Age Friendly Urban Villages

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    INTRODUCTION

    Recent research has revealed a strong relationship between a communitys sense of

    place and the well-being of its residents. The elderly have been identified as a group

    particularly affected by this as many older people experience the process of moving

    from their personal homes into senior housing complexes (Reed, Payton & Bond,

    1998). It is imperative then, for considerations of sense of place to be implemented

    into plans for senior housing accommodations.

    The purpose of this report is to propose the development of an age-friendly urban

    village that will provide the community with a strong sense of place. The urban

    village will welcome people of all demographics, as the elderly have reflected that

    they do not enjoy the social isolation of conventional senior homes (Lewis, 2010).

    Spaces in the urban village will be made to suit the comfort of both the young and

    the elderly and provide an interface for interaction between residents, with the goal

    of providing seniors effective mental stimulation. The concept of sense of place is a

    major focus of this report. A variety of views on the elusive topic of sense of place

    are discussed, and contribute to form the basis of our chosen definition. Examples of

    successful urban villages such as Greenwich Village of New York and Grange Park of

    Toronto give precedence to this unique form of development. A review of their

    history, urban village characteristics and sense of place provides inspiration for this

    proposal. A vision statement has been created with such influences in mind.

    CONTENTS

    SENSE OF PLACEDEFINITIONSYMBOLISMHISTORYCULTURE

    PHYSICALENVIRO.

    URBAN VILLAGESGREENWICH VILLAGEGRANGE PARK

    VISION STATEMENTWATERLOO CONTEXTPUBLIC/PRIVATE SPACESNATURAL FEATURESDENSITY & LAND USEACCESSIBILITYCONCLUSION

    REFERENCES

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    setting, one would not apply it to the meanings of a suburban shopping mall

    (Stedman, 2003). In this model, though the actual meanings are socially created, the

    physical elements of a setting play a role in affecting the symbolism related to that

    space. According to this view of sense of place, the physical environment itself sets

    limits for the social construction of place in peoples minds. Ultimately, the physical

    setting creates a reality from which the socially created meanings can be based and

    embedded.

    Based on academic definitions discussed earlier, both social aspects and the physical

    form are conditions seen as important in creating a strong sense of place in any

    particular space. With strong symbolic, historic, and/or cultural meaning and physical

    form, a strong sense of place can be easily felt by those using the space. Place

    identity revolves around the concept that a sense of place is created through social

    constructs, rather than exclusively through the physical form directly. Place

    SOCIAL PHYSICAL

    SENSE

    OF

    PLACE

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    dependence relies on the physical surroundings for creating a sense of place. In

    combination, the two form the concept of sense of place. While the meanings and

    emotions related to a space are of social construction, qualities of the physical

    surrounding must be present to provide the opportunity for the formation of sense of

    place.

    Symbolism

    All around the world, spaces have a sense of place because of the symbolism

    attached to the setting. This can be in the form of nationalism, regionalism, or specific

    events that happened in the past that bring strong emotions to a space.

    An example of strong symbolic meaning would be the National Mall in Washington,

    D.C. The site itself provides sweeping views of powerful American symbols (Capitol

    building, Washington Monument, and Lincoln Memorial). At the same time, the

    spaces sheer size and political location lent itself well to play host to numerous large

    NationalMall,WashingtonD.C.

    PhotobyWilanaIntercultural

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    social activism rallies. The lasting image in the American psyche of these large rallies

    help give the space a strong symbolic meaning, which is crucial for creating a sense

    of place (Lewis, 2010). The characteristics of a space that have strong symbolism are

    could include memorials, statues, national symbols, historically significant buildings,

    open space, and memories of past events and movements.

    History

    The historical significance of a space contributes to place making because the sense

    of place relies on using significant events of the past, where the past exists for both

    individuals and for the collective construct, sharing values and experiences within a

    cultural group. Lowenthal (1979) in Jiven (2003) suggested that this collectiveconstruct links both the form and history to create a sense of place. Characteristics

    of sense of place through historical meaning are naturally very specific to any

    particular space. However, the significance in relation to a communitys history, past

    and present industry, natural landscape, culture, and purpose are all factors that when

    incorporated into a space, give it deeper meaning and sense of place.

