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Transcript of Agenda-Spring Summer 2011
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Shaken, bunot stirred
Buildings desigfor Californianearthquakes
The technical journal for AECOMs g
Building Engineering ser
Spring/Summer 2011
Staying grekeeping waSustainablebuildingsfor cold climate
High andmightyA new tall buildfor Macau
Are green
buildingshealthy?
Building Engineering
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Foreword
As building engineers, our role is todesign solutions that work better,
perorm more efciently and deliver
more productively.
Some o our many ideas or new
ways o delivering sustainable
thinking around the world have ound
their way into this issue o Agenda.
Weve selected projects that reect
the breadth and range o creative
engineering innovation that AECOM is
known or, delivering sustainable
thought leadership in particular.
Even the smallest project can cast awide sphere o inuence. A great
example is the zero carbon homes
development in the U.K., a potential
blueprint or uture housing develop-
ments that is generating considerable
interest. At the other end o the
sustainable scale, our work delivering
two key commercial buildings in
Edmonton, Canada, demonstrates
that it is possible to build sustainably
while acing the extreme challenges o
a cold climate. Integrating orm and
unction gave rise to a visuallyexciting, highly sustainable ofce
development in Perth, Australia.
Seismic activity sets its own set o
design challenges. Our team rose to
the challenge when asked to design a
critical essential services acility able
to withstand powerul earthquakes inCaliornia, U.S. Vibration in building
movement, but rom a dierent
perspective, inuenced our thinking
or a new home or the highest
resolution microscope in Australia.
Similarly, FC Spartak Moscow Stadium
has sophisticated advanced analysis
to thank or its elegant yet robust
structures. In Macau, a new tall
building has made headlines, built
using our innovative ast-track
construction solution.
AECOM is committed to ignitingcreative excellence. Our experts
continue to think ahead, leading the
way on key issues worldwide. In this
issue, David Cheshire puts orward
some thinking about occupant
comort green buildings, while Andy
Parkman considers the opportunities
acing city leaders.
Agenda is a rich showcase or the
dynamic variety and breadth o
challenge that we ace in our day-to-
day work, driving our determination to
evolve the best possible solutions orour clients worldwide.
Ken Dalton
Chie Executive
Global Building EngineeringE: [email protected]
With the low carbon agenda driving thinking atgovernment levels globally, now more thanever AECOM continues to evolve new ways todrive a sustainable agenda.
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6
34
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4 Housing benets Innovativezerocarbonhomesbreak
newgroundintheU.K.
6 A sharp focus on the detail TheMonashCentreforElectron
Microscopy(MCEM),Victoria,Australia.
10 Are green buildings healthy? Aregreenbuildingsalsohealthybuildings?DavidCheshireinvestigatesfromtheU.K.
16 Meeting thesustainable vision
AnewlandmarkbuildingforPerth,WesternAustralia,looksgoodandexceedssustainabilityexpectations,explainsMarcelloGreco.
20 Shaken, but not stirred DavidKilpatrickandShaqAlam
reportfromCalifornia,U.S.ona
criticalbuildingdesignedtosurvivemajorseismicactivity.
26 Staying green, keeping warm JillPedersonandJohnMunroe
showcasetwosustainablecommercialbuildingsinCanadadesignedfor
extremecoldclimates.
34 Air chairs: seats of cool JimSaywellandAlastairMacGregor
keeptheircoolinthebusy,sunnyairpoinSanJose,U.S.
40 Dynamic design FCSpartakMoscowsnewMoscow,
Russiastadiumismakingheadlines.AndyCowardgoesintothedetail.
46 High and mighty DavidLee,HoiYeunLeeandChester
Chanreviewinnovativefast-trackconstructiontechniquesforthestrikin258-meter-tallGrandLisboaHotelandCasino,Macau.
52 Emerging city challenges AndyParkmanconsiderssustainable
optionsforcitiesthatareexperiencingeconomicgrowth.
54 References
55 On site: Zayed University
40 46
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Technical editorPeterAyres
EditorHelenElias
Graphic designMattTimmins
Building Engineering executiveKenDaltonHamidAdibMikeBiscotteSteveCampbellAbdulHaghGeoffHardySteveHodkinsonDavidLeeAndrewMcDougallAndrewSchoeld
Contact/subscribeAgendaisthetechnicaljournalforAECOMs
globalbuildingengineeringservices.TechnicalpaperssubmittedtoAgendaarebothreviewedbyaneditorialboardandpeer-groupveried.Agendaisreadbyourclientsandourexpertsaroundtheworld.
Sendusyourthoughtsandsubscribetofutureissues:[email protected].
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Housing
benetsSpecial tapes and
seals ensure required
air tightness levels.
The energy centre includes sola
thermal panels, an air source he
pump (ASHP), a ground source h
pump (GSHP), a biomass boiler a
a spare bay for future renewable
energy technology testing.
The biomass boiler, ground and
air source heat pumps all run
independently to demonstrate
that these renewable
technologies can each generateenough low carbon heat to meet
zero carbon requirements.
Roofs are covered with solar
photovoltaic tiles (63 kWp in total),
providing enough renewable
electricity to achieve net zero
carbon emissions in each home
irrespective of heat source. Excesselectricity is sold back to the
national transmission system.
Residents have moved into one of the U.K.s largest zerocarbon developments in Slough, Berkshire. GreenwattWay uses the latest construction methods and
technologies to deliver zero carbon housing to Level 6 ofthe U.K. Code for Sustainable Homes. ItisimportantfortheU.K.housingmarkettotrialdifferentlowcarbontechnologiesandfullyunderstandtheirperformanceinalowenergyhome.TherstU.K.developmentwherethisrangeofrenewabletechnologieshasbeendeployed,GreenwattWay,willalloweffectivemonitoringofeachsystem. Thedevelopment,tenhomeswithtwoorthreebedroomsandafewonebedroomats,aninformationhubandanenergycenter,willbemonitoredfortwoyearstoimproveunderstandingofenergyusageandrequirements.Eachhomehasaprivatepatioarounda
sharedgarden,withspacetogrowvegetables.
Zero carbon homesbreak new ground
ZERO CARBON MEASURES
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The ventilation
system features
high efciency
heat recovery.
A north-facing roof light
above the stairs allows
natural daylight
penetration into the
houses, also acting as a
chimney opening in
summer to draw out
warm air.
A grey water recycling
system recycles bath and
shower water to ush toilets
and recover waste heat. A
centralized rainwater
harvesting system collects
rainwater to ush toilets
and provide water for
irrigation and car washing.
Low carbon heating and hot
water is supplied via an
innovative low temperature, low
heat loss district heating
system serviced from the
energy center.
By testing a wide range ofsolutions, Greenwatt Way isenabling research into the reallife benets of living in zerocarbon homes:
the energy center will test vedifferent types of renewable energgeneration, including: an air andground-source heat pump, abiomass boiler, solar thermal paneand solar photovoltaic tiles
a low temperature district heatnetwork will reduce heat losses anmaximize heat source performanc
low energy appliances, cooking anlighting technologies
low water use ttings, rainwaterharvesting and greywater (includinheat) recovery
energy monitoring/smart meteringsystems.
REAL LIFE BENEFITSRESEARCH
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The Monash Centre forElectron Microscopy (MCEM),Victoria, Australia, is a purpose-built laboratory, one of a handfulof similar facilities around theworld. The center houses tenmicroscopes, including thehighest resolution electron
microscope in Australia.AECOM was briefed with thechallenge of eliminating almostall noise and vibration in theMCEM. Engaged by MonashProject Management, AECOMworked closely with lead archi-tectural consultant, ArchitectusMelbourne.
Matthew Stead, AECOMsglobal acoustic practice leader,led the team for this one-of-a-kind project. There are only ahandful of facilities worldwide
with this type of specication.Andrew Tull, a member of the
team who had previously workedon the award-winning AustralianSynchrotron, traveled to Germanyand Holland, to meet with thelead scientist from McMasterUniversity, Ontario, Canada, toinspect similar facilities.
Investigation into otherinternational facilities provided
the team with insight into howthe detailed specications couldbe achieved in the Australianenvironment, where the locationof the building within a workinguniversity campus provided afurther set of unique designchallenges.
Designing for the unknownThe assignment was a chal-
lenge as the microscopes to beinstalled within the facility werestill not known at the time ofbuilding design. This meant thata comparison of vibration criteriabetween different electronmicroscope manufacturers wasneeded to maintain maximumexibility in the buildings design.
A combination of conservativedesign, allowing for future capac-
ity, and exibility in the penetra-tions into the rooms for futureservices addressed the unknownspecications. The conservativeapproach resulted in a designthat addressed the most strin-gent specications of potentialequipment to be installed in thelaboratories.
The initial brief nominatedmechanical vibrations of
A world-class research facility located in the heartof Monash Universitys Clayton Campus, Victoria,Australia, called for innovative mechanical servicesnoise and vibration design solutions to ensure that
ten highly-sensitive electron microscopes achievemagnications to atomic scales.
A SHARP FOCUS
ON THE DETAIL
Interlocking glasspanels allow light toenter the internalspaces.
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A comparison of vibration criteriabetween electron microscopemanufacturers was needed tomaintain maximum exibility in the
buildings design.
The building form is a perfect square, sitting on top of a spherical mound.
THE CLAYTON CAMPUS
sources, including pumps, fans,generators, cooling towers,lifts and other miscellaneousair conditioning equipment, anda roadway to the west, alongwith numerous car parks. Thesefeatures meant that there werenumerous potential sources ofexcessive vibration that requiredsignicant treatment.
In fact, preliminary measure-
ments found vibration levels to beclose to the criteria levels, makingthe design critical to ensure theywere not amplied in any way.
Similarly, the site was sur-rounded by numerous noisesources including the additionof aircraft noise overhead andthe daily activity of the cam-pus, resulting in noise levelsabove 60 dBA. Additionally, the
mechanical services for the build-ing would be another source ofvibration and noise if not carefullydesigned.
The perfect cocoonThese stringent technical
requirements formed the basisof the buildings architectureand design its form a perfectsquare sitting independently atop
a spherical mound sculpted fromthe earth.
The mound, 50 meters indiameter, is the rst deviceused to isolate the buildingfrom surrounding disturbances,dening an exclusion zone forinterference. The square buildingsits above the mound, built on aseries of isolated oor slabs andfoundations, each individually
Electron microscopes
are extraordinary. These
extremely large and
expensive pieces of
equipment are difcult
to operate. Usingelectrons as a source of
imaging (having a lesser
wave length than light),
they can achieve a resolution thousands of
times greater than light microscopes, with
the resulting image able to be magnied mor
than a million times.
The Clayton Campus MCEM FEI Titan3
microscope (the most noise and vibration
sensitive version) has a resolution of 0.08 nm
smaller than the distance between atoms.
Achieving this kind of magnication is no
easy feat, with the performance of electronmicroscopes heavily dependent on their
environment. The more inert the space
housing the microscope, the better the
image. The three main sources of disturbanc
being vibration, noise and electromagnetic
interference.
