Age of Revolutions

English Civil WarEnglish kings wanted to be absolute

monarchsParliament prevented kings from being

absolute monarchs (Parliament controlled money)

Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right - king cannot raise taxes without Parliament’s consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause

English Civil War1642 – Charles I led troops into

Parliament – Civil War1649 – Charles I executed

CommonwealthOliver Cromwell ruled England after the

execution of Charles I

RestorationCharles II restored the monarchy to England

in 1660 (reopened theaters and pubs)

Glorious RevolutionJames II – too Catholic for England1688 – Parliament forced James II to flee

and invited William and Mary (James II’s daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights

England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament

French RevolutionCauses – influence of Enlightenment ideas

+ American Revolution Events – Storming of the Bastille + Reign of

Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine)

Outcomes – End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon

ImpactIndependence came to French, Spanish, and

Portuguese colonies in the AmericasTouissant L’Ouverture – Haiti’s

independenceSimon Bolivar – The Liberator (liberated

South America)

ImpactColonies such as  Bolivia         , Haiti,

Colombia, and   Argentina            gained independence in the early 1800’s

  The Monroe Doctrine        established by United States recognized Latin American independence and stated if Europe    interfered              with them. The United States would consider it an act of    war            .

Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + New TechnologiesBach – Baroque composerMozart – Classical composerDelacroix – romantic painterCervantes – novelistNew Forms of Art and Literature –

paintings depicted classical subjects, public events, and living people (portraits) + novel

Technologies – all-weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of NapoleonUnsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under

French dominationNapoleonic CodeAwakened feelings of national pride and

growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna – Legacy of Congress of ViennaBalance of Power – no country should

dominate EuropeRestoration of monarchs – legitimacyNew political map – new boundariesNew philosophies – conservatives and

liberals

Rise of NationalismNational pride, economic competition, and

democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism

Congress of Vienna – led to discontent in Europe (did not include nationalists and liberals)

Revolutions of 1830 and 1848Liberal – change government National – homelandFrance 1830 – constitutional monarch (liberal

revolution)Belgium 1830 – gained independence

(national)

ItalyCavour – prime minister of Sardinia

(organized unification of Italy)Garibaldi – leader of the Red Shirts +

conquered Kingdom of the Two SiciliesPapal States – last to join Italy

Germany Bismarck – prime minister of Prussia

(responsible for the unification of Germany)Realpolitiks – do whatever it takes to get

and hold powerFranco-Prussian War led to the unification of

Germany and Italy