    CultureCulture plays an important role in place making, because cultural events or

    institutions (whether specific to particular ethnic or religious groups or the collective

    culture of a region) contribute to the collective culture of a community. Extending

    the concept of cultural meaning and purpose in a community or space, hard culture,

    such as museums, art galleries, theatres, and education attract many different people

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    to a space at nearly all times of the day. By providing a reason to use a space

    comfortably, social interaction is given a space to flourish.

    Physical Environment

    The physical aspect of place-making is the concept where the physical environment

    is the place maker. There are a number of ways place is achieved through physical

    form, however, the overarching concept of a reciprocal relation between the social

    and physical aspects suggests that for social interaction/social based place is only

    possible where a high-quality, comfortable and accessible space exists. Place can be

    created with the effective use of local materials, native vegetation, enclosure, useable

    and functional spaces, architecture, nature and furniture. All these attributes meld

    together to create a space conducive to strong cultural and social interaction.

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    CentralPark,New

    YorkCity,NY

    PhotobyWiredM

    agazine

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    URBAN VILLAGE PRECEDENCE

    An urban village has a net medium density and mixed use urban form, that is conducive

    to walking, efficient use of public transport, and typically has a distinguishable character.

    A high degree of self-containment is typical to this form of development, allowing daily

    activities such as work and recreation to occur within close proximity to home.

    Greenwich Village, New York City, NY

    Historical Background

    In the 1600s, Greenwich Village was first established as a small hamlet settled by

    Dutch and English Colonists. As it had been a separate hamlet from the growing city

    of New York, located to its south, Greenwich Village had developed its own distinct

    character. The street layout of Greenwich Village is one notable characteristic that is

    different from the rest of New York. In 1811, a map was created, proposing a complete

    grid system for all of Manhattan (Beard and Ramirez, 1993). Greenwich Village was

    included on this map, and plans had been made to rework the streets of the hamlet

    to conform to the rest of the city. The winding lanes that lined the scatter of farmswere to be straightened out into the then futuristic north to south and east to west

    oriented network. Locals rejected the idea of allowing their streets to be reworked

    and began protests against this plan. As a result, Greenwich Village was granted an

    exemption from the reconstruction of the road network and left to be a non-

    geometric island among the orderly grid of New York.

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    Further into the 1800s, New York continued its rapid growth and took shape as a true

    city while Greenwich remained relatively pristine. In the summer of 1822, the dense

    living conditions in the urban areas of New York lead to a widespread outbreak of

    yellow fever. A large amount of people moved into Greenwich Village to shelter

    themselves from the crisis. While some people moved away after the disease

    subsided, others preferred the surroundings of Greenwich and stayed behind,

    causing the local population to quadruple in size (Tanenhaus, 1993). Much of the

    remaining small farms in Greenwich Village, except for the site of the Washington

    Square, were replaced by tightly packed rowhouses at this time to accommodate the

    growth in population. The site of the square, originally used in the 1800s as a public

    burial site for the poor, was turned into the Washington Military Parade Ground in

    1826, forming the major focal point of Greenwich Village.

    Greenwich Villages modern reputation was developed just prior to the beginning of

    World War I. At the announcement of the United States entry into the war, Masses, a

    magazine based in Greenwich Village publicly stated its disapproval, leading to four

    of its editors being trialed for unpatriotism [sic](Tanenhaus, 1993). Greenwich Village

    became known nationwide for being home to radicals and artist types, and later, a

    core for American bohemian culture.

    Greenwich Village as an Urban Village

    Having once been a hamlet independent of Manhattan, Greenwich Village had been

    equipped with many of the characteristics of a village well before its urbanization.

    The morphology of the Village is one element that strongly defines it as an entity

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    unique of Manhattan. Against the rigidly symmetrical grid that runs through

    Manhattan, the original disordered street pattern marks the area that is Greenwich

    Village. At street level, the changes in direction at connections between the regular

    grid and the Village street pattern allow residents and visitors to feel as they enter

    Greenwich Village.

    A large variation in the housing stock in terms of architectural style and capacity

    contribute to both the character and the density that is common to urban villages.