The improved analysis of the atomic
structure of material enabled by world-
class facilities such as the MCEM enables
scientists to build on our understanding of
material properties, helping to advance the
design of materials for new technologies in
a predictive manner. Applications includecomputer chips, electronic devices,
nanotechnologies, alloy design and structur
materials used in space and aeronautical
engineering. More
generally, atom
structure inuences
chemical functionality
and reactivity,
important elements in
materials, chemical and
drug design.
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inspectedandtestedduringconstructiontoensurevibrationisolationwasachieved.Thisbuild-ingisuniquetoAustralia,featuringthreeskinstoisolatethesensitiveinteriorlaboratoriesfromthehustleandbustleofdailyactivityonthecampusoutside. Eachofthenineindividuallaboratoriesiscocoonedwithinmultiplelayersofstructureandmaterial.Plywoodisusedtobrace
thefullytimberstructure,whileanouterskinofinterlockingglasspanelsallowslighttoentertheinternalspaces. Eachlaboratoryisconstructedfrommasonrywithinthebuild-ingscore.Thespaceforthemostsensitiveinstrumentisspeciallydesignedwithelectromagneticeld(EMF)shieldingtoshunelectromagneticinterference. Thebuildingisdesignedtoallowtheequipmentithousestooperate
perfectly.Itisalsostrongonutility,withhighdoorsandwidecorridorsallowinglargeequipmenttobedeliveredtothebuildingsloadingbayandsubsequentlymovedintothedesignatedlaboratorywithrelativeease. Withtheneedtoisolateanyimpactofthemechanicalplantonthelaboratories,thesystemwasdesignedtoachievelowair-owvelocity,withlargeductcross-sectionsandnoisecontroloftheplantwarrantinglongductruns.
TheHeating,VentilatingandAirConditioning(HVAC)systemselectedtominimizeairmovementwithinthelaboratorieshasmultiplefunctionsequipmentcooling,roomheatingandcooling,andemergencyventilationintheeventofanSF6gasleak.(HazardousSF6gasisusedintheoperationoftheelectronmicroscopes.) Equipmentcoolingandroomheatingandcoolingisachieved
throughchilledceilingpanelssup-pliedbyadedicatedchilledwaterceilingpanelloop(at17C)viathebuildingsair-cooledchillerplant,minimizingairmovementinandaroundthemicroscopes. Outsideair(100percentfresh)isalsodeliveredat19Cviaconstant-volumeair-handlingunitslocatedremotelyintheadjacentplantroom,andsuppliedatlowvelocitythroughspeciallydesigneddiffusersnearoorlevel.Aprocess
coolingwatersystemremovesheatfromtheassociatedmicroscopeequipment. Mostoftheplantwaslocatedinanotherbuildingtoreducevibrationtransmittedtothelaboratories.Flexibleconnectionswerealsousedtopreventtransmissionacrosstheisolatedslabsandisolatedwalls. Acousticallylinedductworkformedwithsteelofincreasedthicknessandacousticattenu-atorscontrolnoisebreak-inand
Stringent technical requirementsformed the basis of the buildingsarchitecture and design.
The buildingis designedto allow theequipmentit housesto operateperfectly.
break-outfromductworkenteringthelaboratories. Thebuildingsmechanicalservicesweredesignedtoisolatevibrationandnoiseusingthesource,pathandreceiverapproach.Rotatingplantwascarefullyselectedtominimizenoiseandvibrationlevelsthroughcomparisonofdifferentselectionsandefciencyofoperation.Theoperatingspeedwasreviewedto
ensureitdidnotcoincidewiththenaturalfrequenciesofthecriti-calbuildingstructure.Vibrationsourceswerecarefullyisolatedwithselectedspringandneopreneisolators.
The new buildinghas won manyarchitectural designawards.
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Treatmentofthepathwasachievedbyphysicallyseparating,asmuchaspossible,theplantfromthesensitiveelectronmicroscopes,withservicesductedintothelabo-ratoriesinseparateconduitsviaanundergroundculvert.Thefurtherawaytheplant,thelowerthenoiseandvibrationlevels.Theseparationwascriticalbecauseotherwiseexcessivenoise,vibrationandelectromagneticinterference(EMI)
isolationwouldbeneeded. Thepathofnoiseattenuation,designedtolimitairanduidowvelocities,deploysinternalacousticlining.Thevibrationpathattenuationwasfurtherimprovedbyincludingnumerousstructuralbreaksinboththeductworkandbuildingstructure,includingthefoundations,thetimberframesandsupports. Finally,receiverattenuationwasachievedthroughinstallationofsoundabsorptiononwallswithin
themostsensitivelaboratories,andthroughthemassive900mil-limeterthickconcretefoundationsunderthesensitivelaboratoriestominimizevibration. Withnon-standarddesignandmaterials,timeandeffortwastakentoensurecontractorswereawareofthespecialneedsand
requirementsoftheinstallation,anapproachnotnormallyemployedonstandardbuildings.Particularfocuswasplacedonexiblecon-nectionsingaspipeworkandEMIisolatorsinductworkatdesignatedspacings.Arigorousinspectionprocessalsohelpedwiththequal-ityassuranceprocess.TheMCEMsinherenthigh-levelthermalinsulation,combinedwiththeuseofminimaloutsideair,helpsthe
facilitysthermalperformance.Itsanindicationthatoperation-criticaldesign,andsustainablesolutions,arenotnecessarilymutuallyexclusive.
Delivering on performance Sinceitwascommissioned,theMonashCentreforElectronMicroscopyhasperformeduptodesignexpectations.AccordingtoDrPeterMiller,manageroftheMCEM,thefacilitys$9millionplusTitan3double-aberrationcorrected
transmissionelectronmicroscopehasperformedexceptionallywellsinceinstallation,whiletwoofveoldermicroscopeshaveseenadramaticimprovementintheirperformancesincebeingmovedtothefacilityfromelsewhereonthecampusonebyafactoroffourandanotherbyafactoroften.
Operation-criticaldesign, andsustainablesolutions,are notnecessarilymutuallyexclusive.
Asoneofthemoststableelectronmicroscopyfacilitiesofitskindtobebuiltanywhereintheworld,theMCEMisattractinginternationalattention,notonlyfortheresearchbeingconductedusingoneoftheworldsbestelectronmicroscopes,butalsoforthedesignofthefacility. Alongwithwinningthe2009AustralianInstituteofArchitectsVictoriaChapterAwardforPublic
Architecture,andthe2009VictorianEngineeringExcellenceAwardforinfrastructureprojectsupto$20million,thefacilityhasalsobeenrecognizedbytheAustralianAcousticalSociety. Fromavibrationandnoiseperspective,thebuildingisoperatingwellwithinthespeci-edparameters,withmonitoredambientvibrationlevelslessthan0.3micrometers/second(m/s);withthecriteriagenerallybeing
greaterthan0.5m/s. Residualvibrationcomesfromvehiclemovementsand,onwindydays,fromthetreesontheMonascampus.Indeed,afewtreeswereremovedduringlandscapingduettheirproximitytothefacility. Withonlythreedoubleaber-rationcorrectedTitan3electronmicroscopesintheworld,theMonashCentreforElectronMicroscopyisnowanimportantcontributortoboththeAustralianandinternationalscientic
community.
Thisfeature,basedonanarticlepublishedintheJuly2010issueofEcolibrium,isreprintedwithpermissionfromAIRAH.www.airah.org.au
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David Cheshire wonders just what it takesto make a building healthier. In a healthybuilding, occupants are not distracted byenvironmental discomfort or preventedfrom working by chronic, building-relatedillness. A healthier building can potentiallyincrease productivity, reduce absenteeism,
promote higher job satisfaction and improveengagement with the organization. What doorganizations have to lose?
Are greenbuildingshealthy?
Organizations increasingly
seek greener buildings.Green buildings are all welland good, but are sustainablebuildings also healthy for thepeople who work in them? Howcan an employer ensure thata building provides a healthyinternal environment? Can theinterior affect occupants? Is itenough to follow good practiceand carry on designing buildingsin the way that we always do?
Wanting to know the answers
to these probing questions,the U.K.s Royal Institute ofChartered Surveyors (RICS)called in AECOMs sustainabilityexperts to investigate.
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Green,orsustainable,buildingdenitionsoftenlayclaimtobeinghealthy.Forexample,agreenbuildingshouldmeetthefollowingobjectives8:
efcientlyusingenergy,water,andotherresources
protectingoccupanthealth,improvingemployeeproductivity
reducingwaste,pollution,environmentaldegradation.
Theseimportantobjectivesaretoobroadandneedtobebrokendownintowaysthatcanbeclearlydenedandmeasured.Thiswasthestartingpositionformanybuildingenvironmentalassessmentmeth-ods.EnvironmentalassessmenttoolssuchasBREEAM,LEEDand
GreenStarallmeasurewhetherabuildingisconsideredtobegreen. EachoftheseschemesincludesasectioncoveringoccupanthealthandInternalEnvironmentalQuality(IEQ),withthemeasurescoveringsimilarissues,demonstratingastrongoverlapbetweenhealthinbuildingsandenvironmentalassessmentmethods. However,itisstillhardtonddirectevidencethatgreen
buildingsareactuallyhealthierforoccupants. Thebestwaytoassessthehealthinessofgreencomparedtoconventionalbuildingsispostoccupancyevaluations(POEs)todirectlysurveytheimpactofgreenbuildingstrategies.
WereviewedaselectionofpubliclyavailablePOEsofgreenbuildings,ndingthatoccupantstendtohaveahighersatisfactionandlowerabsenteeismingreencomparedtoconventionalbuild-ings.However,thestudiesalsoshowedthatgreenbuildingshadalargerrangeofperformancethanconventionalbuildings,indicatingthatsomegreenbuildingswereunderperformingandinsomecaseswereworsethanconventional
buildings.Lightingandacousticsperformanceingreenbuildingswasworsethaninconventionalbuildings9. Withoutsufcientevidencebasedonpostoccupancyevaluationsthatgreenbuildingsareindeedhealthy,weidentiedarangeofindividualmeasuresfromlaboratoryandeldworkstudiesresearchingthehealthimpactsoftheinternalphysicalenvironment.
Healthy buildings:A quick guide
The World Health Organization(WHO) denes good healthas a state of complete
physical, mental and socialwell being, not merely theabsence of disease andinrmity. 1
Intermsofhealthinbuildings,Bluyssenetal2saythattheidealsituation(foroccupanthealth)isanindoorenvironmentthatsatisesalloccupantsanddoesnotunnecessarilyincreasetheriskorseverityofillness. Thetwokeycategoriesofillhealthhavebeenidentiedas3:
stressinduceddiseases/disorders,
relatingtosensorydiscomfort(smell,heat),andphysicalandmentaleffects(tiredness,depression,anxiety)
diseases/disordersinducedbyexternalnoxiouseffects,suchasirritation,infectionandtoxicchroniceffects.
