Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

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Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

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What Are Group Functions?What Are Group Functions?Group functions operate on sets of rows to give Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group.one result per group.Group functions operate on sets of rows to give Group functions operate on sets of rows to give one result per group.one result per group.EMPEMP

““maximum maximum salary in salary in

the EMP table”the EMP table”

DEPTNO SAL--------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100 20 3000 20 3000 20 2975 30 1600 30 2850 30 1250 30 950 30 1500 30 1250

MAX(SAL)

---------

5000

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Types of Group FunctionsTypes of Group Functions

• AVG

• COUNT

• MAX

• MIN

• STDDEV

• SUM

• VARIANCE

• AVG

• COUNT

• MAX

• MIN

• STDDEV

• SUM

• VARIANCE

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Using Group FunctionsUsing Group Functions

SELECT [column,] group_function(column)FROM table[WHERE condition][GROUP BY column][ORDER BY column];

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Using AVG and SUM FunctionsUsing AVG and SUM Functions

AVG(SAL) MAX(SAL) MIN(SAL) SUM(SAL)-------- --------- --------- --------- 1400 1600 1250 5600

You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.You can use AVG and SUM for numeric data.

SQL> SELECT AVG(sal), MAX(sal), 2 MIN(sal), SUM(sal) 3 FROM emp 4 WHERE job LIKE 'SALES%';

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Using MIN and MAX FunctionsUsing MIN and MAX Functions

You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.You can use MIN and MAX for any datatype.

SQL> SELECT MIN(hiredate), MAX(hiredate) 2 FROM emp;

MIN(HIRED MAX(HIRED--------- ---------17-DEC-80 12-JAN-83

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Using the COUNT FunctionUsing the COUNT Function

COUNT(*)--------- 6

SQL> SELECT COUNT(*) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 30;

COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.table.COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table.table.

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Using the COUNT FunctionUsing the COUNT Function

COUNT(COUNT(exprexpr) returns the number of nonn) returns the number of nonnull rows.ull rows.COUNT(COUNT(exprexpr) returns the number of nonn) returns the number of nonnull rows.ull rows.

SQL> SELECT COUNT(comm) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE deptno = 30;

COUNT(COMM)----------- 4

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Creating Groups of Data Creating Groups of Data

EMPEMP

““averageaveragesalary salary in EMPin EMPtable table

for each for each department”department”

2916.66672916.6667

21752175

1566.66671566.6667

DEPTNO SAL--------- --------- 10 2450 10 5000 10 1300 20 800 20 1100 20 3000 20 3000 20 2975 30 1600 30 2850 30 1250 30 950 30 1500 30 1250

DEPTNO AVG(SAL)

------- ---------

10 2916.6667

20 2175

30 1566.6667

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Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause

Creating Groups of Data: GROUP BY Clause

SELECT column, group_function(column)FROM table[WHERE condition][GROUP BY group_by_expression][ORDER BY column];

Divide rows in a table into smaller groups Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause.by using the GROUP BY clause.Divide rows in a table into smaller groups Divide rows in a table into smaller groups by using the GROUP BY clause.by using the GROUP BY clause.

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Using the GROUP BY Clause Using the GROUP BY Clause

All columns in the SELECT list that are not All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.BY clause.

All columns in the SELECT list that are not All columns in the SELECT list that are not in group functions must be in the GROUP in group functions must be in the GROUP BY clause.BY clause.

SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno;

DEPTNO AVG(SAL)--------- --------- 10 2916.6667 20 2175 30 1566.6667

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Using the GROUP BY Clause Using the GROUP BY Clause

The GROUP BY column does not have to The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list.be in the SELECT list.The GROUP BY column does not have to The GROUP BY column does not have to be in the SELECT list.be in the SELECT list.

SQL> SELECT AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno;

AVG(SAL)--------- 2916.6667 21751566.6667

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Grouping by More Than One ColumnGrouping by More Than One Column

EMPEMP

““sum salaries in sum salaries in the EMP tablethe EMP tablefor each job, for each job, grouped by grouped by department”department”

DEPTNO JOB SAL

--------- --------- ---------

10 MANAGER 2450

10 PRESIDENT 5000

10 CLERK 1300

20 CLERK 800

20 CLERK 1100

20 ANALYST 3000

20 ANALYST 3000

20 MANAGER 2975

30 SALESMAN 1600

30 MANAGER 2850

30 SALESMAN 1250

30 CLERK 950

30 SALESMAN 1500

30 SALESMAN 1250

JOB SUM(SAL)

--------- ---------

CLERK 1300

MANAGER 2450

PRESIDENT 5000

ANALYST 6000

CLERK 1900

MANAGER 2975

CLERK 950

MANAGER 2850

SALESMAN 5600

DEPTNO

--------

10

10

10

20

20

20

30

30

30

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Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns

Using the GROUP BY Clause on Multiple Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, job, sum(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno, job;

DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL)--------- --------- --------- 10 CLERK 1300 10 MANAGER 2450 10 PRESIDENT 5000 20 ANALYST 6000 20 CLERK 1900...9 rows selected.

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Illegal Queries Using Group Functions


Any column or expression in the SELECT Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause.be in the GROUP BY clause.

Any column or expression in the SELECT Any column or expression in the SELECT list that is not an aggregate function must list that is not an aggregate function must be in the GROUP BY clause.be in the GROUP BY clause.