    The neighbourhood consists of a mixture of everything from single-family houses,

    houses, houses with flats, tenements and all kinds of small apartment houses and

    flats, on up to elevator apartments of many different ages and sizes (Jacobs, 1989, p.

    214). Jacobs stressed the need for variation in housing within a neighbourhood, and

    although single-family homes are low-density, she reasoned that the efficient use of

    residential land could reconcile an overall high density. Variety in housing stock

    attracts a much more diverse population, and prevents decline and emptying out

    when certain groups move out.

    A mixture of uses keeps the streets of Greenwich Village alive for many hours around

    the clock. Street-level retail, restaurants and the many parks in the neighbourhood

    attract people into the Village during the day, while an abundance of bars and clubs

    bring life into the night. Educational institutes such as New York University and

    various primary and secondary schools also contribute to the vitality of Greenwich

    Village. During the peak of bohemianism in Greenwich Village, studios, galleries and

    underground theatres were also in abundance.

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    Public transit service is in close proximity to most parts of Greenwich Village. Four

    subway lines operate underground in the vicinity of the neighbourhood, while several

    bus routes provide ground level service along the major roads such as Broadway,

    Avenue of the Americas and West Houston Street. Locally, Greenwich Village is also

    very walkable. Tree-lined sidewalks with front porches directly connecting the private

    ad public realms provide a very intimate pedestrian experience while the narrow

    fronts of houses and stores create a comfortable human scale and rhythm for

    walking.

    Sense of Place in Greenwich Village

    Washington Square

    Washington Square is the main public space in Greenwich Village and is the home of

    the Washington Square Arch, an arch built in 1889 to commemorate the centennial of

    George Washingtons Inauguration as the president of the United States. The park is

    a landmark for Greenwich Village and has been a unifying force for the community.

    Not only is it a gathering place and focal point for Greenwich Village, but it has been

    a location where local activists have gathered to promote their causes. One such

    cause was a campaign to save the Washington Square Itself from Robert Moses plan

    for a roadway to run through the middle of the park.

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    Architectural Style

    The architecture of Greenwich Village provides a narrative for the past two centuries

    of history in the area. From the mid-nineteenth century, there are examples of

    Federalist, Greek Revival, Neo-Gothic, and Italianate Buildings. Then in the late

    nineteenth century, there was the French Empire and Romanesque. Finally, closer to

    the early twentieth century, structures in the style of Beaux Arts and Art Deco can be

    seen. (Tanenhaus, 1993). In addition to a variation in style, housing type also varies.

    The diverse population that lived in Greenwich Village consisted of people with

    varying economic statuses. A high level of authenticity can be felt in Greenwich

    Village as a result of this well preserved architecture.

    Grange Park (Queen Street West), Toronto, ON

    The Queen Street West neighbourhood, and its official designation of Grange Park,

    exhibit many of the qualities of an urban village, as well as a strong sense of place.

    Located north-west of the financial district in the old city of Toronto, this

    neighbourhood contains a healthy mix of housing types, medium density, cultural

    institutions, media, education and work opportunities. Additionally, the area is

    oriented to walkability and transit use.

    The area itself is bound by King Street (south), Spadina Avenue (west), College

    Street (north) and University Avenue (east). These bounding streets (including

    Queen and Dundas Streets) all have permanent rail public transit.

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    Historical Background

    The neighbourhood today, is arguably centred around Queen Street, but is named

    after the park centre to the neighbourhood: Grange Park. The park itself is the former

    front lawn of the prominent Boulton family mansion (GPAC, 2010). Originally, the area

    was considered to be an area of affluence in a quickly expanding Toronto. However,

    towards the end of the 1800s, prominent families vacated the neighbourhood in

    search of newer suburbs of Rosedale, Parkdale, and (what is known today as) the

    Annex. The neighbourhood then shifted from predominantly wealthy neighbourhood

    to one with a large proportion of working class row housing. The character of the

    neighbourhood is colourful in that it has been home to many successively different

    immigrant groups, the first large shift were Jewish immigrants, who were followed by

    Eastern Europeans, and then by Chinese immigrants (Dunkelman, 1997).

