Against Alienation: The Emancipative Potential of Critical Pedagogy in Fromm

8/3/2019 Against Alienation: The Emancipative Potential of Critical Pedagogy in Fromm

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MZKTKML WIC\EL TFZLL @\EJLZ TXI &DLALEJLZ :22;+ ?%:;

:22; Zogolc D. Ro`hkckò`fttr>))xxx.mzktkml.izh)ni|zòc)kqq|lY7)ro`hkckò`Ydlalejlz:22;.rdgKQQ@ ?;26%8112

Oztkacl

Ohok`qt Ocklòtki`>Tfl Leoàkrotkwl Ritl`tkoc ig

Azktkaoc Rldohih{ k` GzieeZogolc D. Ro`hkckò`

zktkaoc tfliz{ hl`lzocc{ zlglz ti o lzkl ig rotfxo{ giz Eozvkt%k`rkzld k`tlcclat|oc k`q|kz{ tfot gkzt lelzhld xktf tfl l`d ig tfl ?6 tfal`t|z{ L|zirlo` L`ckhftlèl`t o`d k` roztka|coz xktf tfl k`ktkoc

xkdlrzlod xo`k`h ig k`tlcclat|oc ai`gkdlàl tfot tfl `lxc{ flhlei`kaji|zhlik iaklt{ xi|cd |aalld k` zlock~k`h L`ckhftlèl`t kdloc. K` fizt# ktzlrzll`t tfl k`tlcclat|oc oztka|cotki` ig tfl ai`wkatki` tfot eidlz` aorktocktiaklt{ ao`ìtot clot ìt xktfi|t kh`kgkao`t zlgizeotki` iz |jto`tkoctzo`gizeotki`zlock~l tfl L`ckhftlèl`t kdloc ig o` l`ckhftl`ld iaklt{.Oaaizdk`h ti L`ckhftlèl`t ai`l`|# tfk &kdloc+ iaklt{ k ti jl i`l xfkafxkcc hl`|k`lc{ lejid{ tfl fkhflt woc|l ig f|eo` akwkck~otki`# o`d xfkaf xkcctflzlj{ k`|zl tlod{ rzihzl k` tfl ottokèl`t ig ckjlzt{# n|tkal# rzirlzkt{#o`d ai`tl`tel`t giz occ ig kt aktk~l`.

K` o eizl gia|ld l`l# azktkaoc tfliz{ dlkhòtl lwlzoc hl`lzotkiìg Hlzeo` rfkciirflz o`d iakoc tflizkt k` tfl Xltlz` L|zirlo` Eozvkttzodktki` mìx` o tfl Gzo`mg|zt Qafiic# xfkaf k roztka|cozc{ oiakotld xktf

tfl K`tkt|tl giz Qiakoc Zllozaf ot tfl \`kwlzkt{ ig Gzo`mg|zt oe Eok`. Kìzdlz ti gkcc k` tfl rlzalkwld iekki` ig tzodktkiòc Eozvkt tfi|hft# tflGzo`mg|zt Qafiic tflizkt i|hft ti dzox o`xlz gzie itflz afiic igtfi|hft# flàl |k`h tfl k`khft ig r{afioòc{k# Xljlzko` tfliz{# oltfltkaeidlz`ke o`d itflz dkakrck l. Tfl afiic eok` gkh|zl ottlertld tiiwlzaiel tfl ckekt ig riktkwke# eotlzkocke o`d dltlzek`ke j{ zlt|z`k`h tiKeeo`|lc Mo`t azktkaoc rfkciirf{ o`d kt |aaliz k` Hlzeo` kdlocke#rzkàkrocc{ H.X.G. Flhlc rfkciirf{# xktf kt lerfok i` dkoclatka o`dai`tzodkatki` o k`flzl`t rzirlztkl ig zlockt{.? K` o `|tflcc# tfl tflizkt igtfl Gzo`mg|zt Qafiic okeld ìt ot o aiic dlazkrtki` j|t o zodkaoctzo`gizeotki` ig tfl iakoc xizcd ig odwoàld aorktocke tfot xkcc jzk`hgzlldie giz occ gzie glot|zl ig eidlz` iaklt{ tfot zltzkat iz ai`tzok`

k`dkwkd|oc gzie ckwk`h k` gzlldie. Kt dil ìt oke ti jzk`h oji|t iakocafo`hl tfzi|hf zlwic|tkiòz{ elo`# tfzi|hf ai`gzi`tk`h tfl rzoatkaoc o`dlaiìeka ozzo`hlel`t xktf ricktkaoc irriktki`. K` o eoniz dlwlcirel`tgzie Mozc Eozv oòc{k ig aorktocke# kt zlaih`k~l tfot a|ct|zl k o e|af o

? Tke Do`t# Azktkaoc Qiakoc Tfliz{> A|ct|zl# Qiaklt{# o`d Azktkq|l&Ci`di`> Qohl# :221+# ?


2/29

: OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

dltlzekò`t ig tfl gize ig iaklt{ o ricktkaoc laiìe{. O`{ afo`hl k` tflgize ig iaklt{ xkcc |ctkeotlc{ fowl laiìeka o`d ricktkaoc lgglat j|t kt ao`ìtjl oafklwld xktfi|t tzo`gizeotki` ig tfl a|ct|zl ig eidlz`kt{. Tfl gize ig

iaklt{ fo o eotlzkoc dkel`ki`> tfl laiìeka o`d rzoatkaoc ozzo`hlel`t gizelltk`h `lld# tfl cox hiwlz`k`h iakoc oatki` o`d tfl rlakgka k`tkt|tki`tfot eoml rzoatkaoc ozzo`hlel`t. J|t tfl eotlzkoc gize ig iaklt{ k hkwlèlo`k`h# aiee|`kaotld o`d |`dlztiid tfzi|hf tfl iaklt{ a|ct|zl> tflkdlo# |`dlzto`dk`h# zloi`# keohl# xzktk`h o`d itflz eidl ig lvrzlki`tfot oaaiero`{ tfl eotlzkoc dkel`ki`. Gzo`mg|zt Qafiic azktkaoc tfliz{ei|`t kt azktkq|l ig iaklt{ o a|ct|zl# zotflz tfo` o ricktkaoc {tle izlaiìe{. A|ct|zl k tzlotld it kerc{ o tfl oztktka o`d aiee|`kaotkwl t|ggig iaklt{ j|t o tfl xo{ tfot izdkòz{ ckwl ozl ckwld> ot xizm# ot clk|zl#tfzi|hf lv|ockt{# o ai`|elz# o ek`d tfot ozl a|zki| o`d llm ti jll`tlztok`ld# o iakoc |jnlat tfot ozl mìxk`h o`d fowl o` k`tlzlt k` tfl xo{iaklt{ k izho`k~ld.

Gzie tfl i|tck`l ig Eozvke o`d Gzl|dko` r{afioòc{k# azktkaoctfliz{ fo lvro`dld ti wozki| ozlo ti kàc|dl azktkaoc rldohih{# oei`hitflz. Azktkaoc rldohih{ k`wicwl zodkaoc lvoekòtki` ig lvktk`h kdlicihklo`d rzoatkal ig ld|aotki` o`d tfl `lld giz rldohihkaoc o`d iakoctzo`gizeotki` ti gzll k`dkwkd|oc gzie tfl glttlz ig ai`|elz aorktocke o`dti flcr eoml rikjcl o gzll# eizl dleiazotka o`d f|eo` a|ct|zl o`d iaklt{.K` oddktki` ti kt gia| i` rlziòc ckjlzotki` tfzi|hf tfl dlwlcirel`t igazktkaoc aiàki|`l# azktkaoc rldohih{ oci fo o eizl aicclatkwl ricktkaocaieri`l`t# k` tfot azktkaoc aiàki|`l k riktki`ld o tfl `laloz{ gkzttlr ig o cozhlz aicclatkwl ricktkaoc tz|hhcl ti afoccl`hl o`d tzo`gizeirrzlkwl iakoc ai`dktki` o`d ti azlotl o eizl lhocktozko` iaklt{.:

K` e{ lozaf giz tlvt tfot ai|cd k`tlzrzlt tfl azktkaoc tfliz{ tzodktki`k` tlze ai`hl`koc ti azktkaoc rldohih{# K zlal`tc{ jlho` ti zl%zlod tfl xizm ig

