THE 2THE 2NDND ERA OF IMPERIALISMERA OF IMPERIALISMTHE 2THE 2 ERA OF IMPERIALISMERA OF IMPERIALISM

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION AND IMPERIALISM: THE MAKING OF IMPERIALISM: THE MAKING OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDERTHE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDERTHE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDERTHE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER

INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION INDUSTRIALIZATION AS CATALYSTAS CATALYST

• Industrialization – Made it possible to easily build empires– Technology gave Europeans a technical superiorityTechnology gave Europeans a technical superiority– Technology allowed Europeans to reach all areas– Scientific advances helped cure diseases harmful to Europeans

• Industrialism changed European expansiong p p– Trade no longer solely luxury goods

• Europe sought raw materials for its factories • Markets for its manufactured goods. g

– European navies required foreign bases to refuel– Steam engines required coal, wood, water– Later petroleum engines required oil to fuel machines

f i i li fi di l b l – Part of imperialism was finding naval bases, naval stores

SWITCH TO LAND POWERSSWITCH TO LAND POWERSSWITCH TO LAND POWERSSWITCH TO LAND POWERS• In the early stages of imperial advance

• Great trading companies led acquisition of territories– Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries – Sought to avoid involvement in political rivalries – Favored trade instead of wars as wars cut into profits

• Later, companies drawn into regional conflicts• Had to negotiate with princes for land, make alliances• Companies began to arm soldiers, build naviesCompanies began to arm soldiers, build navies• Acquired land as a result of successful wars• With slow communications prior to industrialization

– Local commanders conquered large regions – Home countries did not know what was happeningpp g

• Examples• British East India Company

• Operating from Madras, Bombay• Acquired Bengal and smaller enclaves

• Dutch East India Company• Operating from Batavia• Acquired Java and parts of other islands• Acquired CeylonF h E t I di C• French East India Company

• Possessed port cities and factories• Tried to interfere with local princes to oust British from India

RISE OF LANDRISE OF LAND--BASED EMPIRESBASED EMPIRES

PROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVAPROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVAPROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVAPROTOTYPE: THE DUTCH ADVANCE ON JAVA• The Dutch at Batavia

• Initially satisfied to be vassals of sultan of Mataramy– The kingdom that controlled much of Java's interior – Intervention in succession wars within Mataram

» Dutch received control over the region around Batavia Aft 6 D t h t l f t f J» After 1670, Dutch won control of most of Java

• The local sultans – Were able to retain only small kingdoms on the island– Java became the core of the Dutch Asian empire Java became the core of the Dutch Asian empire

• Dutch expand control in parts of East Indies• Control local ports and some area• Leave interiors to native princesp• Control the import, export of goods• Collect tribute

The submission of Prince The submission of Prince DiponegoroDiponegoro to General De to General De KockKock (Dutch East (Dutch East Indies Company) at the end of the Java War in 1830Indies Company) at the end of the Java War in 1830

EARLY COLONIAL EARLY COLONIAL SOCIETYSOCIETY

• In the BeginningIn the Beginning▫ British, Dutch representatives

Established themselves atop indigenous social hierarchiesEuropeans Had to accommodate themselves to the ecologyNew types of housing, dress, work habits adopted

• A Blending▫ Colonial representatives were male

i i i h i diLiaisons with indigenous women were common

Intermarried with local women producing mixed groups

Eurasian mixed races become common intermediaries

Mixed races controlled exchanges between whites, locals

Many mixed groups created their own ethnic hierarchies

▫ Syncretism of Styles and ReligionsChristianity arrived but two Christianities resulted

A purely European and an ethnic, blended traditionp y p ,

REFORMREFORMREFORMREFORM• By the 1770s, rampant corruption within the East India Company

– Forced the British government to enact reforms

– Sweeping reforms were undertaken by Lord Charles Cornwallis

– Cornwallis' reforms in 1790s

• Cleansed the East India Company administration

• Constricted the participation of Indians in their own government.

– Evangelical religious movements in Britain also induced reform.

Sl b li h d• Slavery was abolished• Campaigns launched against what were viewed as Indian social abuses

– British utilitarians supported the cries for social reform

– Evangelicals, Utilitarians pressed for English-language instruction in India

R f t d i f i f B iti h t h l – Reformers supported infusion of British technology.

• At the center of the social reform program – Abolition of the practice of sati

– Despite some resistance, British insisted on an end to the practice

B iti h f l b ht th lt l t• British reforms also brought other cultural aspects– Centerpieces of Western civilization including law, government

– Including education, technology, and administrative organization

– Attempted to recast Indian civilization in the Western image.

