'ith each other Henetic factors &ay

    affect en!iron&ental factors that ha!e an infl"ence and !ice !ersa

    -any of the re#orted st"dies of aggression relied on either #arental or

    self re#orts of aggression social desiraility ias

    ;e ignore free 'ill #lays in eha!io"r idea that gene for aggression

    changes ideas of legal and &oral res#onsiility

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243

    -iles and @arey &eta0analysis &ode of assess&ent 'as fo"nd to e asignificant &oderator of aggressi!e eha!io"r in the 2* st"dies that

    &ade "# their analysis

    They fo"nd that genetic factors e/#lained a large #ro#ortion of the

    !ariance in aggressi!e eha!io"r in st"dies that had #arental of self0

    re#orts

    Those that had &ade "se of oser!ational ratings sho'ed significantlyless genetic contri"tion and greater en!iron&ental infl"ence

    Ioc"ses on nat"re not n"rt"re deter&inistic

    The t'in st"dies ne!er fo"nd a 1 concordance rate s"ggesting

    other factors also infl"ence the t'ins not ?"st genes

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    Henetic Iactors (8+16) AO243

    deally$ t'in st"dies sho"ld e/a&ine #airs of - t'ins raised inse#arate en!iron&ents to eli&inate the infl"ence of en!iron&ental

    factors

    o'e!er$ diffic"lt to find large n"&er of - t'ins raised in different

    en!iron&ents

    -ost st"dies only consider &ales eing s"sce#tile in sho'ing

    aggressi!e eha!io"r

    "tton et al st"died 2D8 t'in #airs aged 11 to 18 and fo"nd that

    inheritance of antisocial aggressi!e eha!io"r 'as higher for fe&ales

    than &ales

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    9!ol"tionary 9/#lanation(8+16) AO1

    "ss s"ggests that &ales ha!e a n"&er of strategies that ha!e

    e!ol!ed s#ecifically for the #"r#ose of %ee#ing a &ate

    These incl"de$ restricting their #artners a"tono&y and negati!e

    ind"ce&ents in the for& of !iolence or threats of !iolence to #re!ent

    her fro& straying

    Se/"al ?ealo"sy is the #ri&ary ca"se of !iolence against 'o&en$ those

    'ho are #ercei!ed y their #artner to e threatening infidelity are&ore at ris% of !iolence than those 'ho are not

    Ior e/ale st"dies ha!e sho'n that &a?ority cases$ 'o&en cite

    e/tre&e ?ealo"sy on the #art of their h"sands as %ey ca"se of

    !iolence is directed to'ards the&

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    9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16) AO1

    Se/"al infidelity y a 'o&an &ay so&eti&es lead to #regnancy

    Iro& the #ers#ecti!e of her long ter& &ade$ if the child is orn$ he

    ris%s in!esting in the offs#ring of another &ale and conse7"ently

    lo'ering his o'n re#rod"cti!e s"ccess

    ;hen a 'o&an eco&es #regnant 'ith another &ans child$ the

    f"nction of !iolence directed to'ards her &ay e to ter&inate

    #regnancy

    Th"s$ eli&inating the #otential offs#ring of a ri!al and lea!ing her

    free to ear offs#ring for hi&

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    9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)

    AO243

    Shac%elford et al "sed s"r!ey &ethod to test e!ol"tionary #sychology

    #redictions concerning &ate retention strategies

    They "sed *61 &en and D6 'o&en in

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    9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)

    AO243

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    9!ol"tionary 9/#lanations (8+16)

    AO243

    "rch and Hall"# fo"nd fre7"ency of !iolent acts to'ards #regnant

    &ate 'ere do"led than those 'ho 'ere not #regnant$ 'ith se/"al

    ?ealo"sy characterising &en 'ho 'ere !iolent to'ards #regnant

    #artners

    ro'nridge et al fo"nd 'o&en a"sed 'hile #regnant 'ere &ore

    li%ely to e carrying child of anothers &an than her c"rrent &ates

    Eicarag"an st"dy fo"nd half of sale of #regnant 'o&en 'ere#hysically a"sed and s"ffered &ost lo's to sto&ach area

    9!ol"tionary cannot e/#lain 'hy #eo#le react in different 'ays 'hen

    sa&e #role&

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    Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO1

    SPORTS: ;ilson clai&s that /eno#hoia has een doc"&ented in

    !irt"ally e!ery gro"# of ani&als dis#laying higher for&s of social

    organisation Eat"ral selection$ it a##ears$ has fa!o"red those genes

    that ca"sed h"&an eings to e altr"istic to'ard &e&ers of their

    o'n gro"# "t intolerant of o"tsiders

    Podalin et al fo"nd e!idence of /eno#hoic tendencies in their

    analysis of the gro"# dis#lays of talian footall cro'ds n 1=8s$/eno#hoic #olitical organisations s"ch as the Eorthern leag"e led to

    gro'th of e/tre&e right 'ing &o!e&ents characterised y racist

    chants and o#enly anti se&antic anners

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    Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO1

    WARFARE: .is#lays of aggressi!eness y indi!id"al 'arriors 'o"ld also

    lead #eers to res#ect the& &ore and so strengthen the ond et'een

    other &ales in gro"#

    As coo#eration et'een &ales is iortant to indi!id"al stat"s in

    gro"#$ fleeing fro& attle 'o"ld &a%e indi!id"al a##ear as co'ard

    th"s losing res#ect of their #eers

    According to this #ers#ecti!e dis#lays of aggressi!eness and ra!ery inattle &eans indi!id"als are &ore li%ely to share enefits 'ith those

    associated 'ith stat"s 'hich 'o"ld increase re#rod"cti!e fitness

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    Hro"# .is#lay (8+16) AO243

    The idea that co&&itting acts of heroic ra!ery is a fe&ale &ate#reference can e seen in real life$

    as &any 'o&en choose to &ate 'ith ra!e &en Si&ilarly$ footall organisatio

    ns ha!e recognised the

    role that /eno#hoia #lays in footall cro'd !iolence and ha!e

    introd"ced caaigns to red"ce its iact ie BFic% ,acis& O"t of

    IootallC

    There is a clear gender ias in e!ol"tionary research into s#ortscro'd !iolence$ as all of the st"dies ha!e e/a&ined &ale s"?ects

    The e!ol"tionary a##roach ignores the infl"ence of free 'ill and

    c"lt"re on o"r eha!io"r 9!ol"tionary theories state that if a

    characteristic is ada#ti!e$ it 'ill e dis#layed y all h"&an eings$

    ho'e!er$ aggression is not "ni!ersal

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    Hro"# .is#lays (8+16) AO243

    9!ol"tionary ideas rely on analysing e!ents after they ha!e ha##enedto see 'hether or not they

    'ere ada#ti!e This co"ld lead to ias$ as researchers &ay ha!e alrea

    dy estalished 'hat they 'ere

    loo%ing for to test their ideas efore analysing e!ents

    .eter&inistic as it s"ggests that gro"# dis#lay of aggression are dri!en

    y o"t genes and ser!e sole #"r#ose of s"r!i!al and enhancingre#rod"cti!e s"ccess

    This e/#lanation is #ost0hoc$ ased on e!ents that ha!e already

    #assed and a##lying astract conce#ts retros#ecti!ely$ 'hich cannot

    e scientifically tested