Althoughsalary,benetsandeffectivemanagementhavethegreatesteffectson
jobsatisfactionandemployeeengagement,theeffectoftheinternalenvironmentisalsosignicant.Gallupsurveyshaveindicatedthatemployeesarethreetimesaslikelytobengagedwiththeircompaniesiftheyworkincomfortableenvironments4. Peopleareabletopsychologicallyadapt
toawidevarietyofenvironmentalconditionsForexample,aseriesofsurveys(PoE)studyingoccupantreactionstodiscomfortfoundthatpeoplecopedthroughamixofenvironmentalalterations(closingcurtains),changesinbehavior(adjustingclothing);andpsychologicalcoping(ignoringtheproblem).Whileoccupantsfrequentlyalteredtheenvironmenttomakeitmorecomfortable,(bintroducingfansanddesklampsorcoveringuppoorlyplacedlightingsensors),themainresponsetomanyproblemsremainedpsychologicalcoping. Thissolutionisnotideal.Arecentreviewofthehealthimpactsofbuildingsstated:Humansaresurprisinglyadaptiveto
differentphysicalenvironments,buttheworkplaceshouldnottestthelimitsofhumaadaptability5. Reducingstresslevelsassociatedwithinternalenvironmentscanpotentiallyincreaseproductivity,reduceabsenteeismandimproveorganizationalperformance. Indeed,workplaceswithfewerstressorsandimprovedenvironmentalsatisfactionaresignicantlylinkedtohigherjobsatisfactionWorkerproductivityhasbeenlinkedtophysicalandbehavioralfactorssuchasventilation,heating,lighting,ofcelayouts,interactionanddistraction7.
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Healthy green measures Lookingathealthybuildings,weestablishedthesekeytopics: visualenvironment daylight articiallight indoorairquality ventilation sourcecontrol thermalenvironment acousticenvironment.
Daylighting
Daylight,stronglylinkedtohumanhealth,helpsregulateourdailybodilyrhythms.Ofceworkershaveastrongpreferenceforgooddaylight.Indeed,gooddaylightandaviewoutaretraditionallyassociatedwithseniorityinorganizations.However,potentialheatloadandglaremeansfewofcesusedaylightastheprimarysourceoflighting10.Daylightandlightingareareaswheregreenbuildings
havebeenfoundtobelackinginrecentlypublishedPostOccupancyEvaluations,comparedtoconventionalbuildings11. Studiesinschoolsandofcesshowedsignicantlyhigherperformanceintests(between10and20percent)inroomswithhighpredicteddaylightfactors,whileaviewoutwasassociatedwitha1016percentincreaseinperformanceinofces12.Workerswithaviewoutwere86percent
morelikelytobeengaged13,while14researchalsofoundthatworkersinwindowedofcesworkedfor15percentmoretimethancolleagueswithoutwindows. Glarecontrolisrecommended,despiteitsrelativelyhighcost,asagoodwayofprovidingoccupantcontroltospaces,aswellasreducingsolargains,especiallyimportantinhotclimateswithhighsolargains.Areductioninglarewasassociatedwitha37percent
increaseinreadingspeedanderrorreduction17.Itwasalsofoundthatoccupantsclosetowindowsweremoresatisedonnorthandsouthelevations,duetolowerglareandluminancethanontheeastandwestfaade16. Thekeyoutcomesaretomeetbestpracticestandardsfordaylightfactorsbyimprovingthepenetrationofdaylightintorooms,maximizetheoccupantviewout,andprovideglarecontrolfor
occupants. TherelativegreenandhealthyperformancefordaylightingmeasuresaresummarizedinFigure01.Thispresentstheapproximateimpactofeachofthemeasuresonhealthandsustainability,estimatedbasedontheevidencefoundintheliterature,anddiscussionswithstakeholdersandgreenbuildingexperts.
02 Lowheightpartitions.Theseallowgreaterpenetrationoflightingthroughthebuildingacrossanopenplanarea,aswellaspotentiallyallowingagreaterproportionofoccupantstohaveaviewoutorintoanatrium.Studiesinschoolsandofcesshowedsignicantlyhigherperformance(between10and20percent)inroomswithhighpredicteddaylightfactors.Furthermore,studiesshowedthataviewoutwasassociatedwitha1025percentincreaseinperformance 17.Researchshowsthatinavarietyofsituationsandfordifferentlightingmeasures,workersinlowcubiclesaresignicantlymoresatisedwithlightingconditionsthanthoseinhighcubicles 18.
Low height partitions
Humans are surprisingly adaptive to differentphysical environments, but the workplace shouldnot test the limits of human adaptability.
01 Daylightandviewout.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.Anexampleofapracticalmeasureistheuseoflowheightpartitionsinopenplanspace.
Healthy
Not green
Green
Daylight and view out
Glade control
Glass partitions
Low desk partitions
High reectance nishes
Shallow plan/atrium
Perimeter workspaces
High impactLow impactHigh impact
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Indoor air quality Numerousstudieshavereportedhealthandproductivityincreaseslinkedtoindoorairquality(IAQ).
Onestudy
19
foundperformanceofofceworkincreasedby5percentwhenairqualitywasimprovedtoahighlevelfromtheaverageleveloftenfoundinpractice.AsurveydescribedintheU.S.EPAs1989reporttotheU.S.Congress 20theaverageself-reportedproductivitylossduetopoorindoorairqualitywas3percent.Areport 21onseveralstudiesconductedinlocalgovernmentdepartmentsintheU.S.,U.K.andDenmarkshowedlargenumbersofhealth
complaintsrelatedtoairqualityandventilation(2043percentheadaches,2857percentlethargy,1237percenteyeirritation)whichcouldpossiblyresultinlossofproductivity.
Thereportconcludedthatbothventilation/airmovementandhumiditycanhaveaprofoundeffectonproductivityinthe
workplace;howevertheycannotbesingledoutbythemselves. SourcecontrolofpollutantsaimstoimproveIndoorAirQuality(IAQ)byremovingsourcesofpollutionfromwithinbuildings.Pollutantsmayarisefromfurnishings,equipment,constructionmaterials,oreventheventilationsystemcomponentsthemselves.ManyofthesesourceswereidentiedduringstudiesofSickBuildingSyndrome(SBS).Thissyndromewasintroducedto
describeavarietyofsymptomscausingdiscomfortandalackofwellbeing,whichappearedlinkedtoparticularbuildings,oftenairconditionedofcespaces.Studieshaveshownlinksbetween
Indoor air quality: Source control o f pollutants
Low VOCs
Flush out/bake out
Post occupancy IAQ
Dedicated tenant risers
Permanent entryway
Smoking banHealthy
Not green
Green
Avoid legionella
Indoor plants
High impactLow impactHigh impact
03Indoorairquality:sourcecontrolofpollutants.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.
Numerous studies have reported health andproductivity increases linked to indoor air quality.
Pollutants may arise fromfurnishings, equipment,construction materials, oreven the ventilation systemcomponents themselves.
SBSsymptomsandspecicbuildingparameterssuchasCOlevels22showingapotentiallinkbetweenbuildingsystemsand
productivity. Instudieswheresubjectsperformedtasksrepresentativeofofcework(typing,addition,andproofreading)testperformanceimprovedby4percentafterremovinganunseensectionofoldcarpetfromthetestspace23.Similarstudies24withofceequipmentfoundthattexttypingerrorsdiminishedby16percentandtypingspeedimprovedslightlyoremovingoldmonitorsfroman
ofcespace. VolatileOrganicCompounds(VOCs)havebeenconsideredaspossiblecontributoryfactorofSBS,asareknownirritants.FormaldehydeisthemainconstituentofmostVOCs.Itarisesfromarangeofindoorsourcessuchasureaformaldehydefoam(UFF)cavitywallinsulation,particle
Working inhot and coldenvironmentscan hinderperformanceand comfort.
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andberboard,andcleaningagents.AccordingtotheWHO(2000),formaldehydelevelsareofconcerninover10percentoftheindoorenvironmentsinwhichtheyhavebeenmeasured.Productslabelledgreen(timber,ooring,paints)showedsignicantlylessVOCemissionsthantheirtraditionalcounterparts 25.Laboratoryandeldstudies 26foundthatplantsreliablyreduced
thelevelofVOCsby75percent,tobelow100ppb.AstudyofbuildingBake-Out(heatingupthebuildingtoreleasegasesbeforeoccupation)showedthatthisreducedtheinitiallevelofVOCfollowingthetoutofanapartment,andoverthefollowingsixmonths27.ThekeyoutcomesaretoreducethelevelofVOCsandotherpollutantsintheindoorenvironment,byeitherreducingthelevelsintroducedinfurnishings
andttings,orbyimplementingstrategiestoremoveindoorpollutants. Anexamplemeasureistheush-out/bake-outofabuildingbeforeoccupation.Thelevel
ofVOCsinabuildingishighestduringandimmediatelyafterconstruction,duetooff-gassingfromnewfurnishingsandnishes.ThelevelofVOCscanbereducedbyushingthebuildingoutwithahighlevelofventilationbeforeoccupationforaminimumofsevendays.Theoff-gassingcanbeenhancedbyraisingtheinternaltemperature(bakeout),whichencourageshigherratesof
off-gassing. ThismeasureseekstoreducethelevelofVOCsintheinternalenvironmentlinkedtohealthissuesandSBS.However,thismeasuredoesincreaseenergyusepriortooccupationduetohighventilationratesandraisedtemperatures.
Thermal comfort Creatingcomfortablethermalenvironmentsisoneofthekey
dutiesofbuildings,allowingustoliveandworkcomfortablyinarangeofdifferentexternalclimaticconditions.Workinginhotandcoldenvironmentscanhinderperformanceandcomfort.
04Thermalcomfort.Bluebarsontheleftshowtheimpactonhealth(longer=higherimpact).Greenbarsontherightshowtheimpactonsustainability.Whereameasurehasanegativeimpactonsustainability,thebariscoloredred.
Creating comfortable thermal environmentsis one of the key duties of buildings, allowingus to live and work comfortably in a range ofdifferent external climatic conditions.
Incoldenvironments,humanperformanceisreducedlargelyduetophysiologicalreasons,althoughdecreasedmotivationandpainatthermalextremescanalsoplayapart.Humanscancopewithmildheatthroughsweating,thoughthiscanalsobeaccompaniedbyareductioninperformancethroughincreasedirritabilityanddrowsiness28. Studiesoninternalthermal
environmenthavecontinuedsincetheBritishIndustrialFatigueResearchBoardstartedresearchinthe1930sonfactoryworkers.Thesestudiesshowthatarticiallyadjustingtheclimatehadbenetsonworkproductivity,psycho-motorandcognitiveactivities29.(Inthe1970s,anenergybalanceequationforthermalcomfortwasproduced30,basedonlaboratoryexperiments,withrepeatableresultsthatarethebasisof
manyoftodaysthermalcomfortstandards).However,morerecenteldstudiesindicatethatworkerscanadapttoarangeofconditionsoutsidethepredictions.Someresearchers31havesuggestedthetheoryofadaptivecomfort,whichstatesIfachangeoccurssuchastoproducediscomfort,peoplereactinwayswhichtendtorestoretheircomfort32.Thisindicatesthatallowingoccupantstocontrolsystemsmayallowthermalsystemsagreaterrange
ofcomfortabletemperatures.Arelaxeddresscodealsoallowsoccupantstoadapttodiscomfortbyadjustingtheirlevelofclothing.Thiscouldincludewearinglighterclothesinsummer,orremoving
jacketsandties,thoughincertainorganizationstheprevailingculturemaynotallowthis. Areviewof24ofce-basedstudies33statedperformance
Thermal modeling
Thermal zoning
Dress code
Steam humidication
Low impactHigh impact High impact
Thermal environment
Healthy
Not green
Green
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05Acousticpartitionsbetweenworkspacesinopenplanofcescanreducethetransmissionofsoundsbetweenworkspaces.Noise,especiallyconversationandringingtelephones,isoneofthemostdisturbingfactorsinopenplanofces.Thiscanbemeasuredusingthesoundintelligibilityindex(SII).Thekeywaysofimprovingtheacousticperformanceofworkspacepartitionsareincreasingpanelabsorptionandincreasingpanelheight.
