Agenda

Review

• How did Latin Americans achieve social justice and economic development?

• Are those two goals compatible?

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND THE CHALLENGE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND IMMIGRATION (1975-2000)

Objectives

• Describe the major threats to peace during the Cold War.

Essential Questions

• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?

Target: Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion

• Iron curtain • Cold War – communism (USSR) v. capitalism

(US)• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) –

democratic alliance• Warsaw Pact – communist alliance

Map 32-1, p. 854

– The United Nations (est. 1945) • General Assembly, Security Council

• Capitalism and Communism– Bretton Woods Conference (July 1944)• International Monetary Fund (IMF)• World Bank

– World War II damaged the western European economy.• Truman Doctrine – US financial aid to Greece and

Turkey.• Marshall Plan – US program to support reconstruction.

– 1948 – Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)

– 1957 – European Economic Community (the Common Market).• European Union (EU) in 1993.• Wages increased, social welfare benefits grew, standard

of living rose.

– Rapid growth of Soviet economy.• Refocusing on consumer goods showed inefficiencies.• 1970s – gap between West and East widened.

• West Versus East in Europe and Korea– Germany, Austria, Japan – foreign military

occupation, under Allied control.– Soviet aggressiveness in eastern Europe• Satellite nations

– By 1948, the US saw the USSR as a threat.• Berlin Airlift (1947-1948)

– Germany » Allies (France, Britain, US) – West Germany» USSR – East Germany» Berlin also divided, USSR blockaded West Berlin.» Allies airlifted supplies for one year

– Berlin Wall in 1961 to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin.

• Korean War (1950-1953)– Domino Theory – if one country fell to communism,

so would others– Containment – US policy, keep communism from

spreading– Communist North Korea (China)– Noncommunist South Korea (US)– Stalemate along the 38th parallel.– Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il, King Jong Un.– Nuclear weapons.

• Vietnam War (1959-1975)– Ho Chi Minh – Indochina Communist Party.– Nationalist coalition, the Viet Minh, defeated the

French in 1954.• Communist North, noncommunist South.

– South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem executed.

– US troops.– Viet Cong, communist guerillas, fought for the

north.– Ho Chi Minh Trail.– 1973 treaty ended US involvement, promised

future elections.

• Cambodia– Pol Pot – Khmer Rouge – Cambodian communist party• Destroyed all western influence• Year Zero• Cities to farming collectives• Poverty, famine, torture.• 25% of the population killed – genocide

– Targeted intellectuals, the Killing Fields

• Race for Nuclear Supremacy– 1949 – USSR nuclear device, 1952 – US hydrogen

bomb.

– Cuban Missile Crisis• Failed Bay of Pigs invasion (1962). • USSR’s leader Nikita Khrushchev removed the missiles,

US removed missiles in Turkey.

– Nuclear nonproliferation – limit growth of nuclear weapons.• 1963 – banned certain testing of nuclear weapons.• 1968 – Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).• 1972-1975 – Conference on Security and Cooperation

in Europe (CSCE) resulted in the Helsinki Accords.

– Space Race• Soviets launched Sputnik (October 1957)

Essential Questions

• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?

Agenda

Review

• What were the major threats to peace during the Cold War?

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION (1945-1975)

Objectives

• Evaluate the similarity of the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America during the Cold War period.

Essential Questions

• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?

Map 32-2, p. 858

Target: Decolonization and State Building

• New Nations in South and SE Asia– India and Pakistan• Pakistan – military leaders.

– 1971 – Bengali-speaking Bangladesh.

• India – republic, industry, education• Kashmir.

p. 865

• The Struggle for Independence in Africa– Most of sub-Sahara – independence through

negotiation.• Medical and public health improvements = population

growth.

– Influence of Western ideals, roads, railroads.– Schools, labor associations, and the colonial

bureaucracy – strong nationalist recruiting centers.

– Ghana (1957) – Kwame Nkrumah.– Nigeria (1960)– Kenya – Jomo Kenyatta.

p. 859

• South Africa– Independence in 1961. – Apartheid (strict racial segregation) system.

– African National Congress (ANC – 1912).• Nelson Mandela organized guerrilla resistance, jailed

for 27 years, freed in 1990, became president.– F.W. DeKlerk, Bishop Desmond Tutu

• Latin America– Mexico• Expropriation of foreign oil interests in 1938.• Rapid population growth, uncontrolled migration,

corruption.

– Guatemala• United Fruit Company (American).• Jacobo Arbenz Vargas elected in 1951• CIA military takeover

– Cuba• Economic problems.• Corrupt gov’t.• 1953 Fulgencio Batista coup.• 1953 Castro communist revolution.

Fig. 32-CO, p. 846

Essential Questions

• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?

Agenda

Review

• How were the experiences of Asia, Africa, and Latin America similar during the Cold War period?

Unit 6: Accelerating Global Change and Realignments (1900-present)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: THE COLD WAR AND DECOLONIZATION (1945-1975)

Objectives

• Describe how the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affected the rest of the world.

Essential Questions

• How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?

Target: Beyond a Bipolar World

• The Third World– Non-aligned nations – neutral in the Cold War. (ex.

Yugoslavia, India)– Third World – non-aligned developing countries.

– Japan and China• Japan regained independence in 1952.

– Renounced militarism and imperialism.– Economic superpower after 1975.

– China• Mao’s Great Leap Forward (1958 – 1962)

– Industrialization, collectivization.– 20-30 million deaths.

• Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)– Goal – renew faith in communism and increase his power.– Red Guards.

» Targeted teachers, party officials, and intellectuals.» .5 million deaths, 3 million purged by 1971.

p. 866

Map 32-3, p. 868

– The Middle East• Israeli and Palestinian Conflict

– Arab guerrilla uprising against the British (1936).– Jews – militant tactics.

• UN partitioned Palestine in 1947, Israel declared independence in 1948.

• 1967 – Six Day War• PLO – Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO),

Yasir Arafat, and terrorism.

• Oil in the Middle East– 1960 – Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC).– Yom Kippur War (1973)– Economic weapon.

• The Emergence of Environmental Concerns– Technological innovations and projects.– Student unrest late 1960s and early 1970s.– Clean Air Act (1970), Earth Day (1970).– Problem of finite natural resources.

Essential Questions

• How did the rivalry between the Cold War superpowers affect the rest of the world?