Lzkaf Gziee. Rlzfor rzlaklc{ jlao|l ig fk oaalkjkckt{# Gziee fo ìtl`ni{ld tfl oel azktkaoc oaacoke o fk ai`tlerizozkl# ieltkel jlk`hzlhozdld o Gzo`mg|zt lcktl. O o lcg%rziacokeld iakoc r{aficihkt# Gzieelerfok~ld tfl r{aficih{ ig tfl k`dkwkd|oc o e|af o ricktkaoc azktkq|l. J|t

: Kzo Qfiz dlgk`l azktkaoc rldohih{ o ]fUojkt ig tfi|hft# zlodk`h# xzktk`h# o`drlomk`h xfkaf hi jl`lotf |zgoal elo`k`h# gkzt kerzlki`# diekò`t e{tf# iggkakocrziì|àlel`t# tzodktkiòc ackaf# zlalkwld xkdie# o`d elzl irk`ki`# ti |`dlzto`d tfldllr elo`k`h# ziit ao|l# iakoc ai`tlvt# kdlicih{# o`d rlziòc ai`lq|làl ig o`{ oatki`#lwl`t# ijnlat# rzial# izho`k~otki`# lvrlzklàl# tlvt# |jnlat eottlz# ricka{# eo eldko# izdkai|zl. Lerixlzk`h Ld|aotki`> Azktkaoc Tloafk`h giz Qiakoc Afo`hl &Afkaohi> Afkaohi \`kwlzkt{Rzl# ?;;:+# ?:;

I` tfl itflz fo`d# giz Ro|ci Gzlkzl# xfi k ozh|ojc{ tfl eit alcljzotld azktkaoc

ld|aotiz# azktkaoc rldohih{ k`wicwl |jwlztk`h tfl Flhlcko` eotlz)cowl dkoclatka# k` xfkafirrzlld k`dkwkd|oc |`dlztoml o tzo`gizeotki` gzie ijnlat ti |jnlat# o`d tf| rzirlzc{jlaiel o |jnlat o`d eizl g|cc{ dlwlcirld f|eo` jlk`h. Zlri`dk`h ti tfl kt|otki` igaici`k~otki` o`d irrzlki`# Gzlkzl rldohih{ ig tfl irrzlld k`wicwld o t{rl igdlaici`k~otki`# o aiàki|`l%zokk`h# o`d occixld tfl ld|aotld tfl zkhft ti tfleotk~l k|l igt|d{# ti l`hohl k` dkocih|l xktf tloaflz# o`d ti g|cc{ roztkakrotl k` tfl ld|aotkiòc rzial.Rldohih{ ig tfl Irrzlld# tzo`. j{ E{zo Jlzheo` Zoei# 12tf ld. &@lx [izm> Ai`tk``|e# :222+#41.


3/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ 1

fk oòc{k ocxo{ k`ktld tfot jitf r{aficihkaoc o`d iaki%ricktkaoc|`dlzto`dk`h `lldld ti ai%lvkt kg ai`tlerizoz{ ckgl xlzl ti jl g|cc{|`dlztiid. Jiim |af o Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`hlvfkjkt o ti`l o`d tlzekìcih{

tfot eoml tfle ai`hl`koc zlodk`h giz ld|aotiz o`d tflizltkako` k`gc|làldj{ Oelzkao`# zotflz tfo` L|zirlo`# k`tlcclat|oc tzodktki`.1 Gziee tziwlai`to`tc{ giz o` oaalkjkckt{ o`d ai`ktlà{ ig co`h|ohl# k`tlzrzltk`h kdlodzox` gzie tfl azktkaoc tzodktki` k` tlze aierzlfl`kjcl ti tfl owlzohlzlodlz. Fk aieel`t k` tfl gizlxizd ti Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`h tfot ti owikd|``laloz{ aierckaotki` K fowl tzkld ti dloc xktf tfl rzijcle k` o co`h|ohlxfkaf k ì` tlaf`kaoc &ka+ o goz o tfk k rikjcl4 ai|cd orrc{ ti eit igfk xizm. O o ai`lq|làl# fk jiim fowl jll` zlod j{ ekccki` xfi xi|cdjl wlz{ |rkaki| ig irl`k`h tlvt |af o O`ti`ki Hzoeak Qlclatki` gzie tflRzki` @itljiim# Mozc Eozv o`d Gzkldzkaf L`hlc Tfl Hlzeo` Kdlicih{# iz Ci|kOctf|lz Cl`k` o`d Rfkciirf{o`d Itflz Lo{.

K xkcc ozh|l tfot tfk ai`hl`kockt{ ig ti`l eoml Gziee xizm o

totlel`t ig azktkaoc tfliz{ tfot k roztka|cozc{ oaalkjcl ti zlodlz. Fk xizm kritl`tkocc{ kerizto`t giz ld|aotiz tz{k`h ti j|kcd o aol giz tomk`h tfk jid{ ig xizm eizl lzki|c{. Azktkaoc tfliz{ fi|cd ìt jl ai`tzok`ld xktfk`hotflzk`h ig oaodleka aficoz o`d zllozaflz# xfkcl tfl xkdlz gklcd igrzoatkal fiìz lcg%oat|ock~otki` o`d f|eo` aorktoc tfliz{# k.l.# o tflizltkaocgzoelxizm giz tfl xficliel odirtki` ig ld|aotki` o`d dlwlcirel`t rickaklgiz tfl lvro`ki` ig o rlzi` tiam ig aierltlàl# mìxcldhl o`drlziòckt{ ottzkj|tl clodk`h ti o eizl lgglatkwl roztkakrotki` k` tfl cojizgizal.< Kòe|af o Gziee ao` xzktl k` tlze oaalrtojcl ti o afklgc{ ì`%ricktkaoc o|dklàl# o`d tfot fl ao` di tfk xfkcl |òricihltkaocc{ fixk`h fixtfk xizm k hzi|`dld k` o Eozvkt%k`gc|làld azktkq|l ig aorktocke# kt eomlfke roztka|cozc{ kerizto`t ti tfl azktkaoc%tfliz{ tzodktki` k` azktkaoc rldohih{.Gziee |`dlztiim o rixlzg|c Eozvkt oòc{k ig ckgl o`d cloz`k`h# dzoxk`hai`ktl`tc{ o`d lvrckaktc{ i` aiàlrt ig aieeidkgkaotki`# ijnlatkgkaotki`# o`docklòtki`# {lt eoòhld ti ai`d|at tfk oòc{k k` o wlz{ oaalkjcl xo{ tfotl`|zld fk xizd xlzl zlod j{ ekccki`. Kt xo ìt i e|af tfot fldlwlcirld toztck`h `lx tflizltkaoc ai`tz|at &tfi|hf K jlcklwl fl oztka|cotldtfl rflìelì` ig o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ xktf o roztka|cozc{ Oelzkao` txkt+j|t tfot fl eoòhld ti kcc|ekòtl tfl gize ig ocklòtki` rzid|ald j{aorktocke k` o eo``lz |`dlzto`dojcl ti eit zlodlz. Eizliwlz# fk rco` giz

1 Lzkaf Gziee# Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`h> O` L`q|kz{ k`ti tfl @ot|zl ig Ciwl&@lx [izm> Fozrlz' Zix# ?; Kerckaotki` giz Ld|aotkiòc Dlwlcirel`t# k` L|zirlo` Ni|zòc igQakl`tkgka Zllozaf# :4>: &Dlalejlz :226+# ?))xxx.l|zini|zòc.aie)lnzY:4Y:Y2?.rdg0# 7 Gljz|oz{ :2?2.


4/29

4 OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

tfl iwlzaiek`h ig ocklòtki` tfzi|hf tfl tloafk`h ig o tz|at|zock~ld xizcdwklx o`d tfl azlotki` ig o `ltxizm ig dkocihka hzi|r ti g|ztflzroztkakrotiz{ dleiazoa{ ai`tkt|tl txi kerizto`t ld|aotki` rzinlat. K` tfl

giccixk`h rozohzorf# K focc lvrotkotl Gziee oòc{k ig ocklòtki` |`dlzaorktocke o`d zlwklx tfl ld|aotkiòc zlri`l fl |hhltld ti ai|`tlz tfk.

