AGENDA NOV 10

Learning Objective: Describe the process in which a cell uses glucose to produce energy.

1. Chapter 8 TESTS◦Grades are posted in Genesis◦Test Format

2. Begin Chapter 93. Looking Ahead to Trimester 1 Exam

◦CHAPTER 9 TEST on MONDAY NOV 17

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CHAPTER 9

9-1: Chemical PathwaysWhy do we break down glucose for energy?Glucose stores a lot of energy.

Let’s Review….. What is ATP?

3811 calories of heat energy are produced per gram of glucose burned.

1 CALORIE = amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C.

Chemical energy and FoodHow is energy

measured in food?

Food labels display the number of Calories.

These Calories (CAPITAL C) are actually kilocalories.

What is Glycolysis?Glycolysis - a series of enzyme catalyzed

chemical reactions that change glucose into different molecules

One molecule of glucose is broken in half producing two molecules of pyruvic acid

Pyruvic Acid is a 3-C compound

Releasing Energy in FoodWhat does Glycolysis mean?

“sugar breaking”Glyco = Sugar Lysis = Breaking down

occurs in the cytoplasm and does not need oxygen

Only releases a small amount of energy.

How do cells produce the large amounts of energy we require for our everyday functions?

How do cells produce energy?

GLYCOLYSIS +KREBS CYCLE +ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN =

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

What do we need?

The Equation?

GLYCOLYSIS

one molecule of glucose broken in half produces two molecules of pyruvic acid (PA)◦ How many Carbons are in Glucose?◦ How many Carbons are in one pyruvic acid?

Why does the cell spend energy to begin glycolysis?

To split the Glucose molecule.

Spends 2 ATP Makes a TOTAL of 4 ATP GAIN of 2 ATP

Glycolysis and NADH Production

NAD+ is the electron carrier.◦Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

What is the role of NAD+?

HEe- are removed and passed to NAD+2 NAD+ 2 NADH4 ATP made2 PA produced

How much energy is being made?

HOMEWORK NOV 10

On a blank sheet of paper…

Draw, Color, and Label◦FIGURE 9-2◦FIGURE 9-3

◦Diagrams must be colored or you will not receive full credit!

DO NOW Nov 11

SUMMARIZE the process of glycolysis.

Do this in one or two sentences.

ANSWER

A cell splits a molecule of glucose using 2 ATP to produce 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvic acid.

In the cytoplasm

AGENDA NOV 11

Learning Objective: Investigate the two pathways available to pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis.

1. DO NOW2. Complete 9-13. HOMEWORK CHECK4. QUIZ TOMORROW

◦Glycolysis and Fermentation

Energy and Pyruvic AcidWhat is the role of NAD+ in the cell?

NAD+ is required to continue Glycolysis.Limited in the cellQuickly fill up with HEe-

What are the reactants required for cellular respiration?

How does the cell continue making energy if oxygen is unavailable?

FERMENTATIONFERMENTATION releases energy from food

molecules in an anaerobic environment.What does anaerobic mean?

Function of Fermentation?Converts NADH back to NAD+How does it do this?Passes electrons back to Pyruvic Acid

TWO TYPESAlcoholic and Lactic Acid

FERMENTATION

ALCOHOLIC LACTIC ACID

Yeast and microorganisms

PA + NADH Ethyl Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+

Why does bread dough rise?

Performed in most cells

PA + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+

Why do your muscles burn when engaging in strenuous activity?

EXIT PASS

1. What are the advantages of GLYCOLYSIS?

2. What are the disadvantages of GLYCOLYSIS?

3. What is the function of Fermentation?

4. Which products are produced by alcoholic fermentation?

EXIT PASS ANSWERS

1. Breaks down glucose in an anaerobic environment. Makes energy.

2. Only makes a small amount of energy for the cell (GAIN of 2 ATP)◦Not enough for cells to survive

3. Converts NADH back to NAD+◦Passes e- back to PA

4. Lactic Acid fermentation

Question of the DAY NOV 12

What are the reactants of fermentation?

A. ADP and NADHB. Glucose and NADHC. Pyruvic Acid and Carbon DioxideD. Pyruvic Acid and NADH

AGENDA NOV 12

Learning Objective: Discuss the role of electron carriers and pyruvic acid in the Krebs Cycle.

1. QUIZ2. KREBS Cycle3. Homework Questions – On last slide4. Review – TEST on Monday Nov 17

◦Use your diagrams!

9-2: The Krebs Cycle and ETC

90% of energy in Pyruvic Acid still unused

Locked in the HE electrons

Discovered by Hans Krebs

PA from glycolysis enters mitochondria

KREBS CYCLE occurs here

The Krebs Cycle

Pyruvic Acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.