DUTCH EAST INDIESDUTCH EAST INDIES• Interactions

▫ War and DiplomacyDutch conquer island interiors following Javanese revoltDutch, English redrew political map according to their own desires; boundaries have lasted until current eraNew boundaries connected particular power centers within a Dutch colonial state, outside state to Netherlands

▫ TradeExport industries increased rapidly until they came to dominate the economyCapitalist, world-market-driven forces created national economic structures

• State Structureh d li i l f k▫ Dutch created new political framework

Systematically replaced local rulers, states with colonial state; Imposed modern bureaucratic systemsStandardization of currency systems, banking systems, insurance firms, and all-purpose service institutions

Left many local institutions, elites in place so long as they cooperated with Dutch, fulfilled their economic quotas

▫ Sarekat Islam (Islamic Union) United different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in one mass movementUnited different kinds of Indonesian Muslims in one mass movementModeled after Indian movements, Chinese Revolution and parties

• Social and Gender▫ Forced culture system: government contracts with natives, crop control, and fixed prices▫ Private enterprise, land ownership expanded in late 19th century; population subject to world price fluxuations

• CulturalCultural▫ Dutch Native Schools: primary schools, university education helped fuel Indonesian nationalism▫ Islamic reformism (education, self-reform) came to Indonesia via movements in Middle East

▫ Debate between revivalist, modernist reconstructions of Islam; rise of ethnic identities

Prompted social and intellectual changes Resistance movements and new political parties

• Environment and Demography▫ Population steadily, rapidly increased; significant migrations into and within the area▫ Chinese, Indian trading groups made up significant percentage of immigrants▫ Introduction of coffee, tea, rubber, cocoa plantations; rice production expanded▫ Dutch developed tin, oil industries

DUTCH EAST INDIESDUTCH EAST INDIESDUTCH EAST INDIESDUTCH EAST INDIES

FRENCH INDOCHINAFRENCH INDOCHINA• Interactions

▫ Diplomacy: Began century as Chinese tributary states, independent princely states▫ Diplomacy: Negotiations left Thailand as buffer and led to annexation of Laos by 1902▫ Wars: French fought Chinese, Vietnamese, Siam to acquire colonies, protectorates 1859 - 1882 ▫ War: many peasant/guerrilla insurrection, Buddhist rebellions against French influence

• State Structure▫ Vietnam began as imperial state with Confucian bureaucracy modeled after China▫ French navy conquer southern area, including Cambodia▫ Introduced European administration taxing/fiscal systems but left many ruling elites in place▫ Introduced European administration, taxing/fiscal systems but left many ruling elites in place▫ French monopolies on salt, opium, alcohol, and all public facilities

• Social and Gender▫ French colonial administrators assisted by French trained Vietnamese bureaucrats▫ Confucian ruling elites, traditional social structures largely left in place but little influence

• Cultural▫ Conversion of many Vietnamese to Christianity▫ Attempted repression by emperor led to French intervention ▫ French practice policy of cultural assimilation , allow elites to rule locals▫ Migration of Chinese merchants to area especially in South, to citiesMigration of Chinese merchants to area especially in South, to cities▫ Many Vietnamese intellectuals educated in French universities

• Technology▫ Infusion of modern technology, irrigation, all weather roads, ports▫ Conquest by technologies: warships, modern weapons, telegraph

C l i d i l i d i h F h f di▫ Coal mines and rice plantations were opened with French funding

• Environment and Demography▫ Rise of Saigon, Hanoi, Haiphong due to French administration▫ Export industries dominate: plantations for rubber, tea, rice

FRENCH INDOCHINAFRENCH INDOCHINAFRENCH INDOCHINAFRENCH INDOCHINA

RISE OF BRITISH IN INDIARISE OF BRITISH IN INDIA• British gradually assumed a position of superiority

▫ Establishment of British control in India Based out of Bombay which became center of trade, bankingBased out of Bombay which became center of trade, bankingHad much to do with an imperial rivalry with the FrenchArmed ships and fielded English led native levies of troopsSigned alliances with local princes, fought oppositionBritish emerged as victors and masters of an Asian empire

▫ British representative of BEIC was Robert Clive. Won initial victories in southern IndiaWon a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757Won a major battle over ruler of Bengal at Plassey in 1757Clive had help of Hindu bankersSuccessfully bought off the chief general, allies of rival

• Clive's victory sealed British supremacy over France in Indiay p y

CONSOLIDATION OF CONSOLIDATION OF BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE

• After Plassey• After Plassey– British representatives

• Involved themselves in succession disputes, wars • Among the Indian rulers who bordered BengalAmong the Indian rulers who bordered Bengal

– British East India Company • Wrested control of India from a declining Mughal Empire• Madras, Bombay, Calcutta became administrative centers • British Presidencies incorporated territory controlled by BEC• Other Indian states were left as dependent allies.