Gziee oq Zodkaoc F|eo`kqt

Ig occ tfl tflizkt oiakotld xktf tfl Gzo`mg|zt Qafiic# Gziee krzijojc{ tfl i`l xfi k` fk tkel xo zlod j{ tfl cozhlt `|ejlz ig zlodlz#kàc|dk`h eo`{ ì`%Eozvkt xlcc i|tkdl tfl azktkaoc tzodktki`. Xf{ fi|cdtfk jl tfl aol9 Rlzfor i`l zloi` k tfot fl gzlq|l`tc{ dlazkjld fkaieektel`t ti zodkaoc f|eo`ke. Fk tfliz{ k f|eo`kt k` tfl l`l tfot ktirlzotl gzie o` lvrckaktc{ f|eo`ktka ltfka# o`d zodkaoc k` tfl l`l tfot ktzlq|kzl o xficlocl tzo`gizeotki` k` iakoc zlcotki`. K` Eo` giz Fkelcg# fl

o`tkakrotld fk cotlz zodkaoc f|eo`kt o`d |tirko` rzirl`ktkl xfl` fl xzitlk` o giitìtl tfot \tirko ozl wkki` ig l`d jlgizl tfl zlock~otki` ig elo`#{lt tfl{ ozl ìt elo`k`hcl= i` tfl ai`tzoz{# iel fowl ai`tzkj|tld hzlotc{ titfl rzihzl ig tfi|hft# ìt ti rlom ig xfot tfl{ fowl elo`t ti |rficd goktfk` tfl g|t|zl ig eo`.7 K` tfk jiim# Gziee oci ìtld tfot txl`tkltf%al`t|z{k`tlcclat|oc a|ct|zl k dlwikd ig wkki` ig o jlttlz f|eo`kt{= tfl lerfok fojll` i` azktkaoc t|dkl ig eo` o`d iaklt{. Xfkcl zlodkc{ aiàldk h tfot |afo azktkaoc ottkt|dl k wlz{ kerizto`t giz tfl dlwlcirel`t ig iaklt{# fl rik`tldi|t tfot tfl ojlàl ig |tirko` wkki` fo fod tfl lgglat ig rozoc{~k`h eo`goktf k` fkelcg o`d fk g|t|zl.8

Gziee ox txi octlzòtkwl ziod giz f|eo`kt{> tfl dltz|atki` ig tflf|eo` zoal iz tfl dox` ig o `lx lzo# xfkaf xi|cd jl |flzld k` j{ tflwo`h|ozd ig `lx zodkaoc f|eo`ke. Fl k`k`|otld tfot o gokc|zl ti odirt tflrzkàkrcl ig zodkaoc f|eo`ke ai|cd elo` tfl l`d ig tfl xizcd# ì cl.Tf|# tflzl xo e|af ot toml k` fk rzirioc giz o `lx mk d ig iakocke. K`tfl rzlgoal ti Qiakockt F|eo`ke> O` K`tlzòtkiòc Q{erik|e# fl dlgk`lf|eo`ke o tfl jlcklg k` tfl |`kt{ ig tfl f|eo` zoal o`d eo` ritl`tkoc tirlzglat fkelcg j{ fk ix` lggizt o`d odd tfot occ f|eo`kt fowl fozld ojlcklg k` tfl rikjkckt{ ig eo` rlzglatkjkckt{.6 Gziee kdlo ig tflrlzglatkjkckt{ ig tfl f|eo` rlakl k ot tfl ziit ig Xltlz` |tirko`ke# o`dfk zodkaoc f|eo`ke k o` lvlercoz{ zlrzll`totkwl ig iakoc dzloek`h giz fl xo k`rkzld j{ tfl |tirko` dlkzl ti tzo`gize ocklòtld rlircl k`ti ckwk`hrlircl. J|kcdk`h o `lx iaklt{ i` tfl rzkàkrcl ig zodkaoc f|eo`ke xi|cdelo` tfl l`d ig f|eoìkd fktiz{# tfl rfol k` xfkaf eo` fo ìt {ltjlaiel g|cc{ f|eo`.;

7 Lzkaf Gziee# Eo` giz Fkelcg> O` K`q|kz{ k`ti tfl R{aficih{ ig Ltfka&Ci`di`>Zi|tcldhl# :221+# 12.

8Kjkd.# 61.6 Lzkaf Gziee# ld.# K`tzid|atki`# k` Qiakockt F|eo`ke> O` K`tlzòtkiòc Q{erik|e

&@lx [izm> Occl` Co`l tfl Rl`h|k` Rzl# ?;7


5/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ E{ L`ai|`tlz xktf Gzl|d o`d Eozv &@lx[izm> Ai`tk`||e# :221+# ?7:.

?? Ag. Lzkaf Gziee# Tfl Orrckaotki` ig F|eo`kt R{afio`oc{k ti EozvTfliz{# k` Qiakockt F|eo`ke# ::6%4


6/29


xo{ ricktkaoc laiìe{ eoml lcg%oat|ock~otki` o c|v|z{ giz o alztok` iakocaco. K` ai`tzot ti tfk# Gziee ìzeotkwl f|eo`ke k o ekckto`t# Eozvktf|eo`ke# i`l tfot ai`tl`d tfot loaf f|eo` zlock~otki` ig ritl`tkoc l`tokc

tfl ojicktki` ig aorktockt ocklòtki` o`d tfl azlotki` ig dleiazotka iakocke.J|t jlao|l tfl{ ozl aoccld f|eo`kt# Gziee kdlo jlami` l`tkak`hc{ tiaficoz xfi xi|cd ìt dzloe ig ti|afk`h o`{tfk`h zleitlc{ ai`kdlzldEozvkt.

Qi# dlrktl tfl oaalkjkckt{ ig fk xzktk`h# Gziee ll`tkoc zodkaocke`lld ti jl zlaih`k~ld. Kt fi|cd jl eodl lvrckakt tfot fk oòc{k igai`tlerizoz{ iaklt{ o`d fk jlcklg k` ld|aotki` o az|akoc ti o o`l iaklt{ ozlhzi|`dld lvrckaktc{ k` o Eozvkt oòc{k ig aorktocke# roztka|cozc{ tfl ocklòtldòt|zl ig xizm o`d cloz`k`h. Xizmk`h gkzec{ xktfk` tfl kdlicih{ o goclaiàki|`l rlzrlatkwl# Gziee ijlzwld tfot tfzi|hf o aierckaotldrzial ig k`diatzkòtki`# zlxozd# r|`kfel`t# o`d gkttk`h kdlicih{ . . .eit rlircl jlcklwl tfl{ ozl giccixk`h tflkz ix` xkcc o`d ozl |òxozl tfot

tflkz xkcc ktlcg k ai`dktki`ld o`d eo`kr|cotld.?:

Giz fke# cloz`k`h tirl`ltzotl kdlicihkaoc ijg|aotki`# o`d tflzlj{ iwlzaiek`h tfl ocklòtki` tfkijg|aotki` k`d|ald# xo tfl cloz`k`h tom ig od|ctfiid.

Gziee aclozc{ ox o dkzlat ck`m jltxll` o floctf{ iaklt{ gzll gzieaorktockt ocklòtki` o`d o tzi`h {tle ig ld|aotki`. K` fk eoniz jiimk`tlzrzltk`h Eozvke giz o rir|coz o|dklàl# fl xzitl tfot o o`l iaklt{e|t rziwkdl rikjkcktkl giz ld|aotki`# e|af o kt rziwkdl tido{ giz tflafiick`h ig afkcdzl`.?1 Ld|aotki` o o gizal giz zlktoàl ti goclaiàki|`l xi|cd eoml rlircl oxozl ig kdlicihkaoc eo`kr|cotki` o`dld|aotl tfle giz roztkakrotiz{ dleiazoa{. K` |af o dleiazoa{# fl acokeld#rlircl zlhok` ai`tzic iwlz tfl iakoc o`d laiìeka {tle ti eoml irtkeocf|eo` dlwlcirel`t o`d ìt eovkeoc rzid|atki` tfl azktlzki` giz occrco``k`h.?4 Kg rlircl xlzl ti |`dlzto`d o`d ai`gzi`t tflkz ocklòtki`# tfl{

`lldld ti |`dlzto`d fix fktiz{ o`d r{aficih{ k`tlzlatld ti ai`tz|at oiakoc afozoatlz rzi`l ti giccix goakt iz titocktozko` clodlz o`d |jnlat ti tflk`gc|làl ig o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{. Tfl dkggka|ctkl l`tokcld k` tfk gize igcloz`k`h ai|cd ìt jl iwlzaiel j{ afkcdzl` iz odiclal`t. K` Gzieeirk`ki`# Ti zlocc{ |`dlzto`d tfl rzijcle k` tfll gklcd# o rlzi` e|tfowl fod o hzlot dloc eizl lvrlzklàl k` ckwk`h tfo` fl fo fod ot aicclhl ohl.Giz eo`{ rlircl tfl ohl ig 12 iz 42 k e|af eizl orrzirzkotl giz cloz`k`h.? Fozrlz ' Zix# ?;87+# 61.?1 Lzkaf Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{&@lx [izm> Fict# Zk`lfozt o`d Xk`ti`# ?;

Fozrlz ' Zix# ?;84+# ?2?.?< Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# 147.


