The suffrage movement and the feminist movement were not the same thing 1914
Age of Mass Politics 1871-1914 Chapter 22-23. Overview Ordinary people felt increasing loyalty to...
-
Upload
reynard-anderson -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Age of Mass Politics 1871-1914 Chapter 22-23. Overview Ordinary people felt increasing loyalty to...
Age of Mass Politics 1871-1914Chapter 22-23
OverviewOrdinary people felt increasing loyalty to their
governments
By 1914 universal male suffrage was the rule Female suffrage emerged after WWI
Politicians and parties in national gov’t represented the people more responsibly
Increased literacy
Governments often led by conservatives who manipulated nationalism
New InstitutionsTrade Unions
Became fully legal in Britain in 1871; France in 1884; Germany 1890 Minimal political influence
Focused on organizing skilled workers and improvement of wages and working conditions Later industrial unions for unskilled labor
Opposed by employers Long strikes
Most of Europe remained non-union But a new form of collective association to confront
economic difficulties and improve security
New InstitutionsDemocracy and Political Parties
Broad based electoral systems by late 19th century (except Russia) Britain voting reform act in 1867 and 1884 Germany and Bismarck universal male suffrage
in 1871 French Chamber of Deputies democratically
elected Meant government could no longer ignore workers
and unhappy citizens Organization of Political Parties
Vied for members
German Empire 1871-1914Government structure
Federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller German states
Kaiser Wilhelm I held ultimate power Otto von Bismarck served as chancellor Bicameral legislature: Reichstag
Bundestag Bundesrat
Multi-party system Conservatives represented the Junkers of Prussia Center Party (Catholic) Social Democratic Party Middle-class left out of politics during this era
German Empire 1871-1914Germany under Bismarck
Integrated political and economic structure Unified monetary system Established Imperial Bank Developed universal German civil and criminal codes Established compulsory military service
Kulturkampf (“Struggle for civilization”) Bismarck sought to limit influence of Catholic Center
Party; strong in the south (most northern German states were Protestant)
Bismarck instituted a set of sweeping reforms to minimize threat from the left
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism German Social Democratic Party (SDP) 1875
Policy of permanent hostility to non-socialist governments Organizational success kept Marxism alive
Founding fathers: Ferdinand Lasalle (reform), Wilhelm Liebknecht, and August Bebel (revolution)
Bismarck and the SPD 12 years of persecution; anti-socialist legislation
Legislation proved counter productive Social welfare legislation
1883: health insurance measure 1884: accident insurance 1889: retirement and disability pensions Paternalistic and conservative alternative to socialism Social security program; first industrial nation to have
this kind of program
Germany: Social Democrats and Revisionism William II
Emperor William II allowed antisocialist legislation to expire Opposed Bismarck’s move to outlaw the SPD
Forced him to resign to gain support of workers Socialists next move
Erfurt Program predicted doom of capitalism and necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production Intended to use reform not revolution Immediate task was to improve lives of workers
rather than overthrow government SPD worked within the system; became largest
party in the Reichstag by 1912
Third French Republic Established in 1875
Largely dominated by the bourgeoisie
Constitution provided for a republic Chamber of Deputies
(elected) President was weak Senate indirectly elected
Republican party Led by Leon Gambetta
Established parliamentary supremacy
Reforms Legalized trade unions Established secular
education
Multi-party system; ever-shifting political coalitions Challenge from conservatives Boulanger Crisis (1887-1889) Panama scandal (1892) Dreyfus Affair (1894)
France: Opportunism Rejected Less united socialist party
Two major factions Jaurès
Socialists should cooperate with middle-class Radical ministries
Guesde Could not support bourgeois
cabinet Dryfuss Affair
1899 in effort to unite supporters of Dryfuss, Prime Minister Renè Waldeck-Rousseau appointed socialist Alexander Millerand to cabinet
French labor movement uninterested in parties and socialism Main labor union Confédération
Générale du Travail 1895 Rival to socialist parties;
embraced doctrine of Georges Sorel in Reflections on Violence (1908) General strike as tool to unite
