Ageing population - UK Impacts of ageing population - UK.
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Transcript of Ageing population - UK Impacts of ageing population - UK.
OCR B Case Studies 2014
•
• Population and Settlement
Ageing population - UK
Impacts of ageing population - UK
Ageing UK
Case Study – Youthful The Gambia
Case Study – Youthful The Gambia
Case Study – Youthful The Gambia
Case Study – Managed Thailand
Case Study – Managed Thailand
Case Study: Settlement MEDC - Kidbrooke
Case Study: Settlement MEDC -Docklands
Case Study: Settlement LEDC – Rochina, Brazil
The corridor is home to
companies such as Hewlett
Packard and Sony who are
involved in research and development (quaternary
industry) and have links with
universities who provide well-
qualified graduates.
The M4 corridor (Heathrow airport in the east to Bath and
Bristol in the west).
Few raw materials are
used and therefore
transport costs are low, making the industries
'footloose‘ (not tied to a particular location)
Grows the economy of the local towns, where employers live.
Professional workers selected from Uni’s nearby, eg. Oxford/Cambridge
Also known as the ‘Sunrise
Strip’
Generally attractive
environment, trees, lakes,
modern buildings.
Pleasant to work and live in!
Companies that are on the M4 corridor,
02 in Slough, Microsoft, INg direct and Ericsson are in
Reading. Vodafone in Newbury and Orange
in Bristol.
It creates billions of pounds to the UK
economy.
Why is Kenya perfect for the flower industry?
-Warm dry climate perfect for growing, can grow all year-Fertile soil-Water supply from the surrounding lakes-Cheap labour for the picking and packaging-Lack of laws linked to work and health/safety-Little tax from the government-Good transport links to ship the flowers to Europe The main flowers exported
from Kenyan
RosesCarnations Spray and
StandardStatice
AlstromeriaLilies
Hypericum
Majority are exported to Europe, largely Netherlands
FLOWER GROWING AREAS IN KENYA
The main production areas are around Lake Naivasha, Mt. Kenya, Nairobi, Thika, Kiambu, Athi River, Kitale, Nakuru, Kericho, Nyandarua, Transzoia, Uasin
Gichu and Eastern Kenya.
Positives to Kenya-Increase in wealth in the area
-Income to generate development (schools, healthcare)
-Fastest growing industry in Kenya, continual growth since the 1970s
-Increasing fair trade companies
Negatives to Kenya-poor wages mean little income
Poor working conditionsRemoval of water supply to local
people (Masi Merai), drought for most Kenyans
-Export prices are half that of Europe import prices, leading some to
suspect Kenya may be losing up to £310m a year
-Workers are using banned chemicals which are making them ill-Use of fertilizers is poisoning wildlife
and water supply
Kenya Flower Council (KFC) now monitoring industry, code of practice for workers giving them a better deal (h&s,training, pay)
The Pearl Delta is in the Republic of China in the low-lying area
surrounding the Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River flows into the
South China Sea. It is one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of
China's economic growth.
The Pearl River Delta is notoriously polluted, with sewage and
industrial waste. (Treatment facilities are failing to keep up with
the growing population).
Much of the area is frequently covered with a brown smog. This has a strong effect on the
pollution levels in the delta.
In 2007, the World Bank approved a $96 million loan to the Chinese government to reduce water pollution in the
Pearl River Delta. 7.1 billion was spent on the river by mid 2010 to clean up the river's sewage problems. The city
will build about 30 water treatment plants, which will treat 2.25 million tonnes of water per day. The program hopes to cut down the amount of sewage in the area by 85%,
In October 2009, Greenpeace released a report, "Poisoning the Pearl River" that detailed the results of a study it conducted. All samples they took contained hazardous properties including heavy metals such as beryllium, copper and manganese. These substances are associated with a long list of health problems such as
cancer, endocrine disruption, renal failure and damage to the nervous system as well being known to harm the environment.
The Pearl River Delta has become the world's workshop and is a major manufacturing base for
products such as electronic products (such as watches and clocks), toys,
garments and textiles, plastic products, and a range of other
goods.