7/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ 8

Gzieeq Dljt ti Eozv> Aieeidkgkaotki`# Ijnlatkgkaotki` o`dOcklòtki`

Tfl Eozvkt aiàlrt ig aieeidkgkaotki`# ijnlatkgkaotki` o`docklòtki` |zgoal ohok` o`d ohok` k` Gziee xizm# ai`to`tc{ |`dlzrk``k`hfk ix` ìzeotkwl f|eo`ke. Aieeidkgkaotki` k tfl tzo`gizeotki` igzlcotki`fkr# gizelzc{ |`tok`tld j{ aieelzal# k`ti zlcotki`fkr ig lvafo`hl.Kt toml rcoal xfl` laiìeka woc|l k okh`ld ti ieltfk`h ìt rzlwki|c{ai`kdlzld k` laiìeka tlze# iz k` itflz xizd# tfl lvro`ki` ig eozmlttzodl ti rzlwki|c{ ì`%eozmlt ozlo# o`d ti tfl tzlotel`t ig tfk`h o kg tfl{ xlzl o tzodojcl aieeidkt{. F|eo` jlk`h ao` jl ai`kdlzld |jnlat tiaieeidkgkaotki` k` ai`tlvt |af o hl`ltka l`hk`llzk`h# iakoc l`hk`llzk`h#aci`k`h# l|hl`ka# eo eozmltk`h o`d lerci{el`t. O` lvtzlel aol igaieeidkgkaotki` k cowlz{# xflzl f|eo` jlk`h tflelcwl jlaiel oaieeidkt{ ti jl icd o`d ji|hft. Qkekcozc{# tfl |l ig o`keoc giz giid#

acitfk`h# l`tlztokèl`t# iz tltk`h zlrzll`t tfl aieeidkgkaotki` ig itflzckwk`h jlk`h.Ijnlatkgkaotki` k tfl eo`kgltotki` ig f|eo` oatkwkt{ k`ti o eotlzkocc{

lvktk`h gize. Kt k oci tlzeld o zlkgkaotki`# tfl ai`kdlzotki` ig oòjtzoatki`# zlcotki` iz ijnlat o kg tfl{ fod f|eo` iz ckwk`h lvktlàl o`dojkcktkl# xfl` k` zlockt{ tfl{ di`t= kt kerckl tfl tfk`hkgkaotki` ig iakoczlcotki`. O rlzi`# giz k`toàl# eoml ieltfk h o`d tfl rzid|at ig fkcojiz tflzlj{ lvrzll fk rlziòckt{ o`d tfl iakoc zlcotki` k` xfkaf tflcojiz xo aozzkld i|t. Eozv ozh|l tfot ijnlatkgkaotki` k o` k`flzl`t o`d`laloz{ afozoatlzktka ig laiìeka woc|l o kt eo`kglt ktlcg k` eozmlt tzodl#k.l. tfl k`wlzki` k` tfi|hft jltxll` ijnlat o`d |jnlat# iz jltxll` eloò`d l`d# zlgclat o zloc rzoatkal xflzl ottzkj|tl &rzirlztkl# afozoatlzktka#glot|zl# rixlz+ xfkaf lvkt i`c{ j{ wkzt|l ig o iakoc zlcotki`fkr jltxll`rlircl ozl tzlotld o kg tfl{ ozl tfl k`flzl`t# òt|zoc afozoatlzktka ig tfk`h#iz wkal wlzo.?7

Ijnlatkgkaotki` `lld ti jl ai`tzotld xktf ocklòtki`# xfkaf zlglz tiijnlatkgkaotki` |`dlz ai`dktki` xfl` tfl rzid|at ig o rlzi` cojiz ìt i`c{jlaiel ijnlatkwl ti tfle# j|t gizlkh`. Giz Eozv# tfl iakoc zlcotki` igaorktocke ocklòtl f|eo` jlk`h gzie tfl xizcd ozi|`d tfle> gzie tflkzrzid|at# tflkz xizm# tflkz glccix xizmlz o`d tflkz rlakl jlk`h. Tfl aiàlrt

?7 Tfl zlkg{k`h òt|zl ig laiìeka zlcotki` k` aorktockt iakltkl k lvrzlld j{ Eozvtf|> Tfl rzid|atki` ig aorktockt o`d xohl%cojizlz k tflzlgizl o eoniz rzid|at ig tflrzial j{ xfkaf aorktoc t|z` ktlcg k`ti woc|l. Izdkòz{ ricktkaoc laiìe{# xfkaf aiàl`tzotli`c{ i` tfl ijnlat rzid|ald# gizhlt tfk l`tkzlc{. Kòe|af o tfk rzial ltojckfl zlkgkld

cojiz o xfot k ke|cto`li|c{ tfl ì`%zlkgkaotki` ig tfl cojizlz# o tfl zlkgkaotki` ig o|jnlatkwkt{ irrild ti tfl cojizlz# o tfl rzirlzt{ ig ieli`l lcl xkcc# aorktoc k `lalozkc{oci o aorktockt. Tfl kdlo ig iel iakockt# tfot xl `lld aorktoc j|t ìt aorktockt# kaiercltlc{ gocl. Tfl aiàlrt ig aorktoc kerckl tfot tfl ijnlatkwl ai`dktki` ig cojizo`dtfll ozl kt ix` rzid|atoaq|kzl o rlziòckt{ o ohok`t cojiz# iz xfot oei|`t ti tfl oeltfk`h# tfot tfl{ ozl ltojckfld o tfl rzirlzt{ ig o rlziòckt{ itflz tfo` tfl xizmlz. MozcEozv# Hz|`dzkl> Gi|`dotki` ig tfl Azktkq|l ig Ricktkaoc Laiìe{# tzo`. j{ Eoztk` @kaico| &@lx

[izm> Rl`h|k`# ?;81+#


8/29


ig ocklòtki` giz Eozv lvrzlld tfl lrozotki` ig k`dkwkd|oc gzie xfot hkwlo f|eo` ckgl elo`k`h> oatki` k` tfl xizcd tfot eoml tfot xizcd fk. Jlao|lcojiz |`dlz aorktocke k lvtlzòc ti tfl xizmlzk ìt rozt ig fk ll`tkoc

jlk`hfl dil ìt ai`gkze fkelcg k` fk xizm# j|t dl`kl fkelcg# gllceklzojcl o`d ìt forr{# dil ìt dlwlcir gzll el`toc o`d rf{kaoc l`lzh{#j|t eiztkgkl fk gclf o`d z|k` fk ek`d.?8 Kt k o {tle ig jlcklg# k.l.#ricktkaoc laiìe{# tfot |tok` tfl iakoc {tle ig aorktocke n|t o zlckhki`fowl |tok`ld tfl kdlicihkaoc rixlz ig foeo`ktka acol o`d jlcklg k` tflrlakoc`l ig zi{oc jciidck`l fowl |tok`ld eiòzafkl. Ricktkaoc laiìe{o o {tle ig kdlo tfot ciaotl laiìeka woc|l k` aieeidktkl &ijnlat#hiid o`d lzwkal+ k`dlrl`dl`t ig tfl f|eo` xizm tfot xl`t k`ti azlotk`htfle k |jnlat ti azktkq|l j{ Eozv o tfl gltkfke ig aieeidktkl. J{tzlotk`h tfl aieeidkt{ o ieltfk`h ocklòtld gzie f|eo` k` tfl rzial igkt rzid|atki`# ricktkaoc laiìe{ tfl` zlorrzirzkotl kt o o` kdlo# oòjtzoatki`# o ieltfk`h tfot fo k`tzk`ka woc|l tfot tzoàl`d l`|i|`l.

