1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements.
Age of Revolutions
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Transcript of Age of Revolutions
Age of Revolutions
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
• What was it?– the period roughly between 1500 and 1700 during
which the foundations of modern science were laid down in Western Europe
• Influenced by the Renaissance– Curiosity, investigation, and critical approach
• Scholars no longer wanted to rely on the explanations that ancient or religious beliefs told them
• People began experiments and mathematics to explain mysteries of the unknown
• People move away from mysticism, superstition and ignorance
Who were some important figures?
• Nicolas Copernicus: – Developed heliocentric theory – Dispelled old geocentric theory (earth is
center of universe)• Johannes Kepler:
– Discovered planetary motion • Galileo Galilee:
– Used telescope to support/prove heliocentric theory
Challenge of the Church’s stance that Earth was the center of the universe was
an essential aspect of the Scientific Revolution
• Isaac Newton: – Discovered Laws of Gravity – Formulated basics of physics
• William Harvey:– Discovered circulation of the blood and
expanded knowledge of how the heart worked
• There were many more… too many to name
Pioneers of the scientific revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory
• Johannes Kepler: Discovered planetary motion• Galileo Galilei: Used telescope to support
heliocentric theory• Isaac Newton: Discovered Laws of Gravity• William Harvey: Discovered circulation of the
blood
The Roots of Modern Science• The Medieval View
– Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.
– Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth
The Roots of Modern Science
• A New Way of Thinking– Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking (1300-
1600)– Scientific Revolution—new way of viewing the
natural world—based on observation and inquiry– New discoveries, overseas exploration open up
thinking– Scholars make new developments in astronomy
and mathematics.
Pioneers of the scientific revolution
• Nicolaus Copernicus: Developed heliocentric theory
Copernicus• 1473 -1543• His “heliocentric” model of the universe removed men from the center of everything• His ideas were in direct conflict with the Bible
and the accepted assumptions of the Catholic Church
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• The Heliocentric Theory– Widely accepted geocentric
theory challenged as inaccurate
– Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun
– Later scientists mathematically prove Copernicus to be correct
Nicolaus
Copernicus
Johannes Kepler
• 1571 -1630..student of Brahe• Discovered planetary motion• Elliptical, not circular…fan of Copernicus• His 3 new laws were based on mathematical
relationships….
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
• Used telescope to support heliocentric theory and discover 4 moons of Jupiter
A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
• Galileo’s Discoveries– Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
makes key advances in astronomy.
– He makes discovery about planet surfaces
– supports heliocentric theory– 4 moons of Jupiter (Jupiter
has 8 moons)– Sun spots
Galileo Galilei
Galileo and the Inquisition, 1633…• Conflict with the Church
– Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith
– Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
• On 31 October 1992, Pope John Paul II expressed regret for how the Galileo affair was handled, and officially conceded that the Earth was not stationaryCristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo
facing the Roman Inquisition
Isaac Newton: GRAVITY• 1642-1726 (born same year Galileo died)• Removes last doubts over HELIOCENTRIC model of
the universe
Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
• Newton’s Theories– English scientist Isaac
Newton develops theory of motion—states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth
– LAW OF GRAVITY
Isaac Newton in 1689
Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
• Newton’s Theories (continued)– Motion in space and
earth linked by the law of universal gravitation—holds that every object is universe attracts every other object
– Newton views the universe as a vast, perfect mechanical clock
Isaac Newton in 1702
William Harvey: 1578-1657
• Discovered circulation of the blood and the role of the heart
The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Medicine and the Human Body– Andreas Vesalius
improves knowledge of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius
The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Medicine and the Human Body (continued)– Edward Jenner produces
world’s first vaccination—for smallpox
1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make them sprout cow like appendages.
The Scientific Revolution Spreads
• Scientific Instruments– Scientists develop
microscope, barometer, and thermometer
– New instruments lead to better observations and new discoveriesmicroscope
thermometer
simple mercury barometer
How did they do this?
• Creation of the Scientific Method 1. Ask a Question 2. Do Background Research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test Your Hypothesis by
Doing an Experiment 5. Analyze Your Data and
Draw a Conclusion 6. Communicate Your
Result
Examples of tools they used:-Barometer - Microscope-Telescope - Thermometer
The Scientific Method• A Logical Approach
– Revolution in thinking leads to development of scientific method—a series of steps for forming and testing scientific theories
• Bacon and Descartes– Thinkers Bacon and Descartes help to create scientific
method– Bacon urges scientists to experiment before drawing
conclusions– Descartes advocates using logic and math to reason out
basic truths
The Scientific Method
Francis Bacon (1561-1626) René Descartes (1595-1650)
What did this lead to?
• Emphasis on reason and systematic study of nature• Explosion scientific knowledge and curiosity
– Greatest leap in knowledge up until that point in time– Creation of scientific communities– Role of the Printing Press
Importance of the scientific revolution
• Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
• Formulation of the scientific method• Expansion of scientific knowledge
Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on
A. The experiences of past civilizationsB. Experimentation and observationC. Emotions and feelingsD. The teachings of the Catholic Church
Answer is B.
Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution
A. Decline in population growth in EuropeB. Shift of power from Western Europe to
Eastern EuropeC. Spread of feudalism throughout Western
EuropeD. Expansion of European influence overseas
Answer is D
Which system developed as a result of the Commercial Revolution
A. ManorialismB. CommunismC. Bartering D. Market economy
Answer is D
According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be
A. Acquired as markets and sources of raw materials
B. Considered an economic burden for the colonial power
C. Grated independence as soon as possibleD. Encouraged to develop their own industries
Answer is A.
Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo
Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and Rene´ Descartes?
A. The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened.
B. The scientific method was used to solve problemsC. Funding to education was increased by the English
government.D. Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed
Answer is B
Which was a characteristic of the policy of mercantilism followed by Spanish colonial
rulers in Latin America?A. The colonies were forced to develop local industries to
support themselvesB. Spain sought trade agreements between its colonies
and the English colonies in North AmericaC. The colonies were required to provide raw materials to
Spain and to purchase Spanish manufactured goodsD. Spain encouraged the colonies to develop new political
systems to meet colonial needs
Answer is C