Agenda

• Bell ringer• Go over class work• Review Alexander the Great• Rome (to Principate)• Closure

Review

• How did Alexander the Great promote Hellenistic culture throughout his empire?

Unit 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (600 B.C.E. – 600 C.E.)

ESSENTIAL LEARNING: ROME’S CREATION OF A MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRE (753 BCE-600 CE)

Objectives

• Assess how Rome’s geographic features contributed to its rise to empire.

• Describe the structure of Rome’s government during the Republic.

• Assess the reasons for Rome’s expansion.• Describe the social changes that took place

throughout Rome’s expansion.• Describe government during the Principate.

Essential Questions

• How did Rome’s geographic features contribute to its rise to empire?

• What was the structure of Rome’s government during the Republic?

• What were the reasons for Rome’s expansion?• What social changes took place throughout

Rome’s expansion?• What kind of government existed in Rome

during the Principate?

Where is Italy?

Target: Geography

• Central location in the Mediterranean Sea– Began in central Italy.– Fertile farmland.

• Low mountains – few natural barriers to expansion– Well forested, northwest rich in metals.– Navigable rivers.

Target: The Republic (753-31 BCE)

• 507 BCE – Senate instituted a republic• Government– Assembly• Male citizens, wealthy votes counted more• Two consuls presided, commanded army, chosen

annually

– Senate – real center of power, life terms• Advised kings and Consuls, then made policy and

governed

– Dictator – up to 6 months

• Society– Conflict of Orders• Inequalities between patricians (landowning upper

class) and plebeians (farmers, merchants, traders)• Twelve Tables (450 BCE) – written laws prevented

arbitrary judicial decisions• Creation of tribunes – officials drawn from non-elite

classes, could veto actions of the Assembly

Twelve Tables

• Table I mandates that when a person is accused of something, both accused and accuser must be present at a hearing or trial on the matter.

• Table III gives debtors 30 days to pay off a debt. • Table IV makes a man's will binding.• Table VIII lists specific punishments for certain crimes. Most

importantly, it says that a person shown to have lied in court will be put to death.

• Table IX specifies capital punishment for judges who have taken bribes and for people who have committed treason.

• Table XI prohibits a plebeian from marrying a patrician• (http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/articles/worldhistory/twelvetables.htm)

– Family – several living generations, domestic slaves• Paterfamilias had absolute authority

– Patron/client relationships– Women played no public role• Could not own property or represent herself legally• Eventually more personal protection and economic

freedom

– Polytheistic religion• Numina – invisible forces• Other gods more important (Jupiter, Mars)• Pax deorum (“peace of the gods”) • Took over the myths attached to Greek gods

Target: Expansion in Italy and the Mediterranean

• Potential reasons for expansion– Greed and aggressiveness– Consuls – one year to gain military glory– Defense

• Well-disciplined, well-trained army– Male citizens with specified amount of land

• Treated conquered people fairly– Often granted some or all privileges of Roman

citizenship– Conquered lands supplied soldiers and taxes• Cooperative groups given more autonomy

• Punic Wars– Rome vs. Carthage– Hannibal– Third Punic War – Rome destroyed Carthage, took

slaves• Senators sent as governor to each province

annually – defended, oversaw tax collection, decided legal cases.

Target: Failure of the Republic and Transition to Empire

• Wealth – upper classes• Farmers replaced by latifundia (“broad estates”)• Cheap slave labor = peasants lived in poverty in

cities• Fewer peasant farmers = fewer military men,

propertyless men began to serve• 88-31 BCE – series of ambitious men

commanded armies loyal to them

– Julius Caesar took control• Reforms made him popular• Assassinated by members of the Senate

Target: The Roman Principate (31 BCE-330 CE)

• Octavian (63 BCE-14 CE)– Fundamentally changed realities of power– Expanded territory– Allied himself with the equites, well-to-do Italian

merchants and landowners

• After Augustus, the Senate confirmed emperors, but in reality chosen by armies– By 100 CE, emperors hand-picked a successor– Future emperors exercised authority more

blatantly

• Law– Emperors were major source– Class of legal experts studied and organized– Property and rights of individuals– Foundation of European law