Tfl aieeidkt{ toml i` o e{tkaoc afozoatlz k` xfkaf kt rzirlztkl orrloz oòt|zoc xfl` tfl{ ozl k` goat tfl zl|ct ig tfl f|eo` cojiz tfot rzid|ald tfle&ijnlatkgkaotki`+. Tfl zlcotki` jltxll` ijnlat# k.l.# tflkz zlcotkwl lvafo`hlwoc|l# orrloz ti jl n|t o k`dlrl`dl`t ig f|eo` cojiz o di tfl rixlz iggltkfl. Hiid di fowl o |l woc|l k` tfl ckwl ig rlircl# j|t tfk k ija|zldk` tfl rzial ig aieeidkt{ lvafo`hl &aieeidkgkaotki`+. Eozv ozh|l tfotji|zhlik laiìeka jlho` xktf tfl oòc{k ig rzkal o`d tiim ei`l{ ti jltfl lvrzlki` ig woc|l> Kt k fixlwlz rzlaklc{ tfk gk`kfld gize ig tfl xizcdig aieeidktkl# k.l.# tfl ei`l{ gize# xfkaf aiàloc tfl iakoc afozoatlz igrzkwotl cojiz o`d tfl iakoc zlcotki` jltxll` k`dkwkd|oc cojiz# j{ eomk`h tfilzlcotki` orrloz o zlcotki` jltxll` eotlzkoc ijnlat# k`tlod ig zlwlock`h tflercok`c{.?6

Kt k ìt oek ti ìtl tfot Tflidiz Odizì lerci{ld tfll Eozvktaiàlrt|oc zli|zal k` azktkq|k`h a|ct|zl o`d ozt lozcklz tfo` Gziee dkd# o`dkt k ti tfk tfot K jzklgc{ t|z`. Odizì ozh|ld tfot k` odwoàld aorktocktiakltkl# tfl a|ct|zl k`d|tz{ rzid|al eotlzkoc tfot dlodl` tfl eol# xfkcltfl ritl`tkoc ig ozt ti rziwiml azktkaoc tfi|hft k dzix`ld j{ tfl rlddck`h igl`dclc{ jco`d o`d zlrltktkwl a|ct|zoc aieeidktkl. N|t o eo`|goat|zk`hk`d|tz{ hl`lzotl tfk`h o rzid|at# i tfl a|ct|zl k`d|tz{ hl`lzotl o`dakza|cotl kdlo o rzid|at. O xktf aieeidkt{ rzid|atki` k` hl`lzoc# tfliakoc gize gltkfkl a|ct|zoc rzid|at# azlotk`h rlakgka a|ct|zoc o`d laiìekawoc|l k` k`to`hkjcl aieeidktkl |af o tfl l`tlztokèl`t woc|l ig o gkce iztfl oztktka woc|l ig o rok`tk`h.?; Tfl a|ct|zl k`d|tz{ zl|ct gzie tflrl`ltzotki` ig tfl izho`k~otki` o`d j|k`l rzoatkal ig k`d|tzkoc aorktockek`ti tfl rflzl ig a|ct|zl lozc{ k` tfl txl`tkltf al`t|z{. A|ct|zoc aieeidktkl

?8 Mozc Eozv# Lozc{ Xzktk`h# tzo`. j{ Zid`l{ Ckwk`hti`l o`d Hzlhiz Jl`ti` &@lx[izm> Wk`tohl Jiim# ?;8 O Azktkq|l ig Ricktkaoc Laiìe{# tzo`. j{ Jl` Gixml &Ci`di`>Rl`h|k`# ?;87+# wic. ?# ?76%?7;.

?; Tflidiz Odizì# Tfl A|ct|zl K`d|tz{> Qlclatld Lo{ i` Eo A|ct|zl# ld. j{ N.E.Jlz`tlk` &Ci`di`> Zi|tcldhl# ?;;?+# 11%1


9/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ;

ozl dkzlatld ìt ti tfl eotlzkoc `lld ig f|eo` jlk`h# |af o giid o`dacitfk`h# j|t ti rlircl ek`d# k.l.# tflkz aiàki| o`d |jaiàki| lcwl.Aorktocke fo o` k`tlzlt k` tfl totl ig tfil ek`d> kt `lld xizmlz xfi ozl

forr{ lì|hf ti oaalrt |àzktkaocc{ tflkz riktki` xktfk` tfl {tle.Tfl afklg i|tck`l ig Gziee azktkq|l ig ai`tlerizoz{ iaklt{o`d#

j{ kerckaotki`# ig ld|aotkiòzl dzox` dkzlatc{ gzie Eozvkt tfi|hft#roztka|cozc{ Eozv i|tck`l ig tfl xo{ k` xfkaf xizm k` aorktockt iaklt{ fojlaiel ijnlatkgkld# tfot k# lvrlzklàld j{ xizmlz o lrozotld gzie tflkzazlotkwkt{ o`d kdl`tkt{. K` ?;7?# Gziee r|jckfld Eozv Aiàlrt ig Eo`# otzo`cotki` ig Eozv Laiìeka o`d Rfkciirfka Eo`|azkrt# oci`h xktf fk ix`k`tlzrzltkwl aieel`toz{. Tfl gkzt eo`|azkrt tzo`cotld k Ocklòtld Cojiz#Eozv acoka totlel`t i` tfl xo{ k` xfkaf aorktockt laiìeka elo` tfottfl k`dkwkd|oc xizmlz k`m ti tfl clwlc ig o aieeidkt{# o`d ti o eit

eklzojcl aieeidkt{.:2 K` tfk lo{# Eozv dlazkjld tfl dlwlcirel`t igeiìric{ aorktocke o`d tfl dlack`l ig tfl k`dkwkd|oc l`tzlrzl`l|z. K`

aorktockt laiìekl# tfl `laloz{ zl|ct ig aierltktki` k tfl oaa|e|cotkiìg aorktoc k` o glx fo`d# o dlwlcirel`t Eozv wklxld o o zltizotki` ig

eiìric{ k` o eizl tlzzkjcl gize.:? Tfl k`n|zkl ig eiìric{ aorktocke |zgoal zlrlotldc{ k` Gziee

xizm. K`Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`hfl xzktl tfot |`dlz eidlz` aorktocke xl xkt`lo` lwlz%kàzlok`h rzial ig al`tzock~otki` o`d aiàl`tzotki` ig aorktoc k`xfkaf tfl ix`lzfkr ig aorktoc k`wltld k` tfll l`tlzrzkl k eizl o`d eizllrozotld gzie tfl g|àtki` ig eoòhk`h tfle.:: Xfl` tfl ix`lz ig aorktocao` aieeo`d cojiz ti rzid|al hiid tfot kàzlol tfl zlt|z` i` tfl ix`lzk`wltel`t# tfl` o fklzozaf{ lelzhl k` xfkaf oeold tfk`h# tfot xfkaf k

dlod# ozl ig |rlzkiz woc|l ti cojiz# ti f|eo` rixlz# ti tfot xfkaf k ockwl.:1 Xizm |`dlz |af o {tle k rf{kaocc{ lvfo|tk`h# el`tocc{ dljok`h# o`d

azlotkwlc{ eizkj|`d. Jlao|l rlircl xizm giz ieli`l lcl# tflkz cojizjlaiel ai`wlztld k`ti ieli`l lcl rzirlzt{. Octfi|hf tfl l`d rzid|at ktfl azlotkwl xizm ig tfl cojizlz fl ai|cd ìt g|cc{ kdl`tkg{ xktf tfl ijnlat kàltfl f{ritotk~otki` ig tfl eozmlt {tle zld|al tfl cojizlz%rzid|at zlcotki`k`ti zlkgkld eozmlt woc|l. Tfl cojizlz k ocklòtld gzie fk ix` xizm jlao|lfl titocc{ cil ai`tzic ig tfl rzid|at o kt k |jekttld ti tfl eozmlt {tle.