workers and gain them power Increase in strikes met with
military suppression
Ultimately Juarès gained seats in Chamber of Deputies from 1905 to 1914
Third Republic enjoyed vast support of the French People
Great Britain1850-1865 realignment of political parties
Lord Palmerston (1784-1865) Whig prime minister and dominant political
figure Tory Party transformed to Conservative Party
Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881) Whig party transformed to Liberal Party
William Gladstone (1809-1898) Other major contributor John Bright
Democratic expansion under Disraeli and Gladstone
Great BritainBenjamin Disraeli
Argued for aggressive foreign policy, expansion of British Empire, and reluctant support of democratic reforms Influenced by John Stuart Mill
Reform Bill of 1867 “leap in the dark”
Appeal to working people Expanded Reform Bill of 1832 Redistributed seats for more even representation
in House of Commons Almost universal suffrage (males over 21) Reduced gov’t regulation of trade unions in 1875 Created regulations for improved sanitation
Great BritainWilliam Gladstone
Most important liberal figure in 19th century England Supported Irish Home Rule, fiscal policy, free trade,
extension of democratic principles, opposed imperialism
Abolished compulsory taxes to support Church of England
Australian Ballot Act 1872 secret ballot
Civil service reform 1870 Competitive examination for gov’t positions
Reform Act of 1884 (Representation of the People Act) Votes for agricultural workers
Great Britain Fabianism and Early Welfare
Programs “New Unionism”
Trade unions grew Supported Liberal Party
candidates Organized unskilled
laborers The Labour Party 1901
1906 sent 29 members to Parliament Still a rise in strikes as
unions become more militant
More government intervention
The Fabian Society Most influential socialist
group in England Took its name from Q.
Fabius Maximus, Roman general
Gradualistic approach to reform
Leading members: Sidney and Beatrice Webb, H.G. Wells, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw
Wanted to educate public to socialist reform; gas-and-water socialism
Great Britain British government, Liberal and
Conservative parties responded slowly 1903 Joseph Chamberlain
finance social reform through higher import duties Split the conservative party
Liberal Reforms 1906-1908 restored the protection of
labor unions Right to strike
1909 broad program of social legislation Established labor exchanges,
regulated certain trades and passed National Insurance Act of 1911 Unemployment benefits and
health care Compulsory school attendance
Conflict between House of Commons and House of Lords Over financing new programs
Increased tax on wealthy to help fund the welfare state
Parliament Act of 1911 Most significant legislation of Liberal
party rule allowed Commons to override veto
of Lords State was taking expanded role in
lives of citizens
Representation of the People Act 1918 Women over 30 gained suffrage Property qualifications completely
eliminated
Women’s Rights and Suffrage in England Initially sought to amend marriage and
property laws
By 1890s, women’s rights activists realized that suffrage was the key to remedying other problems
Suffragettes came largely from middle class Benefitted from education Free time to become activists Working-class women and socialists worked
independently
Women’s Rights and Suffrage in England Millicent Garrett Fawcett (1847-1929)
Leader of National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) Fought for suffrage and helped grow the movement Knighted in 1924
Emmeline Pankhurst Leader of militant suffragettes
Along with her daughter, founded the Women’s social and Political Union (WSPU)
1907 began violent activities such as destroying railroad stations, works of art and store windows, and chaining themselves to gate in front of Parliament
Organized parades and demonstrations Arrested for their activities
Representation of the People Act 1918 Result of women’s critical contributions to the war effort; vote for women over 30
Reform Act of 1928 Suffrage for women over 21
The Irish QuestionYoung Ireland movement 1848
Ulster (Protestant counties in northern Ireland) Opposed Irish Home Rule Raised 100,000 armed volunteers by 1913 Supported by British public opinion
1914 Irish Home Rule Act passed
1916 Easter Rebellion
1922 Ireland gained independence Northern Ireland remained part of British Empire
The “Eastern Question” 1870’sThe Ottoman Empire
The “Sick Man of Europe” Constant state of crisis in the Balkans
Question of who would control the region Russia or Austro-Hungarian Empire Pan-Slavism