• Rural Rome– 80% farmed– Little contact with government– Tenant farmers cultivated land in return for

portion of crops• Urban Rome– Wealthy in elegant townhouses, poor in crowded

slums

• Commerce– Some urban Romans rich– Helped by the pax romana (“Roman peace”),

increased trade• Romanization and citizenship– Spread of Latin language and Roman culture– Citizenship gradually granted to those outside Italy

Essential Questions

• How did Rome’s geographic features contribute to its rise to empire?

• What was the structure of Rome’s government during the Republic?

• What were the reasons for Rome’s expansion?• What social changes took place throughout

Rome’s expansion?• What kind of government existed in Rome

during the Principate?

Agenda

Review

• How did Rome’s geographic features contribute to its rise to empire?

• What was the structure of Rome’s government during the Republic?

• What were the reasons for Rome’s expansion?• What social changes took place throughout

Rome’s expansion?• What kind of government existed in Rome

during the Principate?

Objectives

• Describe the rise of and major beliefs of Christianity.

• Describe the achievements attained by Rome during the Pax Romana.

• Evaluate the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire.

Essential Questions

• What are the major beliefs of Christianity and how did it expand under the Roman Empire?

• What achievements did Rome attain during the Pax Romana?

• Why did the Roman Empire fall?

Target: The Rise of Christianity

• Romans conquered Jewish homeland of Judea in 6 CE– Roman governors caused resentment– Jews waited for the Messiah

• Jesus– Called himself the son of God– Believed in the Jewish idea of one god, accepted

10 Commandments– Claimed he was "Christ”

– Caught the attention of the Jewish authorities• Crucified.• His followers, Apostles, spread teachings.

• Christianity grew for more than 200 years– Many women, slaves, and urban poor were first

converts• Monotheistic – refusal to worship the

emperor seen as disloyalty, persecuted by Roman officials

• Holy book – The Bible

Target: Pax Romana (27 BCE- 180 CE)

• Expansion of Roman Empire resulted in blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman cultures (Greco-Roman civilization)

Examples of Roman Achievements

• Adapted the realistic Hellenistic style of statues

• Architecture• Over 250,000 miles of road• Also had bridges, harbors, and aqueducts• Influenced laws in Europe and America.

The Pantheon

aqueducts

Roman Mosaics

Why is Windsor a good district?

What if…

• All districts in the surrounding area join the district, but only Mr. Andrews is the superintendent?

• What issues do you foresee becoming a problem?

• How do you solve these problems?

Target: Fall of the Roman Empire

• Causes of the fall of Rome– Taxes too high– Many corrupt people in government– Poor farmers left land for protection of stronger

landowners– People become lazy– Roman army lacks discipline, Romans forced to

hire foreign soldiers to defend borders– Barbarian invasions

• Third-Century Crisis (235-284 CE)– Offensive to defensive strategy– Frequent leadership change– Buying army loyalty drained treasury, high taxes,

coins disappeared into emperors’ pockets– Population shifted to countryside

• Bread and circuses

• Diocletian gained power in 284– Divided empire into two

parts – Set maximum prices– Froze people into

“essential” professions

• Constantine (r. 306-337 CE)– Edict of Milan (313) –

ended persecution of Christians, granted freedom of religion• Christianity later became

the official religion

– Transferred capital from Rome to Byzantium (324)• Renamed Constantinople

• End of Rome– Two halves of the empire followed different

pathways after the transfer of the capital– Western Empire ended in 476 when Romulus

Augustulus abdicated• Eastern Empire, Byzantine, could continue to

flourish for 1000 years

Essential Questions

• What are the major beliefs of Christianity and how did it expand under the Roman Empire?

• What achievements did Rome attain during the Pax Romana?

• Why did the Roman Empire fall?