\k`h Gziee oòc{k o o toztk`h rik`t# kt k q|ktl rikjcl tik`tlzrzlt cloz`k`h rziall tfzi|hf tfl cl` ig ijnlatkgkaotki`. K` eo`dotiz{ai`tk`|k`h ld|aotki`# aier|ciz{ tzok`k`h# o`d tfl zlq|kzld roztkakrotki` iglerci{ll k` f|eo` zli|zal dlwlcirel`t rzihzoe# kt k lo{ ti ll fixcloz`k`h |`dlztoml` ti otkg{ lvtlzòc o|tfizktkl# |af o lerci{lz# alol tijlaiel tfl cloz`lz k`tlcclat|oc rzinlat. Lerci{ll igtl` rzl tflelcwl titoml g|ztflz t|dkl i` tir ig tflkz |`dlzhzod|otl dlhzll giz tfl r|zril ig

:2 Lzkaf Gziee# Eozv Aiàlrt ig Eo`# xktf o tzo`cotki` ig Eozv Laiìeka o`dRfkciirfka Eo`|azkrt j{ T.J. Jittieizl &Ci`di`> Ai`tk`||e# :224+# ;1.

:?Kjkd.:: Gziee# Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`h# 64.:1Kjkd.


10/29

?2 OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

hlttk`h o rzieitki` o`d zlalkwk`h o fkhflz zle|`lzotki`. Wlz{ gzlq|l`tc{ oci#tfl rzid|at o`d elo|zl ig cloz`k`hlo{# tlt aizl# rorlz# lvoetoml i` rf{kaoc gize o`d to`d orozt gzie tfl cloz`lz. Tfl lvoe dil ìt

elo|zl tfl rlzi` l`hohlel`t k` azlotkwl xizm tfot ai`gkze flz iz fkkdl`tkt{ j|t zotflz lvlzt o ailzakwl rzl|zl zlq|kzk`h tfl cloz`lz ti kerziwlflz iz fk rlzgizeoàl oaaizdk`h ti azktlzko fl iz fl fo ì afoàl igogglatk`h.

Xfl` cojiz k ijnlatkgkld# ieltfk`h rla|ckoz forrl` ti tfl xizmlzleitki`> Tfl eizl tfl xizmlz lvrl`d fkelcg k` xizm# tfl eizl rixlzg|cjlaiel tfl xizcd ig ijnlat xfkaf fl azlotl k` goal ig fkelcg# tfl riizlzfl jlaiel k` fk k``lz ckgl# o`d tfl cl fl jlci`h ti fkelcg.:4 K`ktkocc{#aorktoc jzk`h tihltflz xizmlz xfi xlzl rzlwki|c{ kicotld k`dlrl`dl`t xizmlz iz eocc eotlz. Tfl xizmlz tfl` tzkr igg tfl glttlz ig fkk`dkwkd|ockt{# o d dlwlcir tfl aorojkcktkl ig fk rlakl. Tfot jlk`h tfl aol#ozh|l Eozv# rzkiz ti tfl aorktock~otki` ig rzid|atki` xizmlz di coam o iakoc

kdl`tkt{. Fixlwlz# iàl tfl{ ozl |j|eld jl`lotf aorktoc tflkz rzid|atkwlrixlz oaq|kzl o iakoc h|kl ì ci`hlz zld|akjcl ti tflkz k`dkwkd|oc lggizt.Fixlwlz# tfk xi|cd elo` tfot tfl eizl cojiz k iakock~ld j{ aorktoc tfl eizltfl aoroaktkl ig xizmlz jlaiel tfl ottzkj|tl ig aorktoc. Tfll tfk`h ozlìt tflkz ix` oat# j|t tfl oat ig tfl aorktoc tfot jzk`h tfle tihltflz o`deok`tok` tfle k` tfot kt|otki` . . . xfi |jnlat tflkz oatkwkt{ ti fkr|zril.:< Aorktoc jzk`h oji|t dkwkki` ig cojiz k` xfkaf tfl cojiz rzial kdkwkdld k`ti eocclz o`d kerclz tom loaf occiaotld ti k`dkwkd|oc iz hzi|r igxizmlz. Tfl zl|ctk`h lzkl ig zlrltktkwl o`d ek`dcl tom zld|al xizmlz#k` Eozv hzorfka rfzol# ti azkrrcld ei`tziktkl. Gkòcc{# aklàl o`dtlafìcih{ ozl orrckld ti rzid|atki` ti azlotl o` k`d|tzkoc zlwic|tki`.Xizmlz cil tfl cot zleò`t ig ai`tzic tfl{ zltok`ld iwlz tfl cojiz rzialo`d jlaiel elzl ckwk`h orrl`dohl ig tfl eoafk`l. Tfk aiercltl tfltzo`gizeotki` ig xizmlz k`ti elzl elo` giz tfl ijnlatkwl l`d ig aorktoc.Tf|# oaaizdk`h ti Eozv# kt k i`c{ xktf tfl aiek`h ig eoafk`lz{ tfot tfk

k`wlzki` gkzt oaq|kzl o tlaf`kaoc o`d rocrojcl zlockt{.:7 Tfl iakoc rixlz igcojiz ozl zl`dlzld kdl`tkaoc xktf tfl iakoc rixlz ig aorktoc o`d tfl gizelzalol ti lvkt o o` k`dlrl`dl`t oatkwkt{.

K` aieel`tk`h i` Eozv# Gziee ozh|ld tfot Eozvke xo cl oricktkaoc azlld# eizl o rkzkt|oc lvktl`tkocke k` la|coz co`h|ohl. Gzieerziwiaotkwlc{ xzktl> Eozv oke# iakocke# jold i` fk tfliz{ ig eo`# kll`tkocc{ rzirfltka Elko`ke k` tfl co`h|ohl ig tfl `k`ltll`tf al`t|z{.:8Kt k rkzkt|oc lvktl`tkocke jlao|l giz Gziee Eozv oke xo tfot ig tflrkzkt|oc leoàkrotki` ig eo`# ig fk ckjlzotki` gzie tfl afok` ig laiìekadltlzek`ke# ig zltkt|tk`h fke k` fk f|eo` xficl`l# ig lòjck`h fke ti

gk`d |`kt{ o`d fozei`{ xktf fk glccix eo` o`d xktf òt|zl. Eozv# Gziee

:4 Eozv q|itld kÈozv Aiàlrt ig Eo`# ;7:< Eozv# Aorktoc# wic. ?# 4


11/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ??

jlcklwld# xo ìt aiàlz`ld rzkeozkc{ xktf lq|ock~k`h kàiel. Fk eok`k`tlzlt xo k` tirrk`h cojiz gzie jlk`h o` ocklòtk h lvrlzklàl. Kàieeidkt{%dltlzek`ld iaklt{# cojiz o o` oatkwkt{ jlaiel tfl aieeidkt{

cojiz rixlz xfl` tfl gize ig rzkwotl rzirlzt{ dlwlcir k`ti o lzkl ig iakoczlcotki` l`tokcld k` tfl oaa|e|cotki` ig aorktoc o`d kt k`wltel`t k`rzid|atki`. I`l rzid|at# tfl`# lzwl ieli`l lcl o o hiid# o |l woc|l= ktlzwl tfl rzid|alz o tfl elo` ig oaq|kzk`h tfl cojiz rzid|at ig itflz. Tfk kh`kgkl tfot i`l cojiz fo o d|oc g|àtki`> i` tfl i`l fo`d# kt k orlakgka gize ig cojiz tfot rzid|al roztka|coz hiid giz itflz# {lt# i` tflitflz fo`d# cojiz k`dlrl`dl`t ig kt rlakgka ai`tl`t lzwl tfl rzid|alz o tflelo` j{ xfkaf tfl rzid|at ig itflz ozl oaq|kzld. Cojiz# tfl`# k oòcklòtk`h lvrlzklàl jlao|l tfl rlakgkakt{ ig tfl rzid|alz cojiz k ocklòtldgzie tfl rzid|at tfl{ oaq|kzl xktf tflkz cojiz. Tflzl k ì k`tzk`ka zlcotki`jltxll` tfl rlakgka òt|zl ig tfl cojiz lvrl`dld o`d tfl rlakgka òt|zl igtfl rzid|at oaq|kzld j{ elo` ig tfot cojiz. Gziee q|itl Eozv aieel`t

k` wic|el ? ig Aorktoc tfot eltfid ig rzid|atki` |`dlz aorktocke e|tkcotltfl cojizlz k`ti o gzohel`t ig o eo`# dlhzodl fke ti tfl clwlc ig o` orrl`dohlig o eoafk`l# dltzi{ lwlz{ zleò`t ig afoze k` fk xizm o`d t|z` kt k`ti ofotld tikc. Qi giz Gziee# Eozv al`tzoc azktkake ig aorktocke k ìt tflk`n|tkal k` tfl dktzkj|tki` ig xloctf= kt k tfl rlzwlzki` ig cojiz k`ti gizald#ocklòtld# elo`k`hcl cojiz.