SQL> SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) 2 FROM emp;

SQL> SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) 2 FROM emp;

SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

SELECT deptno, COUNT(ename) *ERROR at line 1:ORA-00937: not a single-group group function

Column missing in the GROUP BY clause




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• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.

• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.

• You cannot use the WHERE clause to restrict groups.

• You use the HAVING clause to restrict groups.

SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 4 GROUP BY deptno;

SQL> SELECT deptno, AVG(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 4 GROUP BY deptno;

WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 *ERROR at line 3:ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here

WHERE AVG(sal) > 2000 *ERROR at line 3:ORA-00934: group function is not allowed here

Cannot use the WHERE clause


to

restrict groups

to restrict groups



to

restrict groups

to restrict groups

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Excluding Group ResultsExcluding Group Results

““maximummaximumsalarysalary

per departmentper departmentgreater thangreater than

$2900”$2900”

EMPEMP

50005000

30003000

28502850

DEPTNO SAL

--------- ---------

10 2450

10 5000

10 1300

20 800

20 1100

20 3000

20 3000

20 2975

30 1600

30 2850

30 1250

30 950

30 1500

30 1250

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)

--------- ---------

10 5000

20 3000

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Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause

Excluding Group Results: HAVING Clause

Use the HAVING clause to restrict groupsUse the HAVING clause to restrict groups

– Rows are grouped.

– The group function is applied.

– Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.

Use the HAVING clause to restrict groupsUse the HAVING clause to restrict groups

– Rows are grouped.

– The group function is applied.

– Groups matching the HAVING clause are displayed.

SELECT column, group_functionFROM table[WHERE condition][GROUP BY group_by_expression][HAVING group_condition][ORDER BY column];

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Using the HAVING ClauseUsing the HAVING Clause

SQL> SELECT deptno, max(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno 4 HAVING max(sal)>2900;

DEPTNO MAX(SAL)--------- --------- 10 5000 20 3000

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Using the HAVING ClauseUsing the HAVING Clause

SQL> SELECT job, SUM(sal) PAYROLL 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job NOT LIKE 'SALES%' 4 GROUP BY job 5 HAVING SUM(sal)>5000 6 ORDER BY SUM(sal);

JOB PAYROLL--------- ---------ANALYST 6000MANAGER 8275

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SubqueriesSubqueries

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Using a Subquery to Solve a ProblemUsing a Subquery to Solve a Problem

““Who has a salary greater than Jones’?”Who has a salary greater than Jones’?”““Who has a salary greater than Jones’?”Who has a salary greater than Jones’?”

“Which employees have a salary greater than Jones’ salary?”

Main Query

??

“What is Jones’ salary?”??

Subquery

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SubqueriesSubqueries

• The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query.

• The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query).

• The subquery (inner query) executes once before the main query.

• The result of the subquery is used by the main query (outer query).

SELECT select_listFROM tableWHERE expr operator

(SELECT select_list FROM table);

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2975

SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal > 4 (SELECT sal 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno=7566);

Using a SubqueryUsing a Subquery

ENAME----------KINGFORDSCOTT

ENAME----------KINGFORDSCOTT

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Types of SubqueriesTypes of Subqueries• Single-row subquery• Single-row subquery

Main query

Subquery returnsreturns

CLERKCLERK

• Multiple-row subquery• Multiple-row subquery

CLERKCLERKMANAGERMANAGER

Main query


• Multiple-column subquery• Multiple-column subquery

CLERK 7900CLERK 7900MANAGER 7698MANAGER 7698

Main query


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Single-Row SubqueriesSingle-Row Subqueries

• Return only one row

• Use single-row comparison operators

• Return only one row

• Use single-row comparison operators

Operator

=

>

>=

<

<=

<>

Meaning

Equal to

Greater than

Greater than or equal to

Less than

Less than or equal to

Not equal to

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Executing Single-Row SubqueriesExecuting Single-Row Subqueries

CLERK

1100

ENAME JOB---------- ---------MILLER CLERK

ENAME JOB---------- ---------MILLER CLERK

SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE empno = 7369) 7 AND sal > 8 (SELECT sal 9 FROM emp 10 WHERE empno = 7876);

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Using Group Functions in a Subquery

Using Group Functions in a Subquery

800

ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------SMITH CLERK 800

ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------SMITH CLERK 800

SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp);

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HAVING Clause with SubqueriesHAVING Clause with Subqueries

• The Oracle Server executes subqueries first.

• The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query.

• The Oracle Server executes subqueries first.

• The Oracle Server returns results into the HAVING clause of the main query.

800

SQL> SELECT deptno, MIN(sal) 2 FROM emp 3 GROUP BY deptno 4 HAVING MIN(sal) > 5 (SELECT MIN(sal) 6 FROM emp 7 WHERE deptno = 20);

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What Is Wrong with This Statement?

What Is Wrong with This Statement?

ERROR:ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more thanone row

no rows selected

ERROR:ORA-01427: single-row subquery returns more thanone row

no rows selected

SQL> SELECT empno, ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal = 4 (SELECT MIN(sal) 5 FROM emp 6 GROUP BY deptno);

Single-row operator with

Single-row operator with

multiple-row subquery

multiple-row subquery

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Will This Statement Work?Will This Statement Work?

no rows selectedno rows selected

Subquery returns no values

Subquery returns no values

SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job = 4 (SELECT job 5 FROM emp 6 WHERE ename='SMYTHE');

Aggregating Data Using Group Functions

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