• Despite their awareness of the growing power of the BritishI di i i d bbl h l– Indian princes continued to squabble among themselves

– Supplied recruits for the British armies. – Armies recruited from India became a force in British empire

Indian soldiers served British masters throughout empire– Indian soldiers served British masters throughout empire

INDIA: EXTERNALINDIA: EXTERNALINDIA: EXTERNALINDIA: EXTERNAL• Interactions

▫ War: French Revolution impacts seas, princes: English expand control▫ War: Numerous colonial wars of conquest, revolts

W 8 8 S R b lli f M li Hi d i B i i h l ▫ War: 1858 Sepoy Rebellion of Muslims, Hindus against British rule ▫ Diplomacy: UK gets external control, land, rights▫ Diplomacy: Indians get local self-rule, protection, prestige▫ Diplomacy: India becomes a British imperial colony annexing Burma▫ Trade: Export of opium, raw cotton, indigo dye, cotton textiles, tea, rubber▫ Trade: British make Indian economy dependent on English trade, merchants▫ Trade: Opening of Suez Canal made India economically very important

• State Structure▫ 1750: Many princely states vie for leadership; English East India Company on rise▫ 1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly1858: United Kingdom takes over EEIC after Sepoy Rebellion, rules India directly

Cabinet system was introduced; civil service appointments were regulated

Army reorganized, recruited increasingly from the Punjab and Nepal

Code of civil procedure (1859), penal code (1860), code of criminal procedure (1861), high courts (1862)

Legislative councils were appointed containing a small proportion of Indian members

Hi h t I di ll d t h ld hi h itiHigh caste Indians allowed to hold higher positions

▫ Joint Anglo-Indian ruleBritish: land revenue-based state, sedentary society, guarantees of property rights, and the “rule of law.”Regional rulers, local communities, local elites retained most social, political influenceLocals advanced visions of what Indian society should be that were different from British administrators

▫ First nationalist movements Hindu Muslim reform movements▫ First nationalist movements, Hindu, Muslim reform movementsPolitical leaders such as Gandhi begin to unite urban, rural and social, religious activities to unify nation1914 Indian Congress Party seeks independence for a united Hindu-Muslim state1914 Muslim League seeking independence for Muslims from a Hindu state

INDIA: INTERNALINDIA: INTERNALINDIA: INTERNALINDIA: INTERNAL• Social and Gender

▫ Profound social changes both by British, localsEnglish hostile to worst aspects of traditions, caste system but rule through elite Muslims, HindusRi f E li h d t d d t h i l lit I di b i il i l l tiRise of English educated and technical elite; Indian bureaucracy, civil service largely nativeBritish abolish sati; tried to diminish effects of caste systemWealthy Indian merchants increasing buy land and do not invest in industry, trade

▫ Elimination of the Thugees, a murderous Kali cult by British▫ Increasing tensions between Muslim, Hindus; Sikhs prominent in Indian Army▫ British officials accompanied by wives, socially and intellectually aloof from Indian subjects.p y , y y j

• Cultural▫ Founding of Anglo-Indian colleges, schools of higher education▫ Rise of Orientalism, a European intellectual school favoring Indian studies (Transcendentalists)▫ Protestant, Catholic missionaries very active in India, especially south; resented by Muslims, Hindus

• TechnologyTechnology▫ British introduced printing press in 1778 creating an intellectual revolution▫ Printed media especially newspapers expanded in 19th century▫ British developed public works, ports, roads, railroads, bridges, irrigation canals, telegraph, post▫ Indian Great Rail System unites country for first time▫ Industrialization limited but some regional industrialization occurred in Bombay, Bengalg y, g

• Environment and Demography▫ Indian population increased with new food stuffs▫ Increased urbanization▫ Growth of plantation economics in areas: teas, rubber, opium▫ Immigration of Indian labor throughout British Empire

INDIAN INDIAN EMPIRE 1914EMPIRE 1914INDIAN INDIAN EMPIRE, 1914EMPIRE, 1914

COMPETITIONCOMPETITIONCOMPETITIONCOMPETITION• Nationalism as competition

I d i l i i i li• Industrial competition as nationalism• Militarism as a part of industrialization • Increased military, technological advantage

Competition among nations fo colonies• Competition among nations for colonies

• Imperialism and colonialism• Race to establish international empires• Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations• Colonies: economic insurance for industrialized nations

– They supplied raw materials, markets, – Places where disgruntled workers could be shipped

• Improved transportation and communications permitted• Improved transportation and communications permitted– National leaders play direct roles in imperial conquest– National presses gave governments the ability

» To build up public support p p pp» To publicize victories abroad.