K` goat# Gziee oòc{k ig ocklòtki` dllrl`ld o`d jziodl`ldEozv k`ktkoc lvriktki` ig tfl kdlo. Gziee ai`tl`dld tfot Eozv|`dlzltkeotld tfl k`tl`kt{ o`d rlzwokwl`l ig ocklòtki` tfot fod jlaieltfl gotl ig tfl wot eonizkt{ ig rlircl# lrlakocc{ ig tfl lwlz kàzlok`h lhel`tig tfl rir|cotki` xfkaf eo`kr|cotl {ejic o`d el`# zotflz tfo` eoafk`l.K` ai`tlerizoz{ iaklt{# rlircl xizfkr tfk`h# tfl eoafk`l xfkaf rzid|altfk`ho`d k` tfk ocklòtld xizcd tfl{ gllc o tzo`hlz o`d q|ktl oci`l.:6 K`

|af xizm o Laorl gzie Gzlldie:;# Eo` giz Fkelcg# o`d Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{#Gziee kcc|tzotld tfl rixlz ig tfl aiàlrt ig ocklòtki`# lvtl`dk`h kt gzie tfl xizcd ig xizm k`ti tfl dieok` ig ricktka# zlazlotki`# o`d k`tkeotlzlcotki`fkr. Aieeidkgkaotki` fo dktiztld lwl` i|z co`h|ohl ti tfl rik`ttfot i|z rllaf t{cl k`dkaotl tfl rzlwokck`h fkhf dlhzll ig ocklòtki` xl gllc.Gziee omld | ti ai`kdlz tfl aicciq|koc rfzol K fowl o rzijcle o`d tflaieeidkgkaotki` tfk kh`kgkl> j{ o{k`h K fowl o rzijcle k`tlod ig K oetzi|jcld# |jnlatkwl lvrlzklàl k lckekòtld= tfl Kig lvrlzklàl k zlrcoald j{tfl ktig rilki` . . . K fowl tzo`gizeld e{lcg k`ti o rzijcle o`d oeìx ix`ld j{ e{ azlotki`.12 Tfk aieeidkgkaotki` ig co`h|ohl g|ztflz

:6

Kjkd.# Owi` Jiim# ?;77+.12Ti Fowl iz ti Jl9 1?. Tfl ai`lq|làl ig tfl |`kwlzocc{ oaalrtld ti fowl &o

irrild ti ti jl+ rfkciirf{ ozl# k` Gziee irk`ki`# n|t o rzigi|`d o wkwkdc{ `lhotkwl.Tfl rzoatkal ig tfk ottkt|dl k`gc|làl ti o hzlot dlhzll tfl zlkgkaotki` o`d dlrlziòck~otki` igocc k`tlzrlziòc zlcotki`. Tfl ti fowl to`drik`t aierzkl o` ovkicihkaoc k`gzotz|at|zl igtfl tlafìcihkaoc |jn|hotki` ig @ot|zl j{ eo`. Kt kàck`l fke ti tzlot @ot|zl o tfl ijnlat igo ai`q|lt# o tl`dlà{ xfkaf ai|cd rzid|al o hcijoc laicihkaoc azkk o`d tfl do`hlz ig tfl


12/29

?: OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

l`|zl tfot k` occ orlat ig eidlz` ckgl i`l lvrlzklàl i`llcg o oaieeidkt{ iz# zotflz# ke|cto`li|c{ o tfl lcclz o`d tfl aieeidkt{ ti jlicd.

O o ai|`tlz ti ocklòtki`# Gziee rzirild o wlzki` ig iakocketfot fl aoccld f|eo`ktka iz aiee|`ktozko` iakocke. Tfk mk`d ig iakockedkd ìt tzl tfl lq|ock~otki` ig kàiel iz dktzkj|tki` ig rzigkt. Ktlerfok xo i` tfl azlotki` ig o xizmrcoal k` xfkaf xizmlz ai`tziccld tflroal o`d gize ig rzid|atki`. K`tlod ig jlk`h lrozotld gzie loaf itflz o`ddl`kld tfl irrizt|`kt{ ti lvlzakl tflkz ix` azlotkwl l`lzhkl# xizmlz k` oiakockt {tle lvrlzklàld xizm o o` oiakotkwl o`d azlotkwl oatkwkt{. Fltzoald tfk wlzki` ig iakocke ti xfot fl acokeld xlzl tfl f|eo`ktka|`dlzrk``k`h ig Eozv wlzki` ig iakocke. Gziee xzitl tfot tflrzkàkroc hioc ig iakocke giz Eozv k tfl zlaih`ktki` o`d zlock~otki` ig eo`tz|l `lld# xfkaf xkcc jl rikjcl i`c{ xfl` rzid|atki` lzwl eo` o`d aorktoc

alol ti azlotl o`d lvrcikt tfl gocl `lld ig eo`.1? Ti Gziee# iakocke k

eizl oji|t f|eo` azlotkwkt{ tfo` laiìeka ozzo`hlel`t. Kt k o gize igrzid|atki` o`d o` izho`k~otki` ig iaklt{ k` xfkaf eo` ao` iwlzaielocklòtki` gzie fk rzid|at# gzie fk xizm# gzie fk glccix eo`# gzie fkelcgo`d gzie òt|zl.1: O iakockt iaklt{ k i`l k` xfkaf rlircl gllc ai``latld tiloaf itflz# ojcl ti dkaiwlz o`d lvlzakl tflkz ix` azlotkwl ker|cl# o`doxozl ig tflkz zlcotki`fkr ti tfl òt|zoc l`wkzièl`t. K` |af o iaklt{# orlzi` xkcc jl ojcl ti zlt|z` ti fkelcg o`d hzor tfl xizcd xktf fk ix`rixlz tf| jlaiek`h i`l xktf tfl xizcd.

O o giccixlz ig aiee|`ktozko` iakocke# Gziee i|tck`l orzihzlkwl ricktkaoc tzotlh{ xfkaf rzieitl o zodkaoc afo`hl ig woc|l oxo{gzie k`tz|el`tockt{# rilkwl`l o`d oaq|kktkwl`l o`d tixozd iakoczlri`kjkckt{ o`d zlrlat giz rlircl. Tfl iakoc oatki` xfkaf okd tfk afo`hlkàc|dl jitf icd o`d `lx iakoc eiwlel`t# tfl tz|hhcl giz zlgize o xlcco dkzlat rzitlt. Giz lvoercl# Gziee l`dizld tfl kh`kgkaoàl ig tzodl|`ki` oatkwkt{ k` tz|hhck`h giz xizmlz roztkakrotki` k` eoòhlel`t o`d tflzld|atki` ig xizmk`h fi|z# o xlcc o do{%ti%do{ tz|hhcl i` k|l |af odkazkekòtki` o`d j|cc{k`h. Fl xo i`l ig tfl gkzt iakoc tflizkt ti kdl`tkg{tfl zodkaoc ritl`tkoc ig `lx iakoc eiwlel`t# roztka|cozc{ tfil aiàlz`ld xktf l`wkzièl`tocke o`d glek`ke. Fl cl`t |rrizt ti zlgize xfkaflzodkaotl tfl ao|l ig k`la|zkt{ xfkaf tii igtl` r|f rlircl ti zloatkiòz{

lvfo|tki` ig òt|zoc zli|zal. Kt oci ai`tok` tfl rlzkc ig k`tlzòtkiòc ai`gckat xktf hcijockerckaotki`. K` fk itflz jiim &l.h. ^l` J|ddfke o`d R{afioòc{k+ Gziee fod k` ek`drflìelò kekcoz ti tfl ti fowl to`d# o`d xzitl oji|t tfl diekòtki` iz tfl ocklòtki` ig

eo`kr|cotkwl f|eo` k`tlcckhlàl gzie tfl ai`tzic ig tfl k`tlcclat# xfkaf k`dkaotld o`d ai`tzic|ktojcl# gzie tfl ltfkaoc wklxrik`t# tozhlt ig oatkwkt{. Tfl ti fowl to`drik`t k oci ck`mld xktf tfl aiàlrtki` ig tfl eozmltk`h rlziòckt{# xfil i|tck`l xo rzll`tld k` Eo` gizFkelcg xktfk` tfl ai`tlvt ig zlgclatki` oji|t rzid|atkwl o`d |`rzid|atkwl izkl`totki`# o

xlcc o k` zlglzlàl ti Laorl gzie Gzlldie# xflzl# j{ jok`h fkelcg i` ijlzwotki` ig tflOelzkao` iaklt{# Gziee oòc{~ld tfl rflìelì` ig elafo`kaoc iz o|tieoti` ai`gizeke.