06Dedicatedtenantrisers/separateprinter/copierrooms.Photocopiersandotherofceequipmentcancauselocalhighconcentrationofinternalpollutants,
suchasVOCs,particulatesandozone.Dedicatedtenantriserswillremovethesepollutantsfromthesource,whileseparateroomswillkeepthemapartfromthepeopleworkinginthebuilding.
increaseswithtemperatureupto2122C,anddecreaseswithtemperatureabove2324C.Thehighestproductivityisatatem-peratureofaround22C.Thestudyalsonotedthathightemperatureswereoftenassociatedwithlowven-tilationratesandpoorairquality,
whichcouldalsoaffectproductiv-ity.Individual/desktoptemperaturecontrolshavealsobeenstudied,withone34reviewof20studiesshowingameanincreaseinpro-ductivityof5.5percent.Therewasalargevariationinresultshowever,from0.2percent35to24percent36. Humidityalsoaffectscomfort.Arangeof4060percentrelativehumidity(RH)isgenerallyconsid-eredacceptable.Thecombinationofhightemperaturesandhigh
humiditycauseafeelingofoppres-sionorsultriness,whichoccursataround70percentRH21C,or60percentRHat23C.Thisalsoaffectsperceivedindoorairquality(IAQ):loweringthetemperatureandhumidityimprovesperceivedIAQ,evenwhentheventilationratereduces37.Whenthehumiditydropstolessthan40percentRH,dryskin,lipsandthroatscanbeanissue,andbelow20percentitcanhavenegativeeffectsontheeye
blinkingrate(contactlensusersareparticularlyaffected).Lowerhumiditypromotesdustgenera-tion,increasetheperceptionofsmellsandirritationfromcigarettesmoke38.
Thekeyoutcomesforthethermalenvironmentaretoprovideanenvironmentthatmeetscomfortstandardsintermsoftemperatureandhumidity,whileallowingoccupantssomemeansoflocalcontrol.Thismayincludeopeningwindowsinnaturally-
ventilatedbuildings,orhavinglocalthermostatsandfansinairconditionedofces.
Conclusions Ourresearchidentiespracticameasuresthatcanbeimplementeinofcestoimprovethehealthandwellbeingofoccupants,rangingfrommeasurestoimproveairqualityandtheacousticenvironment,throughtoimprovingthedaylightandviewout.The
researchshowslinksexistbetweegreenandhealthybuildings,butsomemeasureswithpositivehealthbenetsareactuallydetrimentaltotheenvironmentalimpactofthebuilding. Mostimportantly,thereisaglobalbodyofevidencethatshowslinksbetweenthesehealthybuildingmeasuresandimprovementsinproductivity,physicalandmentalhealth,andemployeeengagement.
David CheshireisasustainabilityconsultantbasedinAECOMsLondonOfce.E:[email protected]
Our research identiespractical measures that canbe implemented in ofcesto improve the health andwellbeing of occupants.
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Meeting the
sustainable visionLandmark buildings can both look goodand successfully exceed sustainabilityexpectations. Its a matter of integratingbuilding form and function with world-class low-energy knowledge and a rigorous
design approach, reports Marcello Greco.
The vision for the four-story7,200-square-meter building at 2Victoria Avenue, Perth, was to achievea sustainable design that exceeded theprevious standard design practice for
Western Australia. ThespeculativecommercialofcedevelopmentwascommissionedbyStockland,Australiaslargestdiversiedpropertygroup,aleadingdevelopmentcompanythatownsandoperatesmajorlandmarkofcesandretailcomplexes.LikeAECOM,Stocklandhasanenlightenedreputationforrespectingtheenvironment,identifyingandrespondingtotherisksandopportunitiesassociatedwithclimatechange. Stocklandsetadualvisionforthebuilding,believingenvironmentalandeconomictargetstobeasimportantascreatingavisuallystimulatingnew
landmarkbuildingforPerth.TheTerraceRoadlocationoverlooksPerthsSwanRiverforeshoreanopenrecreationalparklandabuttingtheriver,andadjacenttothepicturesqueSupremeCourtGardensandfamousBellTower.Giventhesceniclocation,thenewbuildinghadtointegratesympatheticallywiththeimmediateenvironment,aswellasdeliverastatementofthedevelopmentcompanysstrongprinciplesofsustainabilityandquality.
Exceeding the vision TwoVictoriaAvenuewasdesignedbyWoodheadArchitects,withAECOMcommissionedtodevelopthebuildingservicessolutionsandprovideadviceon
acoustics,sustainability(ESD)andGreenStaraccreditationwiththeGreenBuildingCouncilofAustralia(GBCA). Ourdesignsolutionsaddressedthebrieftoevolveavisuallyinterestingfour-storysustainablebuildingthathasquicklybecomeacceptedasanewlandmarkforPerth.AsustainableagendainformedtheAECOMteamsthinkingforeachdesignchallenge.Theexibledesignsolutionallowsformaximumcommercialviabilitythroughthepotentialforsplit-tenancyoccupationofthelargeroorplates.Alltenancyareasarecooledbyactivechilledbeamswithoor-by-oorplant.Fully
automatedoperablelouversminimizesolarradiationload,whileindividuallyaddressablelightingdesignallowsgreaterexibilityoftheofcespacesandprovidesoutstandingenergyusagecontrol.
TherstthreehelicalwindturbinesinWesternAustralia,locatedontherooftop,providegreenenergytoaportionofthebuilding,withtheon-sitegeneratedpowerreducingdemandfromthegridandthebuildingscarbonfootprint. Theprojectbeatallexpectations,achievinga6StarratingontheGBCAGreenStaraccreditationscheme,basedontheOfceDesignv2ratingtool.A6Starratingisthehighestpossible,representativeofworldleadingsustainabilitypractice.Thedevelopmentalsoachieveddesired5starNABERSenergyefciencyratingandaPropertyCouncilofAustralia(PCA)GradeA.
GREAT EXPECTATIONS
2 Victor ia Avenue Benchmark
WATER USE kL/m2
0
0.75
0.50
0.25
1.0
1.25
1.50
Saving
4414kL
0.69 1.01
Equivalent of~$4400 or ~4.4 Olympic-
sized swimming pools
Equivalent of~54 households or
~6,400 m2 of 5 star ABGR ofce space
CO2
EMISSIONS kg of CO2
/m2
1500
7550
25
100
125
51
.7 114
Saving
-447.3tonnes of
CO2
150
ENERGY USE kW.hrs/m2
0
7550
25
100
125
Saving
-520.5MW hrs
51
.5* 124
Equivalent of$78,000 per annum
*(including 36 MW.hrs from wind turbineswhich represents 10 percent of thebuildings energy use)
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Two Victoria Avenue, a prestigenew speculative commercialofce development in Perth,Western Australia, is the rstproject to be awarded a 6-Starrating (Ofce Design v2) under theGreen Star environment ratingscheme established by the Green
Building Council of Australia(GBCA).
Setting the standardfrom start to nish Thedeveloperseconomictargetswereofequalimportancetothelesstangibleaestheticobjec-tivesofcreatingalocallandmarkbuildingforPerth.Thesetargetsaffectedthedecisionmakingprocessfortheproject,inuenc-ingeverydesigndiscipline.Allof
themanyinnovationinitiativesdevelopedtodeliveragainstthechallengingbriefweresubjectedtowholelifecostingandcostbenetanalysesusingcuttingedgetech-nology.Indeed,insomeinstancesanalysisavailabilitytrailedbehindourdesignagenda.
Thisrigorousprocesstooktheprojectbeyondinitialestimates,providinganexemplarybuildingwheretheimpactofsuccessfulsustainabledesigninitiativesisvalidatedbysolidengineeringandeconomicviability. Theinitialcapitalrequiredtodeliverthebuildingwasapproxi-mately15percenthigherthantheequivalentcostofastandardofcebuilding.However,energyandwaterefciencyimprovements
Thefaadelightingprovidesabalancingarchitecturalelementto2VictoriaAvenue,Perth,WesternAustralia.
Green Star isacomprehensiveenvironmentalratingsystemestablishedbyGreenBuildingCouncilAustralia(GBCA)toevalu-atetheenvironmentaldesignandconstructionofbuildings.SimilartoBREEAMorLEED,GreenStarwasdevelopedforthepropertyindustryinorderto:
- establishacommonlanguage- setastandardofmeasurement
forgreenbuildings- promoteintegrated,whole-
buildingdesign- recognizeenvironmental
leadership- identifybuildinglife-cycle
impacts- raiseawarenessofgreen
buildingbenets.
NABERSisaperformancebasedratingsystem(formallytheAustralianBuildingGreenhouseRating)forexistingbuildings,developedbyGBCA.NABERSmeasurestheenvironmentalperformanceofabuildingduringitsoperation.
PCA Grades.ThePropertyCouncilofAustralia(PCA)gradesbuildingsfromA(Highest)toD(Lowest)accordingtocriteriasetoutinthePCAGuidetoOfceBuildingQuality.
reducedandthusoffsetopera-tionalcostbyapproximatelyA$80,000perannum. Allofthesustainabilityinitiativeimplementedweremonitoredandtrackedthroughouttheconstruc-tionphasetoensurethatallthestringentGreenStarratingcriteria
werefollowed.ThisincludedtheuseofAmericanSocietyofHeatingRefrigeratingandAir-ConditioningEngineers(ASHRAE)andU.K.sCharteredInstitutionofBuildingServicesEngineers(CIBSE)guidelinesforpre-commissioningcommissioningandqualitymoni-toringforthebuildingservices,controlandmanagementsystemsduetotheabsenceofequivalentAustralianStandardsfortheseprocesses.
Sustainabledesigninitiativesare validatedby solidengineering
andeconomicviability.
AUSTRALIAN BUILDING
RATING SCHEMES
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1 Daylight harvesting via lightsensors, and the dimming ofarticial lighting
Presenceandlightdetectors,
combinedwithstrategiczoningofthebuildingenabledenergysavingstobemaximized.
2 Victoria Avenue CO2
emissions breakdown
Heating 1%
Cooling25%
Generalventilation 4%
Domestic waterheating 4%
House lighting18%
Lifts 15%
Generatortesting 4%
Supplementalcooling loop 8%
Pumps6%
Fans15%
2 Vertical axis wind turbines
Thewinddirectionisfairlypredict-ableinPerthwithsouth-westerlywindsintheafternoonswhichworkswellforthisbuildingslocation,makingverticalaxiswindturbinesparticularlysuitable.Thecentrallocationof2Victoria
AvenueinthePerthCBDprovidedchallengestoouracousticteam,whoevaluatedtheenvironmentalimpactaspartoftheirdutiesintheprojectteamandadvisedthecityauthorities,enablingnegotiationswiththeneighbors.