    Grange Park as an Urban Village

    The community of Grange Park fits the concept of an urban village, because of its

    low- to medium-density and mixed use corridors, walkability, transit efficiency and

    relatively high degree of self containment. Grange Park, the larger geographic area

    that encompasses a section of Queen Street West (between University and Spadina

    Avenues) which is known for its pedestrian-oriented and unique, independently

    owned shopping experience, low-rise buildings, and ubiquitous streetcar service.

    Character derived from predominant architectural style, unique business dcor, and

    numerous architectural landmarks lets the passerby or resident know they are in

    Grange Park.

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    Housing stock in the neighbourhood is mostly low-rise single and semi-detached, as

    well as medium-rise condominiums and rental apartments. Along corridors such as

    College, Dundas, Queen, and Spadina, low-rise mixed use structures dominate, where

    there are many examples of live-work setups, where the owner of the business

    resides in an apartment above their storefront.

    To the north end of the neighbourhood, there is a small commercial enclave on

    Baldwin Street, which is where the name Baldwin Village is derived. Baldwin Village

    is home to a handful of converted homes to commercial uses. Fitting with the areas

    Victorian architecture, restaurants, arts and crafts shops are neatly tucked away along

    the stretch of the street which also has an Asian oriented geriatric centre.

    The idea of distinguishable character is brought to this neighbourhood through its

    abundance of Victorian and neo-Gothic architecture, ubiquitous bay-and-gable

    homes, sixties infill, and the juxtaposition of contemporary architecture. While this

    eclectic mix of styles is not uncommon to other neighbourhoods, the significance of

    both contemporary architecture and neo-Gothic specimens are great. Buildings like

    the newly renovated Art Gallery of Ontario (AGO), the Ontario College of Art and

    Design (OCAD) building, and 299 Queen West (MuchMusic, CHUM studios) are

    central to culture in the neighbourhood.

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    and OCAD architecture draw people to the space, which acts as a meeting

    point for artists, students, residents and tourists alike.

    Queen Street West

    Queen Street West has a unique character, feel and vibe to it. Many of the

    physical aspects of the character of the stretch of Queen Street from John

    Street to Spadina is replicated further west on Queen, however, this particular

    stretch is being examined. Along this stretch of Queen, there is excellent

    human scale, with most buildings under five floors. In addition to the scale of

    the buildings, most building styles are arranged in a nonspecific manner,

    contemporary restaurants next to mid-1970s infill next to classic Victorian and

    neo-Gothic architecture of the CHUM City building. (Dunkelman, 1997) This

    eclectic set of architecture sets Queen Street apart of other parts of the

    Grange Park neighbourhood, and releases a feeling of vibrancy and change.

    The street from a pedestrian point of view has a high level of intimacy and

    place because the narrowness of the sidewalk, the rapidly changing

    storefronts, trees and number of pedestrians. This is also achieved through

    street parking, which provides a buffer between the cars and streetcars using

    the road.

    Streetcars service the majority of the old city transit routes, and have become

    ubiquitous to the city of Toronto. The automatic character and charm a

    streetcar provides to a street is felt by residents and visitors. The streetcars are

    Queen and John StreetsPhoto by Sam Javanrouh

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    symbolic of a past where rail transit dominated. However, in the North American

    context, on-street rail transit has (near universally) trashed in favour of busses.

    Therefore, the distinction of having one of the oldest streetcar systems remaining in

    North America is a place making feature, as well as a cultural icon for the city of

    Toronto as a whole.

    Culturally, the Queen West district (as part of the larger Grange Park), is home to

    significant institutions while bolstering a sense of community and purpose.

    Institutions such as the Art Gallery of Ontario have existed in their current location for

    110 years. The long standing presence of these institutions have given the community

    a distinction of being cultured and cool. The Much Music studios often host

    concerts or have their TV show filming spill out into the street stopping vehicular

    traffic while creating an intense atmosphere.

    299QueenStree

    t

    PhotobySamJa

    vanrouh

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    VISION STATEMENT

    Waterloo Region Context

    The current cultural development of the Region of Waterloo has created an

    interesting contrast with its historical character. While at one point heavily

    industrialised, the present day Region of Waterloo is most notable for its creative and

    educated class. With three major post-secondary educational institutions, notable

    research centres and an expanding commercial sector, the Region of Waterloo is well

    on its way to becoming one of Southwestern Ontarios most innovative regions.

