Agenda. Review How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?

Agenda

Review

• How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)

Objectives

• Describe how the Cold War affected politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s.

Essential Questions

• How did the Cold War affect politics in Latin America and the Middle East in the 1970s and 1980s?

Target: Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion

• Proxy wars – local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants.

• Latin America– 1970s – political violence, military gov’ts.– Brazil• Suspended constitution, outlawed existing political

parties, exiled former leaders. Death squads.

– Chile• 1970 – Salvador Allende reforms.• 1973 – military uprising by General Augusto Pinochet.

– Argentina• 1976 –Isabel Martinez de Peron dictatorship.

– Military coup.– Dirty War.

– Nicaragua• 1979 – Anastasio Somoza dictatorship overthrown by

the Sandinistas.– Reagan recruited and armed the Contras

(counterrevolutionaries).– 1990 – Violeta Chamorro elected.

– El Salvador• Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN)

– Violent political confrontation subsided.– US influence

• Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan– Iran• 1953 CIA intervention kept Muhammad Reza Pahlavi on

his thrown.• Nationalized foreign-owned oil industry, American

weaponry.– 1970s – mass opposition to elite, brutality, inefficiency, and

corruption.

• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1979)– Religious control over legislation and public behavior.– Limited electoral process.– Combatted Western styles and culture.– Islamic fundamentalist government.

p. 877

• 1980 – Saddam Husain invaded.– American weapons in Iran, Soviet weapons in Iraq.– Cease-fire in 1988.

– Afghanistan• 1978 Marxist party seized power, USSR sent army.• US, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan paid, equipped, and

trained Afghan rebels.• Soviets withdrew in 1989.• 1992 fighting among rebel groups.• Al Qaeda

• Asian Transformation– Japan• Fast economic growth – 1970s and 1980s.• American occupation.• Six major keiretsu – a major bank and business firms in

an interlocking ownership structure.• 1990s recession

– Other Asian states imitated the Japanese.• Close alliances among industries and banks.• Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea – the Asian

Tigers.

• China Rejoins the World Economy– Deng Xiaoping• Four Modernizations Program – Agriculture, industry,

science, defense• Foreign investment.

– Tiananmen Square Massacre• Chinese students and intellectuals led protests

demanding more democracy and an end to corruption.• Gov’t killed hundreds, arrested thousands.

Fig. 33-CO, p. 872

Essential Questions


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Evaluate the forces that led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Essential Questions

• What forces led to the collapse of the Soviet Union?

Target: The End of the Bipolar World

• Crisis in the Soviet Union– Nikita Khrushchev – leader by 1956• De-Stalinization – Freed political prisoners, eased

censorship

– Leonid Brezhnev• US investments in armaments = heavy burden on Soviet

economy.• Declining standard of living.

– Mikhail Gorbachev – power in 1985• Glasnost (openness) permitted criticism of the gov’t

and the Communist Party.• Perestroika (restructuring) – allowed free market

elements

• The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc– 1980 protests by Polish shipyard workers led to

the formation of Solidarity, a labor union.

– By the end of 1989, communist gov’t across eastern Europe had fallen.• Fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold

War.• 1990 – Poland – Lech Walesa, Czechoslovakia – Vaclav

Havel.• Germany reunified in 1990.

p. 883

• End of the Soviet Union– 1991 – Boris Yeltsin.– September 1991 – union dissolved, Gorbachev

resigned.

Map 33-1, p. 885

– Yugoslavia• 1991 – warring ethnic and religious groups• Slobodan Milosevic.

• Bosnia and Herzegovina – 40% Muslim, 30% Serbian Orthodox, 18% Catholic– Bosnian independence (1992) – Orthodox Serbs attempted to

rid the state of Muslims.» Ethnic cleansing – effort to eradicate a people and its

culture with mass killing and destruction of cultural materials.

» Settlement in 1995.

– 1999 – ethnic cleansing in Kosovo.• Muslims and Albanians resented Serbian domination,

thousands killed by Milosevic.• US, Britain, and France launched an aerial war on

behalf of NATO.

• Progress and Conflict in Africa– Sub-Sahara – political instability, military coups,

civil wars, conflicts over resources.– Democratic progress and steady decline in armed

conflicts since 1991.

– Genocide in Rwanda• Hutus massacred Tutsis.• 750,000 died in 100 days, millions more refugees.• Limited foreign intervention.

– Genocide in Darfur – Tension over land right between nomadic Arabs and farmers.

– Persian Gulf War• Saddam Hussain invaded Kuwait in August 1990 to gain

control of the oil fields.• US attacked in early 1991, defeated Iraq.

Essential Learning


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Compare/contrast the causes of differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions.

Essential Questions

• What causes the differences in the rate of population growth among the world’s cultural regions?

Map 33-2, p. 889

Target: The Challenge of Population Growth

• Demographic Transition– Industrial and agricultural productivity multiplied

food supply.– Rate of increase slowed. – By 1960s, lower fertility rates and mortality in

industrial societies.• By the late 1970s – not so in the Third World.

– Mortality rates have increased where disease has spread. (HIV/AIDS)

• The Industrialized Nations– Western Europe and Japan – Very low fertility

levels.– Improved life expectancy.

– Falling fertility and rising life expectancy.• Cost of social services.• Potential support ratio (PSR)

– Birthrates lower than death rates and falling life expectancy in former socialist nations.

• The Developing Nations– Populations of India and China continue to grow.• China: one-child policy.• India: forced sterilization.

– Old and Young Populations• More youth = need for jobs• Aging population = need for social welfare benefits,

declining labor pool

Essential Questions


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Describe how wealth inequality among nations impacts international migration patterns.

Essential Questions

• How does wealth inequality among nations impact international migration patterns?

Target: Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples

• The Problem of Growing Inequality– Gap between rich and poor nations has grown.– Haves and have nots in industrial nations

• Internal Migration: The Growth of Cities– Pace of migration accelerated.– Slums.– Declining services.

• Global Migration– From developing to industrialized nations.• Increase creates ethnic and racial tensions.• Benefits.• Attitudes have changed during economic contraction.

Essential Questions


Agenda

Review


Objectives

• Describe how technological change has affected the global environment in the recent past.

Essential Questions

• How has technological change affected the global environment in the recent past?

Target: Technological and Environmental Change

• New Technologies and the World Economy– Increased industrial productivity, reduced labor

requirements, improved flow of information.– Consumer electronics industry.– Gov’ts – nuclear power plants and research.– The computer.– Transnational corporations

p. 894

• Conserving and Sharing Resources– 1960s – environmental activists and political

leaders issued warnings.– Environmental degradation raised public

consciousness.

• Developed world– Industrial activity increased more rapidly than

population.– Consumption of energy rose.– Consumer-driven economic expansion = obstacle

to addressing environmental problems.

• Developing countries– Population growth led to deforestation, erosion,

water pollution.

p. 895

Map 33-3, p. 898

• Responding the Environmental Threats– Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered

Species Act (US, 1970s)– Antipollution laws and recycling.– Energy-efficient factories and fuel-efficient cars.– Alternative energy.

• Developed nations – step-by-step improvements.

• Developing world – population pressures and weak gov’ts.

• Kyoto Protocol – 1997 agreement to reduce greenhouse gases.

Essential Questions

• How has technological change affected the global environment in the recent past?

Agenda. Review How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?

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