AFRICA INAFRICA IN1830: 1830:

BEFOREBEFOREBEFOREBEFORESCRAMBLESCRAMBLE

FOR FOR FOR FOR CONTINENTCONTINENT

BEGANBEGAN

SCRAMBLE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICAFOR AFRICA

FRENCH WEST AFRICAFRENCH WEST AFRICA• Interactions

▫ Jihads by Sokoto spread faith; slaving wars; civil wars between Muslim states▫ By 1898 French reached Lake Chad, Nile; Fashoda Crisis nearly led to war with England▫ Industrial capitalism shaped demand, supply of goods and service on a world scale▫ Price fluctuations hurt West Africa▫ Price fluctuations hurt West Africa

▫ Export of vegetable oils, cottons

• State Structure▫ Militant Muslim forces established Sokoto Caliphate, others in early to middle 19th century▫ French West Africa

E t bli h d i 1895 t if di id d F h l i l iEstablished in 1895 to unify diverse, widespread French colonial possessionsGovernment centralized, direct rule from Paris, by French governor; all levels of government, courts run by FrenchAll French colonies had to be self-supporting, taxable entities; little direct French investment in colonies

▫ Forms of resistance: migration, tax evasion, disobedience, disrespectMuch less obvious, much more difficult to control; resistance continued throughout colonial periodAfricans turned to Christianity, Western education as means of resisting the power of colonial ruley g p

• Social and Gender▫ Expansion of slavery to interior contributed to agricultural, craft, trading, and herding activities; social prestige▫ Mouridiyya brotherhood: peasants, former slaves, defeated warriors create Muslim community during Colonial rule▫ French expect men to migrate for work; while slavery abolished, many coerchive forms of labor used

• Cultural▫ Islamic education, piety made significant advances; great Muslim revival▫ White Fathers Mission charged with Catholic missionary work in Africa

• Technology▫ French weapons, transportation, steamships facilitate conquest, control▫ Quinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live in AfricaQuinine used to suppress malaria, permit Europeans to live in Africa

• Environment and Demography▫ Expansion of peanut production (Peanut Revolution) throughout region▫ Introduction of cotton production for export

FRENCH FRENCH FRENCH FRENCH WEST AFRICAWEST AFRICA

NIGERIANIGERIANIGERIANIGERIA• Interactions

▫ 1750-1830 saw slaving wars between African states; later many civil wars for power ▫ 1870-1914 colonial wars of conquest, British forced to put down resistance▫ Industrializing countries sought tropical commodities (oils, cotton, ivory, indigo, gum)

d l d d i f d f i l d i i l d▫ Increased slavery augmented production of goods for regional and international trade ▫ Exploration: the Niger, interior of the continent

• State Structure▫ Forest Regions: 1750 until conquest -Divine right monarchies assisted by elites, councils ruled small states▫ Sudan/Sahel: 1750 until conquest- Muslim jihad, reformist purifying movement creates modern, model states▫ Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring lands facilitation British expansion to interior▫ Royal Niger Company instrumental in acquiring lands, facilitation British expansion to interior▫ British establish two colonies: North, South and eventually merge both into one colonial entity▫ British dominate highest positions including military; ruled indirectly through local elites▫ Educated Africans become government civil servants, lawyers, police, teachers under British supervision

• Social and Gender▫ Before British arrival, slave trade redirected to interior and expanded; many economic, social benefits, p ; y , b▫ African slavery contributed to patriarchy because slave wives had fewer rights than freeborn wives▫ Traditional elites remained but undermined by European educated elites, Christians, businessmen

• Cultural▫ British, American missionaries set up schools, begin activities (Presbyterians, Methodists, Anglicans)▫ Rise of western educated elite due to missionaries, education which challenged traditional elites▫ In villages were men migrated to work, women assumed many traditional male roles▫ British economics, education disrupted many tradition patterns and changed social focus

• Technology▫ Steamboats used in environment; weapons; modern medicines made conquest easier▫ Railroads, electricity, roads, port facilities expanded and created a unified colony

E i d D h• Environment and Demography▫ Abolition of Atlantic slave trade in 19th century but expansion of slavery within African interior▫ Peanuts, yams introduced into region, a major food crop: population expanded in 19th century▫ Rise of Lagos as administrative capital, port

COLONIAL WARSCOLONIAL WARSCOLONIAL WARSCOLONIAL WARS• Europe by the late 19th century

– Nations could wage devastating warNations could wage devastating war– Small armies had enormous power

• Technology gave them great power• Machine guns, steam power, iron hulls ac e gu s, stea powe , o u s

• The peoples of Asia and Africa – Not able to provide effective resistance– Asian, African leaders continued to resistAsian, African leaders continued to resist– Although they were able to win some victories

• Local states could not sustain conventional wars• Most effective resistance was offered by guerrillasy g

• Case of Congo in Africa– Henry Stanley never had more than 1000 men– His army had machine guns, cannons, steamersy g , ,– Conquered Congo Free State (Zaire) for Belgium– State is half the size of the continental USA

RESISTANCERESISTANCERESISTANCERESISTANCE• Africans, Asians Resist

▫ Resisted as best they could

▫ Refused to cooperate▫ Refused to cooperate

▫ Slowed work, output

▫ Disappeared to avoid work

▫ Often resorted to war

S R b lli 8• Sepoy Rebellion 1857▫ Hindu, Muslims sepoys rebel

▫ Crushed by British troops

▫ UK annexes India from East Indies Co.