Nearly five percent of the world's goods were
produced in the Greater Pearl River Delta in 2001. Over 70,000 Hong Kong companies have plants
there.
Nike s the world's leading supplier of sports footwear and equipment. The company was founded in 1972. The
company name comes from the Greek word for 'victory'. Nike does not make any shoes or clothes itself but contracts out to
factories in LEDCs.
These subcontracted companies then act on their own and re-subcontract their
operations in other Asian countries that give low wages
and have no employment laws. E.g. Vietnam, The Philippines
and Indonesia
The numbers…Yearly revenue of $19.2 billion (2009).
Products in 140 countries.Contracts to 700 factories in 45
countries.Employing 800.000 people in the supply
chain.
Negatives of Nike - Sweatshops
- Child labour.- Hazardous working conditions- Below subsistence wages.
Measures taken by Nike,Code of conduct.
Decommissioning.Auditing tools and
task force.
The average pay at a Nike factory close in Vietnam is $54 a
month, 3x higher than other jobs.
In 1998 Nike changed the minimum age
requirements to 17 yrs
Nike have hired independent auditors to make sure that the company subcontractors are
living up to Nike’s code of conduct.
Children as young as 10 making
shoes, clothing and footballs in Pakistan
and Cambodia
WaterAid is an international NGO (non-governmental organisation /charity) that
focuses on the provision of safe domestic water, sanitation and
hygiene education to the world's poorest people.. WaterAid's vision is of a world where
everyone has access to safe domestic water and effective
sanitation.
In Mali, current national figures indicate that only 50% of the
people have access to clean drinking water and only 4% of the
population have access to adequate sanitation facilities
(toilets).
Women spend much of their time searching for water. Children also spend precious
school hours looking for water at the expense of their education
Poor sanitation means bad health. Bacteria, viruses and parasites found in human waste are responsible for the transmission of cholera, typhoid
and other infectious diseases that kill millions of people each year. The problem is huge in both urban and
rural areas
Mali’s environment is harsh and deteriorating. Rainfall levels are already low
and falling further.
In Mali, the water industry is privatised but often fails to the provide water to rural and
urban aeas.
Wateraid is first targeting Slums in
Mali’s capital, it wants to show the
government that projects in slums are easy to set up and
sustainable.
Wateraid employs local people, who
they are training up to maintain the
system and raise money to keep it
running.Then invest in the community – THIS IS SUSTAINABLE
Health has now improved
include reducing the deaths from diarrhoea –
65% improvement
Education is now improving, money is being invested into the infrastructure
Upper Course-Source high in the Pennines (893m
above sea level)-High run off as steep V shaped
valleys of impermeable rock -High rainfall – good water supply
-Many tributaries -Famous high fall waterfall – tallest in
England 21 metres high
-Gorges, rapids and potholes at Low force
Middle Course-Clear widening and
meandering -Meanders cut off in the 19th
century-Sides become less steep
-Lateral erosion
Lower Course-Very urbanised and large populations. Eg Yarn
-Important wildlife seals & migratory birds also SSSI
-Ox bow lakes -Large oil, gas and petrochemical industries (as flat
land)-Natural Levees formed due to silt build up
-Mouth is in the North sea -Wide Mudflat estuary (tidal)
-Huge water sports complex Tees Barrage
River Management-Long history of flash flooding
-Cow green reservoir, controls water supply for industries along the river
-Straighten the river for easier navigation during the industrial
revolution Flood protection schemes in Yarn
85 miles in length
It drains an area of
710 square
miles
Reasons for the flooding
PHYSICAL -A very wet August (2 times
average rain) SO the ground was already saturated
-Impermeable rocks & thin soils -Steep slopes – rapid runoff
-Confluence of Rivers Valency & Jordan is just above the village
-A very high tide – made it difficult for water to flow out to sea
HUMAN -Bridges were low so acted a a
dam - debris such as tree trunks caught on them water piled up until it burst through in a great
wave -Many buildings & roads were positioned close to the river so
more property damage
Primary Impacts - 50+ cars, and caravans
were swept out to sea- a wall of water swept
through the village destroying everything in its
path- 6 buildings were swept
away - Many other houses, shops etc were flooded, with mud +
sewage as well as water; possessions also ruined
- Roads under 2.75m of water
- No deaths, few serious injuries
Secondary Impacts - 90% of economy dependent on tourism > lost money >20 accommodation providers & tourist
attractions/shops forced to shut - Insurance companies pay out £20 million
New Management & defence -£4.6m scheme includes: raise car park to safer
level; move & raise bridge; widen & lower the river bed to increase the amount of water it can hold
-Removing of dead vegetation to stop blocking of the river
-‘At risk’ properties – encouraged to use more flood resistant material, raise height of electrical
wiring etc-Environment Agency – flood warning system +
information -Council runs special advice days, encouraging
people to have an emergency evacuation pack & to take out insurance. Council has an
emergency action plan.