    Industrial styled architecture is common in the Region, as many of the old factories

    remain standing beyond their original purposes. At the same time, contemporary

    architecture is being introduced into Waterloo Region. The Perimeter Institute

    building is one prime example of this. There is a tension between the old industrial

    architecture of the past and the contemporary architecture of the present. The

    architecture in the age-friendly urban village will feature a fusion of elements from

    both industrial and contemporary architecture. This is symbolic of the contrast

    between the historical and present cultural characteristics of the Region and also

    reflects the coming together of different generations in this urban village.

    Public and Private Spaces

    In order to provide a sense of ownership for residents and visitors, public spaces will

    be merged with private spaces through a variety of inviting and useful spaces to be

    shared equally. Public spaces including pedestrian streets and roads will be

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    complete with comfortable, accessible sidewalk material, proper lighting and natural

    surveillance.

    The public sphere will be effectively merged by constructing storefronts and

    residences that open onto the street and are conducive to having their activities spill

    out onto the street. This provides an excellent source of energy and vitality. Our

    urban village will be complete with a central focal point that includes enclosure from

    the outside and the elements while being completely open to the public . In this

    space, numerous cafs, restaurants and shops will open into the space, which also

    serves as a gathering and meeting place for socialisation, performances, and

    relaxation. Adjacent to the focal point will be a public library, university satellite

    campus and community pool, constructed to high architectural standards to provide

    a sense of place and cultural significance. Architecture in the village will take

    inspiration of old industrial structures found throughout the region, taking elements

    such as large industrial glazing, muntins and use of brick. Elements of Victorian

    architecture such as bay windows and asymmetry will be incorporated into our fusion

    of contemporary and local historical architectural design.

    As well, the large institutional presence will be highly useful for residences as well as

    drawing a large amount of people from other areas of Waterloo Region. This blurs the

    line between public and private space, where residences are situated against a public

    square and public and private institutions.

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    Street Layout

    The street grid in Kitchener-Waterloo follows a modified-grid system, unique to large

    large cities in Southern Ontario (which typically use former concession roads as

    arterials). Drawing from this existing uniqueness, the street pattern envisioned for the

    urban village will follow an efficient grid layout, modified to provide key intersections

    for improved way-finding by the villages largest demographic: retirees. Way-finding is

    thought to increase with the presence of a modified grid street system (Stafford,

    2004).

    To reduce the use of personal vehicles, some streets are envisioned to be pedestrian

    oriented and with the provision for accessible materials, seating and natural enclosure

    (through trees and other vegetation). For the creation of a walking experience

    unique to Waterloo Region, the close proximity of buildings will provide enclosure,

    drama and mystery.

    Natural Features

    The use of sedimentary rock (such as dolomite, limestone) as a construction material

    for many of the structures in the village (Ontario, 1995). Additionally, the strong

    presence of industrial building material in the regions existing downtown, will be used

    as inspiration for the use of all brick construction of village buildings. Brick, in itself,

    lends well to character, ages well and is easily maintained. Native plant species to this

    region are envisioned as natural buffers/enclosure, parks and micro-climate control

    along streets, paths and squares. By using and plants native to the region, the village

    will link the present with regions natural history.

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    Density and Land Use

    In keeping with regional plans for intensification, the net density of the site will be

    similar to that of Uptown Waterloo and parts of Downtown Kitchener along the King

    street corridor. A wide variety of residential structures will be used to create a diverse

    living environment that is welcoming to all demographic groups. Housing options will

    range from single-family units and townhouses to apartments with a maximum height

    of six stories. Lower density housing types such as single-family dwelling units and

    townhouse will be built using the highest residential land efficiency possible, by

    placing private outdoor spaces on rooftops, and directly fronting houses onto public

    space. All multi-unit housing complexes will be mixed use, and bottom floors allotted

    for commercial and institutional uses. While in most cases only a single ground level

    will be assumed for alternate purposes, double level retail on the lowest two levels of

    the residential complexes is recommended for the main pedestrian spine of the

    urban village. An indoor, continuous walkway on the second level provides the

    option for a more age-friendly walking experience during episodes of unfriendly

    weather. The Rows of Chester, England provide a general example of this concept.