• Ethiopia▫ Italy invaded in 1896

▫ At Battle of Adowa, Ethiopia wins

• Zulu Wars▫ 1870s

▫ English, Boer in region: seek Zulu land

▫ Zulus resist

▫ Battle of IsandhlwanaBattle of IsandhlwanaZulus defeat British

Too little to win war

PATTERNS OF PATTERNS OF DOMINANCEDOMINANCE

– European Superiorityp p y• Fueled desire for Western learning• Asian, African elites cooperated to try to maintain their powers• Asian and African middle classes westernized

– Europeans needed lower echelon bureaucrats to run empirep p– New middle classes, urban classes especially clerks worked with Europeans– Fueled westernization issues as many adopted European standards

– Two primary types of colonies• Tropical dependencies

– Small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of indigenous peoples– Europeans there to exploit resources but not settle– Often left for better life after making their money, reputation

• Settlement, settler colonies. Within the settlement colonies there were two patterns – Within the settlement colonies there were two patterns.

– In the White Dominions, such as Canada and Australia» Much of the population descended from European immigrants» Possible because of the die-off of native peoples

– In contested settler colonies, such as Algeria, Kenya, New Zealand, Hawaii, g , y , ,» Large numbers of European immigrants vied with indigenous peoples» Europeans tried to monopolize best lands, resources

THE THE THE THE COLOSSUS COLOSSUS ASTRIDE ASTRIDE ASTRIDE ASTRIDE AFRICAAFRICA(CECIL (CECIL

RHODES)RHODES)RHODES)RHODES)

TROPICAL TROPICAL DEPENDENCIESDEPENDENCIES

• Followed models established in India, JavaE ploited religious or ethnic di isions• Exploited religious or ethnic divisions

– Europeans rigidified differences– Divided indigenous peoples into artificial tribes

• Rule through one tribeEuropeans often placed one tribe over other tribes– Europeans often placed one tribe over other tribes

– Europeans ruled through this tribe– The powerful tribe often exploited other tribes, peoples– Ashanti in Gold Coast, Kikuyu in Kenya, Buganda in Uganda– Brahmin and Kshatriya castes Sikhs in India– Brahmin and Kshatriya castes, Sikhs in India

• Europeans gained control over vast regions of Asia, Africa• Few Europeans governed masses of indigenous peoples

– With the help of Western-educated African, Asian subordinates.– British also drew on educated Indians to support – British also drew on educated Indians to support

administrative• In Africa, unlike other colonized regions

– Education left in the hands of missionaries rather than the state– This policy stunted the growth of an African middle classp y g– Such policies

» Intentionally eliminated the development of nationalist leaders» Isolated groups within the colonized peoples

CHANGING SOCIAL CHANGING SOCIAL CHANGING SOCIAL CHANGING SOCIAL RELATIONSRELATIONS

• After 1850After 1850• Europeans in Asia, Africa tended to isolate themselves• Inclusion of European women in the colonies

– Ended liaisons between European males, local women– Laws were established forbidding mixed marriages. – Measures were passed to prevent social interactions Measures were passed to prevent social interactions

• White Racial Supremacy• Europeans increasingly felt they were racial superior• Looked down upon all colored or darker races• White Man’s Burden

• Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors• Whites as superior civilization had a duty to inferiors• Whites imparted civilization to inferiors

• Development of Social Dawinism– Based on Darwin’s theories– Saw whites as survival of the fittest– Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale– Other races were lower on the evolutionary scale– Used to justify European imperialism, myth of racial superiority

• Administrators and colonists• Increasingly saw Africans, Asians as savages, uncivilized• Attempted to create European enclaves • Lived in increasing isolation from Asians Africans• Lived in increasing isolation from Asians, Africans• Took best lands from natives and introduced European lifestyles• Place locals at bottom of all social pyramids

MISSION CIVILISATRICEMISSION CIVILISATRICEMISSION CIVILISATRICEMISSION CIVILISATRICE

WHITE MAN’S BURDENWHITE MAN’S BURDENWHITE MAN S BURDENWHITE MAN S BURDEN

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION

• Coercive Means of ColonialismCoercive Means of Colonialism• Efforts made to increase production of exports• Often used coercive means

– Head, hut taxes imposed payable only in commoditiesForced locals to mine minerals tap rubber for Europeans– Forced locals to mine minerals, tap rubber for Europeans

• Worse Case = Congo Free State– No rules governing colonization and King of Belgium wanted an empire– Hired Henry Stanley with small armies to create his own new state

C ll d C F St t– Called Congo Free State– Forced locals to harvest rubber under pain of death, punishment– Labor quotas little more than slavery– Eventually his atrocities discovered, state taken over by Belgium

D l t f I f t t• Development of Infrastructure• To facilitate the movement of raw materials, agricultural crops

– Imperial nations built roads, railroads from colonial interiors to ports.– Mining and agricultural productivity increased in the coloniesg g p y– But profits went to European imperialists. – African and Asian workers scarcely benefited from their labor.