2 VICTORIA AVENUE: SUSTAINABLE DESIGN FEATURES
3 Grey water treatment plant,waterless urinals
Thegreywatertreatmentplantrecycleswaterfromshowersand
basins.Combinedwithwatersavingaccessories,theplantsavesmorethanfourOlympic-sizedswimmingpoolsofwatereachyearwhencomparedtoanaveragebuilding.
4 Indoor air quality
Theairexchangeeffectivenesswassubjecttocomputermodeling,combinedwithnaturallightandviewstotheoutside.Thisinnova-
tionmakestheinteriorenvironmentpleasingandcomfortable.Thelowerairow,inconjunctionwiththechilledbeams,enablesafullfreshairsystemthatprovidesabetterinternalenvironment.
Air exchange effectivenessdemonstrated byCFD modeling
Tenant equipment is excluded from the base build assessment,however the energy use compares well against predictions. Ourteam carried out tenant reviews to ensure that the t out design
aligned with the landlord systems and energ y saving initiatives.
Total tenant occupancy and hours adjusted
Modeled totaltenant
5 star tenant
Tenant BMSmeasurements
D J F M A M J J A S
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
TonnesCO2
Month
Carbon emissions track well in comparison with the predictionand NABERS rating target.
Predicted vs actual cumulative CO2
base building emissions
Month
D J F M A M J J A S
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
TonnesCO2
Actualconsumption
Predictedconsumption
5 star NABERSenergy benchmark
Whole building occupancy and hours adjusted
Modeled totaltenant
5 star wholebuilding
Whole building BMSmeasurements
D J F M A M J J A S
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
TonnesCO2
Month
Chillers occupancy and hours adjusted
Modeled totalbase building
5 star NABERSenergybenchmarks
Actual BMSmeasurements
D J F M A M J J A S
20
16
12
8
4
0
MWh
Month
HVAC fans occupancy and hours adjusted
Modeled totalbase building
5 star NABERSenergy benchmarks
Actual BMSmeasurements
D J F M A M J J A S
876543210
MWh
Month
Water is the most heavily weighted resource in the WesternAustralia version of the Green Star rating tool. The initiatives in2 Victoria Avenue exceeded expectations.
DHW cumulative predicted vs actual energy usage
Actualconsumption
Predictedconsumption
5 star NABERSenergy benchmark
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
TonnesCO
2
D J F M A M J J A S
Month
PERFORMANCE TRACKING
Natural light and views to the outside helpmake the internal environment comfortable.
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0 5 10 15 20 25
$6.5M
$5.5M
$4.5M
$3.5M
$2.5M
Year
NPVcurrentdollars
VAV
Displacement
Chilled beam
5 Active western faade
Thewesternfaadeprovidesthe
greatestheatgains,accordingtothecomputermodelofthethermalperformanceofthebuilding.Asolartrajectorymodelfor2VictoriaAvenuedemonstratedthebenetsofautomaticsolarpatternoper-atedlouversprovidedabenetintermsofnetpresentvalueofthebuilding. Theoperatedlouversaresupportedbyapurposedesignedsecondarystructure.Ourlightingengineersdesignedacablingsys-
temthatprovidedawardwinningfaadelighting,withallassociatedwiringcarefullyconcealedinthesystem.
6 Efcient water coolingtowers for chillers
Thecoolingtowersusedinthecoolingsystemat2VictoriaAvenuehavebeenspeciedtobleedapproximately40percentlesswaterthanthedesignstandardforWesternAustralia.Theseenviron-mentalinnovationsallowforwatersavingsintheorderof4,414kLornearlyfourandahalfOlympicsizeswimmingpoolseveryyear.
7 Active chilled beams
Activechilledbeamsusewaterasthemainheattransfermedium,whichcomparedwithairbasedairconditioningsystemscanexchangeheat4,000timesmoreefcientlythanair.Asmallamountofairinducesairowthroughtheactivechilledbeamsandproducenetsavingsontheplantroomoorspace,fanpowerandenergyrequirements.
Air side life cycle analysis
The designincluded complexcomputermodeling andsimulation.
Thenalstagesofcommission-ingoverlappedwiththerstof2VictoriaAvenuesoccupantsmovinin.AECOMengineerswereabletoremotelyaccessthebuildingmanagementsystemandassistwiththedetectionofteethingissuesintheinstallations.Lighting
controls,advancedlouvercontrolsirrigationwaterusage,wereamongstsystemsthatwerecloselmonitored. AECOMhascontinuedtomonitoandcontrastbuildingperformanceagainstmodeledperformancepost-construction.Ourteampro-ducesregularreports,comparingdesignintentwithactualperfor-manceonanumberofparametersThedesignincludedcomplexcomputermodelingandsimulatio
thatpredictedtheperformanceofthebuildingoverseasonsandinaccordancetooccupancylevels.Ourdesignestimatesprovedtobeaccuratewhencomparedtotheactualenergyusageofthenished2VictoriaAvenueinuse.
Marcello Grecoisanassociatedirector,BuildingEngineeringwithAECOM,basedinPerth,WesternAustralia.E:[email protected]
AECOM continues to monitor and contrast buildingperformance against modeled performance.
The award winningbuilding exteriorlighting solution
carefully concealswiring within the
faade.
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Designing for the big one
Shaken,butThe brief to design a critical essential servicefacility that must survive major seismic activitygave AECOM engineers an opportunity to breaknew ground. David Kilpatrick and Shaq Alamreport from California, U.S.
The $28.9 million IETMC buildingis located at the southeast quadrantof Interstate 15 and State Route 210,Fontana, California, U.S.
The new facility houses thecombined services of the CaliforniaHighway Patrol (CHP), the CHP911 communication center andthe California Department ofTransportations management andemergency services groups.
The new building, operational 24hours a day, seven days a week, isequipped with the latest technologiesto respond to any major emergencies.
The building is also designed tofunction as a 911 emergency operationcenter that will serve as the commandpost for the county and localmunicipalities in the event of a major
public catastrophe.With a location close to majorearthquake fault lines, it was impera-tive that this important building bedesigned to remain standing in theevent of any scale of seismic activity.
INLAND EMPIRE TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT CENTER (IETMC)
notstirred
The IETMC building, Fontana,California, U.S.A.
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Building design for high seismicareas draws on the thoughtfulexpertise of experts responsiblenot just for the building, butprotecting human life during an
earthquake.Structural engineering in high
seismic areas such as SouthernCalifornia, U.S. involves designmethods above and beyondconventional building engineeringpractice. In-depth expertise in theeld of earthquake engineeringis essential in order to developstructural solutions that suc-cessfully protect human life andproperty during a signicantseismic event. The responsibil-
ity of such a design challengebecomes all the greater, and evenmore complex, when the brief is todesign a critical essential servicefacility able to remain operationalduring and subsequent to a cata-strophic earthquake. Particularly
when the building in question isto be located near major seismicfaults. AECOMs structural teamin Orange, California took on thischallenging task designing the
Inland Empire TransportationManagement Center (IETMC)for The Department of GeneralServices (DGS), State ofCalifornia.
Californias new 43,000-square-feet IETMC essential facility islocated near three major faults,including the San Jacinto and thefamous San Andreas Fault. Bothfaults are capable of a 7.5 magni-tude seismic event with little or nowarning.
With the brief to design afacility with an excellent chanceof survival during a catastrophicseismic event, AECOMs structuralteam drew on innovative buildingtechnology and performance-based design expertise to meet
this unique design challenge.
The teamThe California Building Code
(CBC) approval and review require-
ments for a base-isolated buildinginvolve a very comprehensiveprocess. Design and performanceof the isolators and dampers,including critical material proper-ties, must be veried by full scaletesting in order to be acceptableby the designer and buildingauthorities.
A group of highly trainedprofessionals from various eldsof expertise worked together asan integrated team to complete
the task. AECOM in conjunctionwith DGS assembled a team ofhighly qualied technical expertsto navigate through the rigorousdesign process.
Base isolation is a structuralengineering technique thatenhances the performance ofthe structure of a building byreducing its response to ground
accelerations. This reduces theforce levels felt by the structureslateral load resisting system andalso the oor level accelerationsthat non-structural components inthe building will experience.
It is common for the lossassociated with damage to abuildings contents to exceed thecost of damage to the buildingsmain lateral resistance elements.In the case of the IETMC, as anessential service facility, it was
not only critical to protect the mainstructural system but it was alsonecessary to prevent or minimizeany damage to the non-structuralbuilding systems. This allows the
user to maintain critical missioncapabilities with minimuminterruption.
The IETMC building rests on abase isolation system of naturalrubber isolators in conjunctionwith viscous uid dampers. Thiscombination is expected to deliverthe high level of performancedemanded by the exacting anduncompromising project designcriteria.
T1
T2
Period
BaseShear
Withoutisolation
Withisolation
Increasing dampingEffect of seismicisolation(Accelerationresponse spectrumperspective):increased periodof vibration ofstructure to reducebase shear.
BASE ISOLATIONBASE ISOLATION
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Site geo-hazard determination Therststepindesigningabaseisolatedbuildingistodeterminethesite-specicseismicdemand,intheformofasite-specicresponsespectradevelopedusingaprobabilisticseismichazardapproach(PSHA).Next,
representativeground-motiontimehistoriesareselectedfromasuiteofexistinggroundmotions,withconsiderationgiventoresponsespectradevelopedforthesite,localandregionalgeologyandsitefaultingcharacteristics. ThePHSAforthesitewasperformedtoestimatepeakhorizontalandverticalgroundaccelerationsandvepercentdampeddynamicresponsespectrafortwodesignearthquakeevents
designatedasthedesignbasisearthquake(DBE)andtheupper-boundearthquake(UBE). ThePSHAyieldedpeakhorizontalgroundaccelerationsof0.7gforDBEand0.85gforUBEevents,whichwerecomparedwithCBCrequiredminimaandfoundtoexceedtheCBCrequirements.TheverticalpeakgroundaccelerationvaluesforDBEandUBEwere0.64gand0.81grespectively.Representativetimehistories
withmagnitudes,faultdistancesandsourcemechanismsthatareconsistentwiththosethatcontrolthedesignearthquakeswerethen
TheCBCdenesdesignbasisearthquake(DBE)andupper-boundearthquake(UBE)asseismicdesigneventshavingexceedanceofprobabilitiesoftenpercentin50yearsandtenpercentin100yearsrespectively.Thesetwoeventscorrespondtoapproximately475-and950-year
averagereturnperiod(ARP)earthquakes.TheUBEismathematicallyequivalenttothemaximumcapableearthquake(MCE)denedinCBC1655Aforseismicdesignofbaseisolatedstructures.
EarthquakesneartheIETMCprojectsiteareexpectedtobeashighas7.5ontheRichterscale.
4.2kmfromtheCucamongaFault(Potential6.9Richterscale)
11kmfromtheSanJacintoFault
(Potential6.7Richterscale)15kmfromtheSanAndreasFault
(Potential7.5Richterscale)
Table 01 Recommended earthquake events and strong motion recording stations for
selected time histories.