Since 2004 – flooding again, still damage but not as damaging as this event
Characteristics of Bangladesh
-Lays mainly on floodplains, so flat landMost of the land lies 6metres below sea-3 main rivers- The Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna. -Monsoon season evey year – high concentrated rainfall in a few months (June to September).-1,800mm and 2,600mm rain a year. -Poverty is a huge issue in Bangladesh-low literacy rate-Flooding occurs naturally in Bangladesh -Snow from the Himalayas melts each year and increase river discharge -Sediment blocks up the river and causes flooding -Deforestation in the forest increases run off and reduces lag time-Cyclones occur in the Bay of Benegal and causes coastal flooding-Densely populated areas meaning increase in deaths
Social impacts -36 million people were
made homeless -People died as a result of disease because they had no access to clean water.-Impacted on rural farmers and urban slum dwellers
the most.-Over 800 died with many
more from disease
Economic impacts -serious damage to infrastructure – roads,
bridges, embankments, railway lines, irrigation systems
-All domestic and internal flights had to be suspended during July
-Value of damage was assessed as being in region of $2.2 billion of 4% of total GDP
for 2004
Environmental impacts During July and August
approximately 38% of the total land area was flooded
including 800,000 ha of agricultural land and DhakaFloods caused river bank
erosion especially on embankment areas close to
the main channels, soil erosion, water-logging, water
contamination
Response and management -Reliance on Ngo support – financial and
emergency supplies –UN disaster management support
-Self help schemes promoted -local community early warning system
implemented, plus shelters -Increasing use of levees to protect field
and villages -Increasing monitoring to reduce the
impact as happens every year. -encourage farmers to build homes on
stilts.
Nature conservation -Studland and
Brownsea island all have rare species and
plant life.See Studland case study for examples.
Brownsea, like Studland is owned by
the national trust. Particularly important for bird life and red
squirrels. -Green Island is a Site
of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and
Special Protection Area (SPA)
-Studland and Brownsea Island are all
protected by various organisations due to their environmental
significance.
Transport -Poole harbour is the
second largest natural harbour in the World. -There are commercial
trips within the harbour as well as an international
ferry terminal to Cherbourg, Brittany and
the Channel Islands (Jersey, Guernsey)
-Run by Condor and Brittany ferries
Residential
-Sandbanks and Hamworthy (12,000) are the most built
up areas of Poole Bay.-With a small population in Studland and Brownsea
Island -Sandbanks is famous for
having the 4th most expensive land value in the
World.
Industry
-Sunseeker is the largest company in Poole Harbour, with the production of the
large luxury boats. There are 7 shipyards, employs over
2,500 locals. - Other boat repairs, dredging and cargo
industries operate in the area.
Energy
-Furzey Island is home to the well hidden oil well and
gathering station for Wytch Farm - Britain's largest
onshore oil development. Oil and gas are exported, was
previously BP now Perenco.-There is a proposal to build an off-shore wind farm just outside of Poole Bay, yet this has been
meet with much hostility.
Recreational
-A wide range of sporting activities due to the calm
bay within the Harbour and the actual coast.
-Windsurfing is the most popular watersport., alongside sailing.
-The RNLI offer lifeguarding service on the main
beaches.
Why is there need to protect?