• Colonial economies reduced to dependence on industrialized Europe.

IN THE RUBBER COILS IN THE RUBBER COILS The Congo “Free” StateThe Congo “Free” StateCongo Free State, Imports and Exports, 1887-1903

Year Exports Imports Year Exports Imports Year

1887 1888 1889 1890 1891

Exports

1,980,441 2,609,300 4,297,543 8,242,199 5,353,519

Imports

no data no data no data no data no data

Year

1896 1897 1898 1899 1900

Exports

12,389,600 15,146,976 22,163,482 36,061,959 47,377,401

Imports

15,227,776 22,181,462 23,084,447 22,325,847 24,724,109

1892 1893 1894 1895

5,487,632 6,106,134 8,761,622

10,943,019

no data 9,175,103

11,104,723 10,685,848

1901 1902 1903

50,488,394 50,069,515 54,597,835

23,102,064 18,080,909 20,896,331

MISSIONARIES AND MISSIONARIES AND MISSIONARIES AND MISSIONARIES AND IMPERIALISMIMPERIALISM

• The Flag Followed The Faith– Missionaries

• Were active before imperialists• Often penetrated interior of Asia Africa • Often penetrated interior of Asia, Africa • Brought faith and many other goods, ideas

– Missionaries were active as social imperialists• Missionaries favored Western ways• Insisted that conversion meant westernization

• Native vs. European Clergy– Three Christian traditions developed

R C th li d A li t diti i il• Roman Catholic and Anglican traditions – very similar

• Protestant traditions like Presbyterians were late starters

• Indigenous Clergy and African Christian movements• Developed after some time

Oft did t b l t t bli h d t diti• Often did not belong to any established tradition

• Very strongly Afro-centric and often pentecostal

– Europeans dominated African Christianity until 1950s

SPREAD OFSPREAD OFSPREAD OFSPREAD OFCHRISTIANCHRISTIANMISSIONS INMISSIONS IN

AFRICAAFRICAAFRICAAFRICA

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA

NGUNI & NGUNI & MFECANEMFECANENGUNI & NGUNI & MFECANEMFECANE• Nguni

▫ Bantu tribal language family in Southern AfricaArrived 1600s in Cape area▫ Arrived 1600s in Cape area

▫ Arrive in area same time as Dutch settled Capetown▫ Tribes: Zulu, Xhosa, Sotho, Swahzi, Nbelle, Shona▫ Many moved into area following decline of Zimbabwey g▫ Corn introduced from Americas: rise of population▫ Scarce resources during 10 year drought: conflict

• Mfecane l f h i hi▫ Zulu for the scattering or crushing

▫ Rise of Zulu Empire c. 1780 – 1840▫ Created by Shaka Zulu, the use of modern iron swords ▫ Zulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to scatterZulu war machine forced Ngoni tribes to scatter▫ Let to rise of Zulu-like states throughout region

• Mfecane meets Great Trek▫ British rule increasingly unacceptable to Dutch Farmer (Boer)▫ British oppose slavery which Boers support▫ Boer picked up entire communities and migrated to interior▫ The Great Trek of Boers collided up against Mfecane

MAPPING THE MAPPING THE MFECANEMFECANEMAPPING THE MAPPING THE MFECANEMFECANE

SOUTH AFRICASOUTH AFRICA• Interactions

▫ Diplomacy: British acquire land from Dutch following Napoleonic war▫ Wars: European border wars with Bantu; Anglo-Boer War 1899▫ Bantu Mfecane caused by Zulus; Great Trek: Boers immigrated into interior to get away from British▫ Imperialism: gold, diamonds led British to seek to control Boer Republics

• State Structure▫ Cape Colony, Natal were British settler colonies; Transvaal, Orange Free State were independent▫ Indirect British rule of Africans through chiefs; 1853 British settlers acquire legislature, self-rule▫ Union of South Africa as a British federal crown dominion in 1910 united all states, provinces9 , p

Immigration Act of 1913 restricted rights of Indians, led to arrest, rise of GandhiNative Land Act of 1913 restricted African landing holding to under 8%African National Congress founded by blacks in 1913; South African Nationalist party founded in 1914