Earthquake
Magnitude
Mechanism
Strike
Dip
Rake
Stationname
Stationowner
losest
distanceto
ault(km)
USGSsite
lassication
Izmit-Koeaeli,
urkey
- -
. 4 r t lat s tr ik e
slip
274
4
89 180 Yarimca
etkim
tation
KOER 2.6 USGS C
Landers, CA
1992-06-28
. rt lat strike
slip 140 90
ermo ire
Station
CSMIP . USGS C
Landers,
- -
. rt lat strike
slip 4
Lucerne
alley
. U
Northridge, CA
1994-01-17
. thurst/
reverse
4 L reservoir
Rinaldi
tation
L . USGS C
Faultsources,historicalseismicityandliquefactionsusceptibility
Key
Site
Faults
Seismicity
8.5 to 9.5
7.5 to 8.5
6.5 to 7.5
5.5 to 6.5
Less than 5.5
Unknown magnitude
Liquef. Suscept.
(USGS OF00-444_ PP1360)
Very high
High
Moderate
Low
Very low
Earthquakesnear theIETMCprojectsite areexpected to
be as highas 7.5 onthe Richterscale.
selected.ThePacicEarthquakeEngineeringResearchCenter
(PEER)recommendation,selectingrecordswithmagnitudeswithin0.25unitsfromtargetvalues,wasused.Thetargetvaluesforthesitewereestablishedbetween6.5and7.5forthemaximummagnitudeearthquake.ThreetimehistorieswerethenselectedandscaledusingEZ-FRISKversion7.20(RiskEngineering,2006),fortheDBEandUBEevents.
Preliminary building andisolator design phase
Whilethegeo-hazardreportwasbeingdeveloped,thestruc-turalengineeringteamworkedwithotherdisciplinesandclienttodevelopthebuildinglayoutthataccommodatedtheclientsrequirementsandallowedforabaseisolatorlayoutthatwouldminimizeupliftonthenaturalrub-berisolators(elastomericisolatorscanresistlimitedtensilestresses
The facility is built to survivethe tests of time and nature.
EARTHQUAKE PROBABILITIES
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Damper testing TheviscousuiddampersdesignedandfabricatedbyTaylor
DeviceswerealsosubjectedtorigoroustestprotocoldevelopedbyTaylorDevicestoconrmtheirdesign.Thedampersdonotinvolvethelevelofmaterialvariabilityassociatedwithnaturalrubberisolatorsthereforethetestandqualityassuranceprogramsfocusonconrmingmanufacturingtoler-ance,materialgradesanddampingcharacteristicofthedamper.Allthetestresultsofviscousdamperwerewithintheacceptablerangegiveninprojectspecications.
Theseresultswerereviewedbytheengineerofrecord,independentpeerreviewerandDSA,priortonalapprovalandinstallation. Insummary,thedesignofabaseisolatedbuildinginvolvestheintegrationofmultipleengineeringdisciplines,complexmathematicalanalysisandelaboratetestingprotocol.Theendresultisafacilitywithanexcellentchanceofsurvival
Damper design requirements
MCE Design
Force at MCE Design
Velocity (Kips)
Total Stroke
(inches)
MCE Design
Velocity (ips)
Daming Velocity Coefcient (C) and
Exponent ()
Quantity o
dampers
325min. to439max.* +/-26 62 Lowerboundcurve: C=68.51,=0.38;
Upperboundcurve:C=92.69, =0.38
8
F=CV; F=DameprMCEDesignForce(Kip);V=DameperMCEDesignVelocity(inches/second);
C=Dampingcoefcient,asdenedbyF/V (kip-sec/inches); =DampingVelocityExponent
Topleft:UCSDtestlabreactionbeamandmovementtable.
Bottomleft:TheUCSDtestfacilitywasusedbecausetheMINIndustriestestingequipment
couldnotmovelaterally26inches.
Right:CompressionstiffnesstestatMINIndustries,Malaysia.
Installeddamperandisolatorsinthecrawlspacebelowthebuilding.
A facilityto survivethe testsof time andnature.
theUCSDtestfacility.ThisaddedvericationwasusedtocalibratetheUCSDandproductiontestresults. Theproductiontestresults,alongwiththerandomsampletests,providedthenecessarydatatovalidatetheconsistencyoftheproductionisolatorspropertiesandconrmtheanalyticalbuildingmodel.Theresultswerereviewedbytheengineerofrecord,inde-pendentpeerreviewerandState
ofCaliforniaplancheckdivision(DSA)priortonalapprovalandinstallation.
duringacatastrophicseismicevent,builttosurvivethetestsoftimeandnature.
Acknowledgements TheauthorswouldliketothankallspecialtyconsultantsandproductmanufacturersfortheircontributiontotheprojectincludinCoffmanEngineers,Diaz-Yourman&Associate,WilsonGeosciencesInc,HAI,MACTEC,Stantec,TaylorDevices,RSLandIDS.
David KilpatrickisassociateprincipalandseniorstructuralengineerwithAECOMbasedin
Orange,California.E:[email protected] Alamisvicepresident,BuildingEngineeringandstructuraengineeringmanagerwithAECOMbasedinOrange,California.E:[email protected]
Thefacilityisdesignedtosurviveevenacatastrophicseismicevent.
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Staying green,
keeping warmSustainable buildings in cold climates
Winnipeg,
Canada
London,
U.K.
Edmonton,
Canada
Moscow,
Russia
Helsinki,Finland
Reykjavik,
Iceland
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Annual sunshine hours
Annual average solarinsolation (kWh/m2)
4
3
2
1
0
Design lowDesign high
Design temperaturesin order of increasinglatitude (C)
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
Winnipeg,
Canada
London,
U.K.
Edmonton,
Canada
Moscow,
Russia
Helsinki,Finland
Reykjavik,
Iceland
THE EXTREME CLIMATE CHALLENGE
Jill Pederson and John Munroe look at two
new Canadian buildings that showcasesuccessful energy efcient solutionsdespite their extreme local climate.
Designing a highly energy efcientbuilding with a comfortable
environment for occupants thatis also cost effective in a climatewhere the temperature can varyby 65C (117F) over the courseof a year, is the kind of challengethat engineers nd hard to resist.
An extremely cold climatecan present unique challenges,but can also provide a means toachieve even greater sustainablesolutions compared to otherbuildings in the same climate, ifapproached properly.
These two case studies, bothbuildings recently completed inCanada, demonstrate that it ispossible to design highly energyefcient buildings that operatesuccessfully and sustainably in anextreme climate.
There are two key factors behind
the design of success andsustainable buildings for coldclimates.
1 Understand the local climate
Athoroughunderstandingoftheclimateandanalysisofweatherinformationcanallowdesignerstondadvantages.Solarinsolationcanbequitehighinanextremelycoldclimate,despitethetemperaturevariance.Capturedappropriately,solarenergycanprovideanexcellentsourceofdaylightandradiantheatinthecoldmonths,reducingthe
energyrequirementforabuilding.
2 Buffer the building
Providingabufferbetweenthebuildingoccupantsandtheextremesoftheclimateiscritical.Ahighperformancebuildingenvelopecandramaticallyreducetheloadsonitsoperatingsystemsandtheimpactoftheweatherextremesontheoccupants.
An extremely coldclimate can presentunique challenges,but can alsoprovide a meansto achieve evengreater sustainablesolutions.
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Thespaceismaintainedatanoperativetemperaturerangeof
19.2C(66.6F)to22.6C(72.7F)onawinterdesignday,meaningtherequirementforperimeterheatingwasdeemedunnecessarywiththetriple-glazedOption#1curtainwall.
Earth tubes EpcorTowertakesadvantageofauniquesystemofearthtubesusedtopre-heatandpre-coolthebuildingoutdoorair. Thetowerwasdesignedwithtwoverticalintakeshaftsdown
theparkadeexteriorwalls,con-structedwithglycolheatinglinestoutilizelowgradeheatrecoveredfromastackcondenserontheboilerplant.Oncepastthelowestparkadelevel,theshaftsturn90tocontinuehorizontallybelowtheparkadestructure.Theearthtubesformalooparoundthebuildingscore,connectingtothemaintowerairhandlingunitwhichprovidestherestoftheconditioning(Figure 04). Theearthtubesareacombina-
tionofprecastconcretepipesandpouredconcreteplenumswithinternalcolumnsforstructuralsup-port.Theplenumsare9.5meters
(31.2feet)wideand2.5meters(8.2feet)high.Withanairow
rateof18,877L/s(40,019cfm)perearthtubethisequatestoavelocityof0.79m/s(155.5fpm).Theearthtubesaredesignedforthemaximumload,whichoccursinheatingmodeforthisbuilding.Thedesiredtemperatureriseisfrom-34C(-29F)to6C(43F),6C(43F)beingtheconstantgroundtemperaturebelowthefrostline,resultingina40C(72F)delta.Usingaheattransferrateof0.5C/meter(10.0F/ft)eachearthtube
neededtobe80meters(262feet)inlength.Theactuallengthoftheconstructedearthtubesare116meters(380feet)and97meters(318feet). Theearthtubesprovidesig-nicantsavingsontheventilationheatingandcoolingloadsfortheEpcorTower.An8,760-hourannualanalysiswasusedtocalculateenergysaved.Inheatingmodetheearthtubesaves1,473,994 kW/year(5,033,953MBH/year).Incooling
modeitsaves84,874kW/year(289,860MBH/year).ThisequatestoapproximatelyCDN$51,687/yearincostsavings.
Earth tubes: a quick guide
Earthtubesexploitgeothermalexchangebetweentheairandthesurroundingearthusingthermallyconductivematerialasaseparation.Thegreaterthesurfaceareaincontactwiththeground,thebettertheheattransfer.Becausegroundtemperatureremainsconstantbelowthefrostline,thegroundcanbeusedtoheatairinwinterandcoolairinsummer.Tomaximizetherateofheattransfer,itisidealtoowairatlowvelocitythroughtheearthtubestoprovideadequatelagtimeforheattransfertooccur.Basedonpreviousexperienceinthisclimate,effectiveheattransfercanbeachievedatanairspeedof1.02m/s(200fpm).
05Schematicofboilerstackcondensersystem.Theheatingsystem,sizedfor7,719kW(26,362MBH),hasthepossibilityforfutureexpansion.Thestackcondensingsystemincreasestheoverallboilerplantefciencyfrom85percentto95.5percent,adifferenceof998kW(3,408MBH)ofinputpower,bycapturingbothsensibleandlatentheat.
04 Thedesignoftheearthtubesystemwasoptimizedtomakeuseoftheexistingfoundationsystemtominimizeanynewworkormaterials.
Epcor Tower takes advantage of a uniquesystem of earth tubes used to pre-heatand pre-cool outdoor air.
F
luegasout
Heating waterheat exchanger
Glycol heatexchanger
To/from boilerreturn water
To/from intakeshafts
Supply fan
Commonstack
Boiler Boiler Boiler
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Exhaust air heat recovery Aheatrecoveryunitlocatedattheexhaustoutletcaptureswaste
heatfromexhaustairinthegeneralexhaustsystemandreturnsittoaheatingcoilinthemaintowerairhandlingunitviaaglycolrun-aroundloop. Theexhaustairheatrecoveryiscapableofprovidinga19C(66F)temperaturerisefor37,754 L/s(80,0038cfm)ofoutdoorair.Thislessenstheloadonthemainheat-ingcoilinthetowerairhandlingunitandboilersystem.