2nd stage of cellular respiration.

Called the Citric Acid Cycle.

Citric Acid is first compound formed.

The Krebs Cycle: STEP A

1. PA from Glycolysis enters mitochondria

2. One C from PA becomes part of CO2

3. Remaining 2 C Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA)

4. Acetyl CoA + 4 C molecule = Citric Acid

The KREBS CYCLE: STEP B

1. Citric Acid (6-C) broken down ◦CO2 released

2. Electrons transferred to e- carriers.◦NAD+ NADH FAD FADH2

3. ATP is made◦ADP + P ATP

One turn produces 4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATPOne turn = 1 Pyruvic acid

How many turns are made for 1 molecule of glucose?

PRODUCTS of KREBS CYCLEWhat are the products of the KREBS Cycle

for 1 molecule of glucose?2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and Carbon

Dioxide

How are these products used?ATP for Cellular ActivitiesCarbon Dioxide is exhaledNADH and FADH2 carry HEe- to ETC

◦Used to make huge amounts of ATP

The Krebs Cycle

Respiration is a synonym for breathing.

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

This is why organisms need to breathe in oxygen.

CLASSWORK / HOMEWORK

Complete the KREBS CYCLE DIAGRAM

9-2: KREBS CYCLE and ETC

USE Figure 9-6

ANSWER the following Questions.

1. Where does the KREBS CYCLE take place?2. How many ATP molecules are generated in one

turn of the cycle?3. How many ATP are generated per one molecule

of glucose?4. Where is most of the energy in pyruvic acid

transferred to in this cycle?5. What is FAD? What is its role in the cycle?

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

HEe- from KREBS are carried to ETC.◦Delivered by NADH and FADH2

STEP A: HEe- passed through proteins found in the ETC

◦Inner membrane of Mitochondria

◦Electrons lose a small amount of energy for each “jump” it they make along ETC.

Electron Transport ChainWhat happens to the electrons when

they reach the end of ETC?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

Enzymes combine e- with H+ and Oxygen Water

ETC: ENERGY MAKING STEPS

STEP B: Energy from HE e- moves H+ ions from mitochondrial matrix to the inner-membrane space.

Concentration gradient is formed.

ETC: ENERGY MAKING STEPS

STEP C: ATP SYNTHASE allows the movement of H+ ions back across the inner membrane.

Provides energy for ADP + P ATP

DO NOW Nov 13

What are the products of the Krebs Cycle for 1 Molecule of glucose?

ANSWER NOV 13

The KREBS Cycle produces

8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

Requires 2 turns of the KREBS CycleWHY?

AGENDA NOV 13

Learning Objective: Demonstrate how our cells respond to a high demand for energy by measuring the rate of cellular respiration.

1. Question of the Day2. Exercise and Cellular Respiration LAB3. STUDY GUIDES4. Tomorrow – ETC and Review5. TEST on MONDAY Nov 17

◦STUDY GUIDES DUE

EXERCISE and CELLULAR RESPIRATION LAB

You must wear Safety Goggles at ALL TIMES!

NO EXCEPTIONS!Failure to do this results in a zero for this

LAB.

Pay careful attention to the Demonstration!

AGENDA NOV 14

Learning Objective: Explain how a cell produces ATP through CHEMIOSMOSIS by breaking down glucose.

1. REVIEW ETC and CHEMIOSMOSIS2. CHAPTER 9 Concepts Review3. STUDY GUIDES DUE MONDAY4. TEST on MONDAY NOV 17

MAKING ATP

Oxygen and Chemiosmosis

BOZEMAN SCIENCE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o61dTk4J9AU

ATP PRODUCTIONFOR 1 Molecule of GLUCOSE

GLYCOLYSIS produces2 NADH and 4 ATP (2 ATP SPENT)

KREBS CYCLE produces (2 Turns)8 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP

ETC produces32 ATP

TOTAL ATP in 1 GLUCOSECellular Respiration produces 36 ATP for use by the

cell.

38 ATP – 2 ATP SPENT = 36 ATP

This is 38% of the energy available in Glucose.

Where does the rest of the energy go?It is lost as heat.This is why we feel hot after strenuous activity.

ENERGY and EXERCISE

Short Term Energy◦Small amounts of ATP in muscles◦Lactic Acid Fermentation takes over◦Enough energy to last approximately 90

secondsLong Term Energy

◦Cellular respiration is needed◦Releases energy slower than fermentation◦Stored in the carbohydrate Glycogen◦15 – 20 minutes of energy (then breaks down

fats and other molecules)◦Even the most conditioned athletes must pace

themselves.