    Accessibility

    The site will provide a complete network for the movement of residents and visitors

    within the urban village, as well as between the urban village and the rest of the

    Region of Waterloo. Walking and public transportation will be the primary

    considerations in this development.

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    Walkability

    As a pedestrian oriented urban village, much of the internal movement will be done

    by means of walking. A network of pedestrian streets will lead towards a central

    focal point in the village square. Considerations must be made in terms of the grade

    and materials of the base plane. The grade must be gradual for the comfort of

    pedestrians, and should not require additional effort for wheelchair users to move

    across. The materials used for the base plane will also affect the texture and hence

    the comfort of travelling on the surface. The materials selected for the base plane

    must be smooth enough for a wheelchair user to travel on comfortably, but also with

    enough roughness to create friction to prevent slipping.

    Transportation

    The Grand River Transit currently provides all its service using buses. While buses

    have been designed to kneel and unfold ramps to allow better accessibility, the

    process is time-consuming and often draws unnecessary attention to the person in

    need. The incorporation of a transit hub into the urban village would allow for the

    opportunity to construct bus rapid transit styled loading zones, where the platform is

    elevated to be flush with the floor of the bus. Without the difference in grade

    between the loading area and the bus, riders will be able to board the bus with

    greater accessibility.

    As part of the proposed transit hub, bike-parking facilities should also be included.

    While biking within a pedestrian area may pose a risk to pedestrians, cycling is a

    highly efficient method of transportation and should be encouraged for use outside

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    the urban village. The availability of a bike-parking facility within the transit hub

    would also allow for seamless transfer between cycling and public transit,

    encouraging people to both bike and use public transit more often.

    Parking facilities will be provided for visitors and residents for travel outside of the

    urban village. It is unrealistic to not provide space for parking, as mobility outside of

    the village will be hindered. The parking complexes will be located in areas in the

    urban village that are accessible to residents, cleverly disguised, and near existing

    public roads.

    Conclusion

    Our vision for the age-friendly urban village is one that will create a vibrant,

    stimulating, accessible and welcoming community for all demographics. With a major

    focus on improving the transitional process and well-being of the elderly into their

    retirement, sense of place plays an important role in this design. Elements captured

    from the cultural, historical and natural characteristics of the Region of Waterloo help

    to create a cohesive identity that residents and visitors from all walks of life can relate

    to. In manipulating the use of space in the village, residents are also invited to gain a

    sense of shared ownership of the public spaces. Additionally, the use of universal

    design principles and a mixture of housing options help promote a welcoming and

    inclusive environment. Blurred boundaries between the private and public realm allow

    a vibrant mix of activities on the street and open up opportunities for interaction and

    stimulation.

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    Lewis, J. (2010). Theories of place and design. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from https://uwangel.uwaterloo.ca/

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    Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (1995). Geology ad Principal Minerals of Ontario. In About.com. Retrieved

    from http://geology.about.com/library/bl/maps/ontariogeo.gif

    Stedman, R. C. (2003). Is it really just a social construction?: The contribution of the physical environment to

    sense of place. Society and Natural Resources,16. doi:10.1080/08941920390217627

    Tanenhaus, S. (1993). Old Grenwich Village - An architectural portrait. New York, NY: The Preservation Press.

    Tomich, S. (2002). Genius loci, a poetic approach to urban design. Plan Canada, 42(3), 33-34.

    Wilana Intercultural. (2009). The Obama Inauguration. Retrieved from http://www.wilanatr.com/p do/

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    Wired Magazine (2002). Central Park. Retrieved from http://www.wirednewyork.com/aol/images/

    aol_time_warner_central_park_wollman_31march02.jpg

    Images of Greenwich VIllage (page 8 to 11) by David Wang, images of Grange Park (page 13-17) by Kyle

    Larmour, unless otherwise noted.

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    http://www.wirednewyork.com/aol/images/aol_time_warner_central_park_wollman_31march02.jpg

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