Winter free cooling
InEdmontonsclimate,winterfreecoolingispossible.Duringthewintermonthswhentheoutdoorairwetbulbtemperatureislessthanthechilledwatertemperature,inthiscase6.7C(44.1F),theentirecoolingloadcanbeachievedthroughthecoolingtowers.Thisisaccomplishedbyprovidingcoolingtowerscapableofrunningyearroundwithintegralimmersion
heaters.Infreecoolingmode,thechillersareturnedoffandbypassedcompletely.
Thechillerplantiscurrentlysizedat6,400kW(1820tons)withthepossibilityforfutureexpansion.Winterfreecoolingcanbeused39percentoftheyearinEdmonton,givingasignicantloadreductionfromthechillersystem.
Stack condenser Thebuildingdeploysconven-tionalboilersinconjunctionwithastackcondenser.Theboilersarebreechedtogethertocombineuegasespriortoenteringthestack
condenserasshowningure 05.Heatintheuegasesisextractedintwoseparateheatexchangercoilswithinthestackcondenser:oneusingwaterandoneusingglycol.Theuegastemperatureisloweredbelowitsdewpoint,result-ingincondensationandextractionoflatentheat,inadditiontothesensibleheat.Waterfromtherstheatexchangerisreturnedtothe
heatingwatersystemandpreheatstheboilerreturnwater.Glycolfromthesecondheatexchangerisused
toheattheintakeshaftsoftheearthtubesasadditionalpre-heatingfortheincomingair.Analysis Thebuildingisexpectedtouse121kWh/m2/year(40.5MJ/ft2)ofregulatedenergy4.TheannualprojectedbuildingenergycostisCDN$767,177/year4(2009Canadiandollars).ThereferencebuildingfollowsASHRAEStandard90.1. TheEpcorTowerdemonstratesenergyefciencyinasevere
climatewhilemaintainingoccu-pantcomfort.Usingtheenergysavingmeasures,thebuildingisexpectedtoachievea41.4percentenergyusereductioncomparedtoASHRAEStandard90.14.TheprojectistargetingaLEEDSilverratingforthecoreandshell,andiscurrentlyontracktoachieveLEEDGold.
06Energymodelresults4.
Energy summary by end use Energy type Proposed building Reference building Energy
savings
[%]Energy
[MJ]
Intensity
[kWh/m2]
Energy
[MJ]
Intensity
[kWh/m2]
Regulated energy
Lighting Electricity 11,041,525 32 11,041,525 32 0.0%
Spaceheating Naturalgas 11,735,923 34 33,868,138 99 65.3%
Spacecooling Electricity 1,921,993 6 2,239,791 7 14.2%
Pumps Electricity 1,006,892 3 510,488 1 -97.2%
Fans Electricity 12,404,154 36 14,095,987 41 11.4%
Servicewaterheating Electricity 3,322,195 10 3,322,195 10 0.0%
Subtotalregulatedenergy 41,522,690 121 65,078,123 190 36.2%
Non-regulated energy
Plugloads Electricity 6,286,640 18 6,286,640 18 0.0%
OtherBaselinepart-control
packageheat
Naturalgas 22,699,697 66 22,699,697 66 0.0%
Subtotalnon-regulatedenergy 28,986,336 85 28,986,336 85 0.0%
Total energy summary Proposed building Reference building Percent savings
Energy
Percent
savings costEnergy
[MJ]
Cost
[$]
Energy
[MJ]
Cost
[$]
Electricity 36,073,404 $301,490 37,496,625 $833,117 3.8% 3.8%
Naturalgas 34,435,622 $305,184 56,567,834 $501,331 39.1% 39.1%
Total 70,509,026 $1,106,674 94,064,459 $1,334,447 25.0% 17.1%
LEED EAc1
Subtotalregulatedenergycosts 41,522,690 $765,821 65,078,123 $993,593 36.2% 22.9%
Exceptionalcalculationmethodearthtubeheating -4,736,330 -$41,976 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%
Exceptionalcalculationmethodearthtubecooling -305,802 -$6,704 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%Exceptionalcalculationmethodprop.part-condparkadeheating -973,443 -$8,627 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%
Manualcalculationcondenserpumps 2,641,967 $58,700 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%
Manualcalculationexteriorlighting 6,052 $54 6,052 $54 0.0% 0.0%
Renewableenergycredit 0 $0 0 $0 0.0% 0.0%
Net total 38,155,128 $767,177 65,084,175 $993,646 41.4% 22.8%
This type oflow energyapproachcan offersignicantannualenergysavings.
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08Summerclimateconcept.
mostofthewinter,theyexceedtheperformanceofastandardtriple-glazedfaadeconguration.Whilethebufferzonesareconguredinwinterforthermalinsulationandfreshairheating(inthecaseofthesouthatrium),theircongurationchangeswiththeseasons.
Per-oorairhandlingunitsfurthertemperfreshairasneces-saryandblowitintoapressurizedsuboorplenumoneachlevel,fromwhereitenterstheofcespaceatoutletslocatedmostlyalongtheperimeter.
Summer fresh air cooling anddehumidication Thebuildingstayscoolbyresist-ingheatgainsandtappingnaturalsourcesforcoolingandventilation.
Activationofthebuildingmasspro-videscomfortableradiantcoolingandreducesthesizeofmechanicalequipment. Freshairentersthemodulethroughthesouthatriuminsum-meraswell,althoughinthiscaseitowsfreely,withouttheaidofthepermoduleairhandlingunit,sinceheatrecoveryisnolongerneeded.Aninternalshadeisdrawntoblocksolargains,forminganexhaustplenumbetweenitselfandthe
faade.Highandlowopeningsfeedventilationoftheplenum.Thewaterwallisactivatedwithchilledwatertocoolanddehumidifyincomingair.Althoughitmayseemstrange,awatersurfacethatiscoolerthanthedewpointoftheairwilldehu-midifyit.Therstmechanicalairconditioningsystemsworkedinthisway,bysprayingdropletsofcoldwateracrossastreamofair.Theper-oorfancoilsfurthercondi-tionfreshairandblowitintothepressurizedplenum,fromwhich
itcontinuesthroughthedisplace-mentventilationsystem. Thedoublefaadeisrecon-guredtorejectsolarheatandsealtheinteriortohotoutdoorair.Inwinter,bothfaadewallsaresealed,whereasinsummerthelineofenclosureretreatstotheinnerwall,behindtheprotectionofthehorizontallouverblindsinthefaadecavity.Solarheatabsorbed
bytheblindsispurgedthroughapsautomaticallyopenedintheouterfaade.Theinnerfaadeiskeptclosedtopreventthepassageofhotairintotheinterior. Airexitstothesolarchimneyviathenorthatrium.Theairthenrisesnaturallyupthesolarchimney.As
inareplacechimney,theairrisesbecauseitiswarmer,andthereforemorebuoyantthanthecoolerairsurroundingit,andbecausewindacrossthetopofthechimneygeneratesadraft.Ablackbodymassexposedtosolarradiationsuspendedinthesolarchimneycollectssolarheat,augmentingthebuoyancyeffectbywarmingtheairwithin.
Intermediate season
Whenoutdoorconditionsarepleasant,theyarefreelyadmit-tedtothebuildinginterior.Whenthedirectuseofnaturalsourcesmaintainsacomfortableenviron-ment,theairhandlingunitsaredeactivated. Theconditionsforthismodedependmostlyonthetemperaturesofoutdoorairandthefaadecavitybuttypicallyareaminimumout-doorairtemperatureof10C(50F),andafaadecavitytemperature
rangeof15C(59F)to25C(77F). Ventilationiscompletelydrivenbysolar-augmentedthermalbuoyancyandwind,throughthesolarchimney.Sincetheairisnotconditioned,itcanenterthroughlargeopeningsinthefaaderatherthantherestrictiveheatingcoil,coolingcoilorheatexchangerinanairhandlingunit.Thusairmove-mentrequiresmuchlesspower,sothatthepressuredifferencesgeneratedbythechimneyaresufcient.
Boththeinnerandouterwallsofthefaadeareopened,theinnermanually,andtheouterautomatically.Thesouthatriumisalsoconguredthisway.Thisventssolargainsfromthefaadecavityoratriumwhileallowingventilationairintotheofces.Shadesandscreensaredrawnasnecessaryforglareandsolarloadcontrol. 09Intermediateseasonclimateconcept.
This building potentiallysets a new North Americanstandard for the integrationof workplace qualityand energy efciencywith elegant, humanearchitecture.
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Year-round daylighting strategies Thebuildingenjoyshighceilingsthatallowdaylighttopenetratedeeperintothespace.Naturallightingprovidesamorepleas-antworkplaceenvironmentandreduceselectricalenergyuseforlighting.Sincenaturallighting
produceslessheatthanelectriclighting,itcanalsoeffectivelyreducecoolingloads. Daylightpenetrationispre-served,whenblindsinthefaadecavityareclosed,bylightredirec-tion.Theupperportionoftheblindsareindependentlyadjustabletoreectsunlightontotheceilingsoftheofces. Thedoublefaadepresentedachallengefordaylighting,becauseitextendstheedgeofthebuild-
ingbeyondtheperimeteroftheoccupiedspace.Thismeansthatthedepthofeffectivedaylightingwouldbereduced.Thischallengewasmetbysteppingtheslabup,inthefaadecavity,totheleveloftheraisedoorabove.Thisalloweddaylighttopenetratedeeperintothespace.
Simulation results Detaileddaylightsimulationsevaluatedthenaturalluminous
environmentforthenewdowntownofce,givinghighlyaccuratepre-dictionsoflightlevelsandbright-nessdistributionsinthevisualeld.Thesimulationsinthisstudyareforanovercastsky,typicallyusedbecausethesymmetryofits
brightnessdistributionabouttheverticalaxisgivesagoodimpres-sionofoverallperformance,andallowsfaircomparisonbetweendifferentschemes.Thesimulationresultsshowdaylightperformancewithdaylightfactorsofabout3percentinthemiddleoftheoor
plate.Thisleadstoadaylightautonomyofabout70percentclosetothefaadeandabout40percentatadepthof10meters(33feet). DetailedthermalsimulationsonTRNSYSevaluatedthethermalconditionsaswellasbuildingenergyconsumption.AcomparisontoareferencebuildinginaccordancetoCanadasMNECBshowedenergysavingsof60percent.
Radiant slabs Eachoorinthetoweris2,744m2(29,536ft2),dividedintotwo828m2(8,913ft2)loftspaces,a193m2(2,077ft2)centralbridge,coreareaandtwoatria.Thetwolofts,andthecentralbridge,arethedesignatedworkspaceoneachoor. Heatingandcoolingisachievedprimarilyviaexposedradiantceilings.Theoorsareconstructed
of240millimeter(9.5inch)thickconcrete,with19millimeter(0.75inch)tubing,on203millimeter(8inch)centers,embeddedatadepthof65millimeter(2.5inches)fromthebottomoftheslab.Eachloftisdividedinto9-meter
12Daylightsimulationresults 5.