• Social and Gender▫ 1795 Slaves outnumbered European colonists▫ 19th century saw expulsions of Bantu from lands; heavy English settler immigration to colonies▫ Casted society with misgenation laws, racial segregation laws in place

English Settlers; Afrikaaner (Boer) Settlers dominate societyIndian indentured labor in sugar plantations; mixed populations in Cape Colony, NatalAfrican (Bantu) populations relegated to homelands, tribal lands

• Cultural▫ Conversion of many Africans to Protestantism▫ Europeans dominated all levels of the government, economy

• Technology▫ Railroads, modernized portsRailroads, modernized ports▫ Heavy mining of gold, diamonds led to industrial capitalism,

• Environment and Demography▫ Ranching and farming introduced▫ Cities were often heavily Caucasian, Indian, Mixed populations: black suburban slums

BOER GREAT BOER GREAT BOER GREAT BOER GREAT TREKTREK

• Dutch in South Africa▫ 17th century Dutch occupy Capetown Province▫ Dutch, French Huguenots settle in Cape Province▫ Society develops called Boer ▫ People speak Afrikaans a dialect of Dutch▫ People speak Afrikaans, a dialect of Dutch▫ Create a settler society based on ranching, slavery

• British Acquire Cape Province▫ Following Napoleonic Wars, British annex Cape Province▫ British abolish slavery and English immigration increases

• Great Trek▫ Waves: semi-nomadic pastoralists and skilled artisans, merchants, farmers▫ Reasons for migration

Felt their life style and traditions were threatened by the BritishDisliked Anglicization policies in society and faithDisliked Anglicization policies in society and faithDisagreed with British abolition of slaveryFelt British were unreceptive to attacks by Bantu Nguni tribes on bordersSought good farm land which was in short supply in Cape ProvinceBoers had a large, expanding, young population

• Results▫ Establishment of three Boer Republics in interior▫ These republics did not permit slavery but established racial segregation▫ Conflicts between Boers and Bantu especially Zulu and Xhosa increase

MAPPING MAPPING MAPPING MAPPING THE GREAT THE GREAT THE GREAT THE GREAT

TREKTREK

CONTESTED SETTLER COLONIESCONTESTED SETTLER COLONIESCONTESTED SETTLER COLONIESCONTESTED SETTLER COLONIES• Australia, South Africa, Kenya, New Zealand, Algeria

Contested settler colonies • Contested settler colonies Attracted large numbers of European immigrants

Earlier settler colonies▫ Disease decimated indigenous populations▫ Disease decimated indigenous populations▫ Europeans able without much trouble to take best lands▫ Introduced complete European society inc. food, animals

“Neo-Europes” pCreated abroad including food, animalsSociety an exact replication of EuropeAmerican coloniesC d d Q bCanada and Quebec

19th-century settler colonies Were in areas with large indigenous populations Conflict, competition between indigenous, settlerConflict, competition between indigenous, settler

NEONEO--EUROPES & IMMIGRATIONEUROPES & IMMIGRATION

EUROPEANS EUROPEANS SETTLE AUSTRALIASETTLE AUSTRALIA

• Early Settlement of Australia8 hi il d f l d b d f▫ May 1787 11 ships sailed from England bound for Botany Bay

▫ British Crown Colony of New South Wales 1788Included the current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South WalesVan Diemen's Land now known as Tasmania settled in 1803 and became a separate colony in 1825

▫ Britain formally claimed the western part of Australia in 18291835 the Colonial Office implemented the legal doctrine of terra nulliusLand belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession Quashed earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoplesAll people found occupying land without authority of government considered illegal trespassers

• Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Walesh li i l d i i i i l d i▫ South Australia in 1836; New Zealand in 1840; Victoria in 1851; Queensland in 1859

▫ Northern Territory founded in 1863 as part of the Province of South Australia▫ 1829 Swan River Colony founded: later became Western Australia

Western Australia was founded as a free colony Later accepted transported convicts because of an acute labor shortage

▫ The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868▫ Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes

• 1850: Gold Rushes led to massive immigration▫ Immigration from England, Scotland, Ireland, Wales▫ Immigration from United States and CanadaImmigration from United States and Canada▫ Immigration of Chinese laborers to support European construction, service industries

• 1901: Australia granted Dominion Status

AUSTRALIANSAUSTRALIANS Th C ti f A t li t 1901AUSTRALIANSAUSTRALIANS The Creation of Australia to 1901

Aborigine Tribes Prior to 1830

THE PACIFICTHE PACIFIC• European, American, and Japanese colonialism

• Resulted in demographic disasters and social disruption• New Zealand and Hawaii serve as examples• War of 1898 made US a Pacific PowerWar of 1898 made US a Pacific Power• USA acquired Philippines, Guam, Hawaii, Samoa

• New Zealand• Contact between Europeans, Maoris occurred end of 18th century• European settlement was not extensive• Exposure to diseases, dissemination of firearms resulted in massive population loss• By middle of 19th century

• The surviving Maoris had begun to establish sedentary agricultural communities• Used European technology and domesticated animals• British settlement began in earnest in the 1850s

E i i t i d th t f til l d M i d i t i t i f th i l d• European immigrants seized the most fertile lands; Maoris driven to interior of the islands• Maoris survived by acculturating to British law and government• New Zealand was able to construct a multiracial society in which elements of the Maori culture flourished.