- Blue flag awarded beach >attracts millions to the area
- It has flown the European Blue Flag more times than
any other British resort – 24 years
- Strong economical value for tourism for the local area
- 4th most expensive land value in the World, expensive property that contribute to he
local economy.
Human uses/ facilities-safe swimmers-bathing-
only zone -Wide selection of
watersports, include windsurfing
-Volleyball posts and nets
-RNLI lifeguards -Cafes, bars and ice
cream kiosks-Crazy golf & park
- Hotels Soft Engineering
-First hard engineering in 1876 with wooden groynes, worked well but fell into disrepair.
-Six new Purbeck stone rock groynes were built which successfully reversed the shrinking beach. Local material, more sustainable. Cost £3million
-Beach replenishment in 1970, 74, 88, 89, 2003 - During the winter of 2005/06 the beaches were replenished with 1.65 million tonnes of beach material from Poole Harbour dredging operation. The harbour
needs dredging to allow commercial shipping so the sand is brought onto Sandbanks (recycling?) Cost £10 million
-Increased the beach width by 50 metres, so successful-Local council regularly move sand from the promenade (that has been blown)
back onto the sand- regular management
Sandbanks is a low lying spit in Poole Harbour, it is the second largest natural harbour in the World.
Erosion takes place due to longshore drift and the tidal currents in the harbour. Moves generally
west to east (moving to Bournemouth)Increasing sand dunes with marram grass and
sand lizards
Old Management (all 40 years old)
-Revetments – now damaged (from a storm) and not
effective-Groynes were placed to stop the rate of erosion, however they are not helping enough.
-Rock Armour – now little effectiveness
Increasing climate change and sea level rise are
impacting and increasing erosion
Conflict from managed retreat
-To repair revetment cost £5 million, not cost effective-Farmers lose land and livelihood
-Insurance companies won’t pay out -Increasing protest from locals to central government but g’ment has said no.
-Defences would cost more than the land and homes are worth. -Locals want compensation for the lack of management and for their homes
collapsing into the sea. -The historical lighthouse has had to be moved further back from the edge of the
cliff. -local campaign ‘buy a rock for Happisburgh’ to raise money for private defences.
-A small village with a pub , tea shop, lighthouse, church and homes -850 population -Mainly farmland-No main roads
-Historic records indicate that over 250 m of land were lost between 1600 and 1850. -The cliffs are soft clay, so erode very quickly. Weathering increases the erosion rate. The
location of Happisburgh causes increasing problems with powerful waves from the North sea, which creates landslides from eroding the base of the cliff.
By 2055, loss of 20 more properties
Loss of caravan park and farmland
Human Use
-wide, sandy beach attracts millions of tourists, can be
25,000 each day -Car parks, café, shops
-Sailing jetty-Beach huts
-Education centre-Horse riding and water
sports. -Naturist area
-Locals – small village with few amenities
-Ferry from Sandbanks
Issues -Litter
-Pollutions from cars, water and noise
-Fire hazards from BBQs and cigarette butts
-Major fire in 2009 that left utter devastation to the
ecosystem-Conflict between users
those that want to use for more activities and
environmentalists. In addition locals become inundated during the
Summer months.
-The nature reserve is an area of sand dunes. These are dynamic, but often unstable and vulnerable environments. home to rare species of plants and birds
- Identified as a National Nature Reserve (NNR) and Site of special scientific interest (SSSI)
-Owned by The National Trust -In 2001 Studland had a population of 480, the lowest in 50 years.
-Sheltered from wind so sand is deposited and trapped to create dunes , 5km of beach-Forested area, Studland heath, marsh and sand dunes.
-Little sea is the lake located within the heath and forested area.
Management -Litter
-Planting of marram grass to stabilise the dunes , plus fencing
-Boardwalks have been created to reduce trampling
-Limited car parks to reduce the damage to the beach
-Fire beaters placed throughout the area to reduce damage from fire -Litter and recycling bins
-Several info boards to educate -Also gabions and rock armour to protect from
wave erosion
Rare species Bee wolf
Purbeck Mason waspDragonflty
Smooth snakeAdders
Sand lizards Dartford Warblers
Seahorse