Distance to faade [meters]
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daylightautonomy[%]
h = 3.3m h = 3.5m
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13Simulationresultsonbuildingenergyperformance.
Total energy savings: -60.1%25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5000
0
Totalenergyconsumption[MW
h/a]
Reference Proposed
-81%
-63%
-30%
Tower Podium Parkade
(30-foot)by12-meter(39-foot)zones.Eachoorhas12,192linearmeters(40,000feet)ofembeddedtubing,controlledfromindividualmanifolds,in120-meter(394-foot)sections.Theslabswithinthedoublewallcavitiesalsohavetubing,inaseparatecontrolzone
fromtheinteriorspace. Incoolingmode,waterbetween18.3C(64.9F)and20C(68F)iscirculatedthroughthetubing.Basedonthemodeledinternalloadsof45W/m2(14Btuh/ft2)(averageacrosstheloft)thiswillmaintainaceilingsurfacetemperatureofbetween20C(68F)and22C(72F).Inheat-ingmode,theslabtubingwatertemperatureisadjustedtotherange23.9C(75.0F)and29.4C
(84.9F),whichmaintainsaceilingsurfacetemperatureofbetween22C(72F)and25C(77F).Theslabswithinthedoublewallfaadearemodulatedbasedoncurtainwallframetemperature.Thetemperatureiskeptabove4C(39F)topreventcondensation.Thesemeasuresresultinoperativespacetemperaturesof20C(68F)to26C(79F)annually.
Displacement ventilation
Ventilationisprovidedbyanunderoor,displacementsystem.Pre-conditioned100percentoutsideairisdrawninoneachoorfromthesouthooratriumbyfourcustomunderoorfancoilunitsof604L/s(1280cfm)each.
Detaileddaylightsimulationsevaluatedthe naturalluminous
environmentfor the newdowntownofce.
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Eachunitconsistsofacentrifugalfan,heatingcoilandcoolingcoil.Humidicationismaintainedthroughsurfaceevaporation,andcondensationonaheatedand
cooledwaterfeaturelocatedinthesouthatrium. Thefancoilsprovidenaltemperingtotheatriumair,discharging18.3C(64.9F)airyearroundintotheunderoorplenum.Thehumidityofthedischargedairiscontrolledbetween15percent(minimumwinter)and50%(maximumsummer).Thefancoilsmaintainaminimumplenumstaticpressureof37.4Pa(0.005lb/in2).Inoordisplacementdiffusersallow
airtopassintooccupiedspaceatamaximumvelocityof0.2m/s(39.4fpm). Asolartoweronthebuildingsnorthenddrawsstratiedairfromeachoor,dischargingatthetopduringcoolingmonthsorintotheparkadeduringheatingmonths.Duringthecoolingseason,ablackbodyabsorberatthetopofthesolartowerisheatedbysolarradia-tiontoenhancethenaturaldraftofstratiedairfromtheoors.Theparkadeairhandlingunitshave
heatrecoverycoilsthatextractexcessenergyfromthesolartowerairandreturnthisenergyaspre-heatingtothesouthatriumairhandlingunits.
Geothermal system Allbuildingcoolingseasonheatrejectionisstoredina280boreholegeo-exchangeeldbeneaththebuilding.Spacedat4.5-meter(15-
foot)centers,eachboreholeis122meters(400feet)deep,providingatotalinstalledlengthof68,320linearmeters(224,147feet). TheaveragegroundtemperatureatdepthindowntownWinnipegisapproximately11.1C(52.0F).Theeldrejectsandabsorbsheattothegroundatlooptemperaturesvaryingfrom-3.9C(25.0F)atpeakextractionrateto38.6C(101.5F)atpeakchargerate.Theenergystoredandreleasedisequivalent
to2,400MWh/year(8,640GJ/year).Peakextractionrateis1,406.8kW(4,800MBH)andpeakstoragerateis3,517kW(12,000MBH).
Chilled water plant Three1,580kW(449tons)screwchillersusingR-134arefriger-antchargeanddischargethegeothermaleld.Duringwinter(geothermalelddischargemode),thechillersoperateat-3.9C(25.0F)/1.7C(35.1F)chilledwatersupply/returntemperatureand
38.6C(101.5F)/32.7C(90.9F)condenserwatersupply/returntemperature.Thecondenserwaterisusedtoprovidealowtemperature(32.2C/26.7Csupply/
14 Summeroperativetemperature. 15 Winteroperativetemperature.
The design could hardly be more easilyadaptable to changes in use. Thisbuilding is designed to last.
return)loopservingthemainfancoilunitsinthetower.Duringsummer(geothermaleldchargemode),thechillersoperateat4.4(39.9F)/11.1C(52.0F)chilled
watersupply/returntemperatureand32.2C(90.0F)/26.7C(80.0Fcondenserwatersupply/returntemperature.
Boiler plant Tomakeupthetotalheatingload,sevenhighefciency,naturagascondensingboilersof985kW(3,362MBH)inputcapacityeachareinstalled.Thesefeedahightemperature,71C(160F)/50C(122F)supply/returnloopthat
servepre-heatcoilsintheatria.Theboilershaveanominal90.4%efciency(thermal)atpeakoperatingconditions.Theboilersprovide2,470MWh/year(8,892GJ/year)ofthebuildingheatingload.
Jill PedersonisamechanicaldesignerwithAECOMbasedinCalgary,Canada.E:[email protected] Munroeisvicepresident,Design+Planning,CanadaWest
withAECOMbasedinCalgary,Canada.E:[email protected]
A solartower on thebuildingsnorth end
drawsstratied airfrom eachoor.
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Under the watchful eye of theinternational airport industry,the rst airport terminal tobe built in America since 9/11had to exceed high travelerexpectations. The design teamcollaborated on an Americanairport rst, developing Air
Chairs for sleek new TerminalB, San Jose Airport. AlastairMacGregor and Jim Saywellreport.
Part of a major airport expansionand renovation program, theconstruction of Terminal B atthe Norman Y. Mineta San JoseInternational Airport, the rstnew terminal to be constructed inAmerica since 9/11, is a landmarkdevelopment, designed to handlea passenger capacity of 8.5million travelers a year.
Designed by FentressArchitects, the new Terminal Bat San Jose is one of the most
advanced airport terminals inthe United States. Located in theheart of the Silicon Valley, sus-tainability and energy efciencywere key drivers for the program.
The design-build projectwas awarded to Hensel PhelpsConstruction Company in 2006,with AECOM providing high per-formance building consulting ser-vices including the development
of the conceptual MEP designsolution, energy simulation andbuilding commissioning.
Even taking into account thata large percentage of an airportsenergy requirements are dueto equipment that is difcult tomake more energy efcient, suchas baggage handling systemsand jet bridges, the new terminaldesign was able to reduce theenergy use of the building by over6,600,000kBTU/year, a reduction
of over 13.5 percent from theCalifornia Energy Code baseline.
The new terminal at San JoseAirport has won a number ofprestigious awards including theBest Overall Project and BestTransportation Project at the2010 Best of Awards (NorthernCalifornia) since it opened duringsummer 2010.
Air Chairs: seats of cool
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The challenge at San Jose SanJoseAirportsnewTerminalBincludesexpansionoftheholdroom/concourseoftherecentlycompletedNorthConcourse,allow-ingoperationofthetwoprojectsasasinglecombinedconcoursewiththesameventilationstrategy
throughouttoavoidoccupantcom-fortissuesorenergyinefciencies. TheNorthConcourseemployedanairdisplacementsystemaspartofthelow-energydesignstrategy,designedtocoolandventilatethehigh,openconcourseandadjacentholdroomareas.Thistypeoflowenergyapproachcanoffersigni-cantannualenergysavingsoveramoretraditionalmixed-airsystemintheMediterraneanclimateofSanJose,astheelevatedsupply
airtemperatureallowsforagreaterperiodoffreecooling. Theimplementationofsuccess-fuldisplacementventilationatSanJosewas,however,complicatedbytheadjacentholdroomareas.Theholdroomsaretheareasalongsidetheconcoursewherepeople
congregateastheywaittoboardights.AtSanJoseInternationalthisspacehasafully-glazedwestfaadeandalowerceilingheightthanthemainconcourse,andisgenerallymoredenselyoccupied.Thusthecoolingloadinthespaceissignicantlyhigherthanthe
concourse.Asaconsequence,theoriginaldisplacementdesignwaspushedtothelimitintermsofcoolingcapacity.Inordertokeepthedischargevelocitybelowtherecommended0.4m/sandsupplytemperatureabove64F(~18C)toavoidoccupantcomfortissues,theoriginalNorthConcoursedesignwasforcedtoutilizelargedrumdiffusers,whichwerepositionedevery15feet(~4.5meters),alongthefullyglazedwestfaade.
However,duringtheconstructionofTerminalBitbecameappar-entthattheinitialdisplacementventilationstrategywithintheNorthConcoursewasraisingconcernbothoperationallyandaestheticallywithintheholdroom.Thoughthisdesignperformed
DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION: THE FACTS
adequatelyfromacoolingandventilationperspective,therewereseveraloperationalissuesthatdissatisedtheclient:theaestheticswereobjectionable,withthelargewhitedrumstakingupasignicanamountofoorarea,limitingfurniturelayoutsandboarding
queuingzones.Inaddition,thedrumdesignhadalreadybeenadaptedtoincorporateadomedtoptopreventthembeingusedassurfacewheretravelerscouldleavunwanteditems.
The newterminaldesignreducedenergy use.
Existingdrumdiffusersusedintheairportterminalpassengerareas.
Athermaldisplacementventilationsystemsuppliesairatatemperatureafewdegreesbelowambientatlow-levelfromaninteriorperimeter,allowingittodriftacrossthespace.Thecool,freshairrisesoverheatsources,suchastheoccupantsorasurfacebeingwarmedbythesun,ascendingtohighlevelswhereitisexhaustedfromthebuilding.
Displacementventilationiswell-suitedtohighvolumespaceslikeanairportconcourse,wherehighceilingsallowtheairtostratify,keepingtheoccupiedlevelcoolwhilewarmstaleaircollectsatthetopofthespace,whereitisexhausted.Thequalityofenvironmentissignicantlyimprovedwhencomparedtoamoreconventionalmixed-airsystem.
AirstreamlinesandtemperatureatSanJoseairportterminal.
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buildingspecialistsinvestigatedpotentialalternatedisplacementventilationstrategies,lookingtodevelopasolutionthatwouldprovidetheperformancelevelrequired,whileincreasingtheexibilityoftheholdroomandimprovingthevisualinteriordesignaesthetic. Giventhatthischallengewasset
duringconstructiontherewereanumberofsystematicandphysicalconstraintsthatwereinevitablycarriedforwardfromtheoriginalinstallationthatneededtobeconsidered,includingthenumberandpositionofthepenetrationsintheoorslabthroughwhichthesupplyairwastobedelivered. Solutionsconsideredincludeddevelopingsmaller,more
frequentlyplacedbutaestheticallyappealingdiffusers;andincorpo-ratingdiffusersintopiecesofxedfurnituresuchasthegatecounters. Thecoreobjectiveoftheinitialstudywasasolutionprovidinggreat