• Hawaii• Captain James Cook opened Hawaii to Western development in 1777

With f W t K h h it d ll f H ii t 8• With use of Western weapons, Kamehameha united all of Hawaii 1794 to 1810• Kamehameha encouraged economic exchange with Western merchants• In 1819, US missionaries began to convert the Hawaiians to Christianity• Missionaries brought in their wake cultural change and Western education• Exposure to Western diseases decimated the population of the Hawaiian islandsp p p• Westerners soon began to experiment with plantation crops• As Hawaiian monarchy declined, planter groups called for more active U.S. intervention• The United States formally annexed Hawaii as a colony in 1898.

SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT OF NEW ZEALANDOF NEW ZEALAND1000-13001000 1300

Arrival of Polynesians

1642Dutch visit islands

17691769Cook visits islands

179060% of Maori on North Island die due to disease

1793 – 1806 First European settlersFirst European women arrive

1814Fi Ch i i i i b iFirst Christian mission beginSheep, cattle, chickens, horses

1820s – 1840sMaori wars using muskets

1840 18411840 – 1841Major European settlementsNew Zealand becomes British

PACIFIC EMPIRESPACIFIC EMPIRESPACIFIC EMPIRESPACIFIC EMPIRES

WHY WESTERN DOMINANCEWHY WESTERN DOMINANCE??WHY WESTERN DOMINANCEWHY WESTERN DOMINANCE??•• Concept of Decline Is Common to All CivilizationsConcept of Decline Is Common to All Civilizations

▫▫ Internal WeaknessesInternal WeaknessesSlow vulnerable communications hinders cohesionSlow vulnerable communications hinders cohesionSlow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesionSlow, vulnerable communications hinders cohesion

Long term cohesion of political unity begins to disappearLong term cohesion of political unity begins to disappear

Ethnic, religious, regional differences reEthnic, religious, regional differences re--emergeemerge

SelfSelf--serving corrupt elite make pleasure predominateserving corrupt elite make pleasure predominate

Elit l t lElit l t lElites lose controlElites lose control

Deterioration of government, military increase social tensionsDeterioration of government, military increase social tensions

▫▫ External WeaknessesExternal WeaknessesInflux of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450Influx of nomadic peoples were a factor through 1450

Neighboring states clash in warsNeighboring states clash in wars

•• Western Europe was different when it emerged in 1450sWestern Europe was different when it emerged in 1450s▫▫ European naval power and diseases had enormous impactEuropean naval power and diseases had enormous impact▫▫ 1717thth and 18and 18thth Industrial and technological revolutionIndustrial and technological revolution▫▫ 1717 and 18and 18 Industrial and technological revolutionIndustrial and technological revolution

Europeans sought to master the natural world Europeans sought to master the natural world –– know it, use itknow it, use it

Resources exploited to maximum, manufacturing encouragedResources exploited to maximum, manufacturing encouraged

War ability to project military power was vastly greater than localsWar ability to project military power was vastly greater than locals

Material culture was very advanced and innovation acceptedMaterial culture was very advanced and innovation acceptedMaterial culture was very advanced and innovation acceptedMaterial culture was very advanced and innovation accepted

Vibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures frowned upon itVibrant culture of risk taking rewarded: other cultures frowned upon it

▫▫ Other cultures copied European models, westernized in many casesOther cultures copied European models, westernized in many cases

IDENTIFICATIONSIDENTIFICATIONSIDENTIFICATIONSIDENTIFICATIONS

• COLONIALISM • BOERS, AFRIKAANERS• IMPERIALISM• ROBERT CLIVE• SEPOYS

BOERS, AFRIKAANERS• CECIL RHODES• BOER WAR• LEOPOLD OF BELGIUM

• SEPOY REBELLION• BRITISH RAJ• BATTLE OF PLASSEY

• CONGO FREE STATE• ZULUS• BATTLE OF ISANDHALWANA

• PRINCELY STATES• CROWN STATES• NABOBS

• MENELIK II OF ETHIOPIA• BATTLE OF ADOWA

• “WHITE DOMINIONS• TROPICAL COLONIES• WHITE RACIAL

SUPERIORITYSUPERIORITY• SOCIAL DARWINISM