Idea of uniting all Slave in Europe under one gov’t (Russia)
Britain refused to accept Russian control and sent Royal Navy to help Turks “jingoism” Bismarck offered to mediate crisis
The “Eastern Question” 1870’sCongress of Berlin 1878
Russia gained little despite defeating the Turks Provisions
Recognition of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro as independent states
Establishment of autonomous principality of Bulgaria
Austrian acquisition of Bosnia and Herzegovina Transfer of Cyprus to Great Britain
Close to Suez Canal Rise in hostility from Russia toward Germany
New system of alliances formed
Socialist MovementsNegative response to industrialism and
nationalism Rise of socialist party
Problems were transnational; unite working class internationally
Main goal: advancer the cause of the proletariat throughout Europe
Reform or Revolution? Shaped socialist thought, party programs and
political behavior, and influenced the larger political arena
Karl Marx and the First International1864 foundation of first International Working
Men’s Association (known as the First International) Marx was principal organizer Socialists, anarchists, and Polish nationalists Marx approved reform efforts
In private he criticized reform activity Paris Commune
Marx called a genuine proletarian uprising Promoted anti-socialist legislation and sentiment First International moved headquarters to U.S. in
1873 and was disbanded in 1876
Karl Marx and the First InternationalMarxism emerged as the most important
strand of socialism Scientific characteristic made it appealing Deeply impressed German socialists; most
powerful party in Europe Also involved the influence of non-Marxist
socialists in Great Britain
RevisionismWorkers gained right to vote and participate
politically Attention to elections rather than revolutions Standard of living rose Government acceptance of labor unions Focus on bread-and-butter issues
Wages, hours, working conditions Genuine collective bargaining Eduard Bernstein: Evolutionary Socialism 1899
Most prominent socialist revisionist Argued Marx’s predictions of ever-greater poverty
for workers and concentration of wealth in fewer hands was proven false
AnarchistsSpin off from mainstream socialist movement
Sought to destroy centralized state Mikhail Bakunin
Russian nobleman, leading anarchist Strongest in Spain and Italy Political assassinations
Alexander II of Russia 1881 King Umberto I of Italy 1900 President William McKinley of U.S. 1901
Russia Defeat in Crimean War marked turning point
Lacked sizable middle class Had to modernize or would remain
vulnerable militarily and economically
Alexander II (1855-1881) Perhaps most liberal ruler prior to 20th
century Serfdom had slowed modernization Emancipation Act 1861
Peasants no longer dependent on lord; free to move and change occupations; could enter contracts and own property
Mirs Communes which were highly
regulated Collective ownership and
responsibility Zemstvos
Established 1864; assemblies that administered local areas Significant step to popular
participation Other reforms
Judiciary improved Censorship relaxed (but not
removed) Education liberalized
RussiaRailroad construction
Between 1860 and 1880 mileage grew from 1,250 to 15,500
Enabled export of grain and ability to earn profits for further industrialization
Stimulated domestic manufacturing Strengthened Russia’s military
RussiaCritics
Alexander turned increasingly traditional in values Radical populist movement emerged; sought
utopian agrarian order Intelligensia Nihilism Alexander II assassinated in 1881 by radicals
RussiaAlexander III (1881-1894)
“Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Russification (nationalism)” Encouraged anti-semitism (pogroms)
Theodor Herzl 1897Launched the Zionist movement
Fought to establish a Jewish state in Palestine
Russia Nicholas II
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) Revolution of 1905
Poor economy and strains of war led peasants and middle class to demand reforms
Bloody Sunday, Jan 1905 200,000 worker/peasants
marched peacefully to “Winter Palace” Czar not in town Army fired on marchers
General Strike paralyzed Russia; czar was forced to make concessions
Duma: Assembly created as an advisory body to Czar Granted freedom of speech,
assembly, and press Czar retained absolute veto Revolutionaries divided; Duma
had no real influence Propertied classes benefited at
expense of workers, peasants, and national minorities
Mild economic recover 1907-1914 Peter Stolypin: pushed agrarian
reforms Gregorii Rasputin: caused
widespread doubts about czar’s ability to lead
Poor showing in WWI led directly to Russian Revolution