1? Gziee#Eozv Aiàlrt ig Eo`#


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Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ?1

zlri`l iz ti dlrokz. Fl kdl`tkgkld tfl lelzhlàl ig tfl I`l Xizcd11 kò` lzo ig hcijock~otki` xfkaf jlh giz hcijoc ricktkaoc ic|tki` ti tfl rzijcleig xoz o`d rloal# rzid|atki` o`d dktzkj|tki`# o`d |tokòjkckt{. \ctkeotlc{#

Gziee flcd got ti tfl kdlo tfot iakocke k tfl i`c{ ricktkaoc eiwlel`t xfkaf fo tfl aoroakt{ ti zltok` tfl firl ig f|eo` ckjlzotki`# tflltojckfel`t ig `lx eizoc woc|l# o`d tfl zlock~otki` ig f|eo` ickdozkt{.J|t fl zlaih`k~ld tfl xlom`ll ig rzlwki| gize ig iakocke# roztka|cozc{k` `lhclatk`h tfl wk|ock~otki` ig o jlttlz xizcd. K` aocck`h giz tfl rzickglzotkiìg dlkh`# t|dkl o`d lvrlzkel`t ti jzkdhl tfl hor jltxll` xfot k`laloz{ o`d xfot k rikjcl# fl k`ktld tfot tfl eidlc ig tfl `lx iaklt{ jldltlzek`ld j{ tfl zlq|kzlel`t ig tfl |`%ocklòtld# jlk`h%izkl`tld k`dkwkd|oc.K` zokk`h tfk jkh q|ltki` ig xf{ xl ckwl tfl xo{ xl di o`d fix xl ekhftckwl dkgglzl`tc{ o`d jlttlz# Gziee xizm zlic|tlc{ irril tfl azllrk`hgotocke ig ai`tlerizoz{ iakoc o`d ricktkaoc ckgl.

@ix kt k ìt o` lìzei| tzltaf ti ll k` Gziee wkki` ig

aiee|`ktozko` iakocke o cozhlz wkki` ig tfl rziall tfot xi|cd jlijlzwojcl k` ld|aotki` acoziie tzkwk`h ti zlock~l iel rzkàkrcl igroztkakrotiz{ dleiazoa{. K` |af acoziie# tfl ijnlat xi|cd jl ti eomlld|aotki` lzwl tfl tz|l `lld ig cloz`lz k`tlod ig otkg{k`h tflkz gocl `lld.Gocl `lld xkcc jl tfil tfot |àzktkaocc{ ekeka tfl orkzotki` ig tfldiekò`t a|ct|zl |af o cloz`k`h ti aierltl eizl lgglatkwlc{ ohok`t itflzcloz`lz# cloz`k`h mkcc tfot occix rlircl ti oaq|kzl eizl o`d eizl rilki`tfl{ di ìt zlocc{ `lld# iz cloz`k`h fix ti odort i`l tfk`mk`h o`d jlfowkizti rzlwokck`h eizl o`d a|ct|zoc rottlz`. K` llmk`h ti iwlzaiel tflk`dkwkd|oc ocklòtki` gzie cloz`k`h o`d gzie flz iz fk glccix cloz`lz# oacoziie xi|cd lerfok~l aiirlzotkwl xo{ ig xizmk`h. Kt xi|cd zlhozd tflk`dkwkd|oc r|z|kt ig tz|tf# jlo|t{# o`d mìxcldhl o tfl lvalrtki` ti tflaiccojizotkwl z|cl. Ld|aotki` o aiee|`ktozko` iakocke xi|cd jl dkocihkaoc#

o` ottlert ti azlotl o ai`tk`|i| ai`wlzotki` oei`h cloz`lz k` xfkaf occwikal xi|cd jl flozd lq|occ{.

Kt k jlao|l ig tflkz |rkaki` ig fix cloz`k`h ao` jlaiel ijnlatkgkldo`d lvrlzklàld j{ rlzi` o fitkcl ti tflkz zloc `lld o`d k``lz {loz`k`htfot i eo`{ ld|aotiz fowl tzlld# o`d ai`tk`|l ti k`kt i`# tfl wic|`toz{

11 Tfl rzkàkroc kdlicihkaoc ijtoacl ti tfl dlwlcirel`t ig o fozei`ki| hcijociaklt{# tfot k# I`l Xizcd# k` Gziee wklx k tzkjocke# o gllck`h tfot xl fowl tfl ai`gkdlàli`c{ k` tfil xfi jlci`h ti i|z tzkjl &iz k`%hzi|r |af o o òtki` iz zoal+. @otkiòcke k tfleidlz` gize ig tzkjocke# tfzi|hf xfkaf xl rzinlat occ tfl lwkc k` | i` tfl tzo`hlz# o`d k` i

dik`h xl cil ti|af xktf f|eo`kt{. O rozt ig fk rlziòc Azldi orrl`dld ti Jl{i`d tflAfok` ig Kcc|ki`# fl lvrzlld fk jlcklg tfot tfl I`l Xizcd xkcc jlaiel tz|c{ f|eo` i`c{ kg o@lx Eo` aiel k`ti jlk`h# gzll ig tzkjoc ci{octkl# jl{i`d tfl aocc ig jciid o`d ikc# xfi gllcfkelcg ti jl o aktk~l` ig tfl xizcd xfil ci{oct{ k ti tfl f|eo` zoal o`d ti ckgl. Jl{i`d tflAfok` ig Kcc|ki`# ?86. Fl oci ozh|l tfot f|eo` ickdozkt{ ao` jl gi| d i`c{ xfl` òtkiòckefo jll` tzoàl`dld= i`c{ xfl` xl dlwlcir i|z ciwl o`d zloi` g|ztflz tfo` xl fowl di`l igoz ao` xl j|kcd o xizcd jold i` f|eo` ickdozkt{ o`d n|tkal o`d tflzlj{ tzo`gize kt k`ti otz|c{ f|eo` fiel. Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# 72.


14/29


|`dlzrk``k`h ig hl`|k`l ld|aotki`. Gzie Ck`dleo`14 ti Fizti`1 Fozwlt Fi|l# ?;7?+. Od|ct ld|aotki` k tfl rzoatkal ig tloafk`h o`d ld|aotk`h od|ct. Tfk igtl` forrl` k` tfl xizmrcoal# tfzi|hf lvtl`ki` iz ai`tk`|k`h ld|aotki` ai|zl ot lai`doz{ afiic# ot oaicclhl iz |`kwlzkt{. Itflz cloz`k`h rcoal kàc|dl gicm fkhf afiic# aiee|`kt{ aicclhl# o`dckglci`h cloz`k`h al`tlz. Tfl rzoatkal k oci igtl` zlglzzld ti o Tzok`k`h o`d Dlwlcirel`to`d o`dzohih{ &ti dktk`h|kf kt gzie rldohih{+. O dkgglzlàl k eodl jltxll` wiaotkiòcld|aotki`# eitc{ |`dlztoml` k` xizmrcoal o`d gzlq|l`tc{ zlcotld ti |rmkcck`h# o`d ì`%gizeocod|ct ld|aotki` kàc|dk`h cloz`k`h mkcc iz cloz`k`h giz rlziòc dlwlcirel`t.

1< E{cl Fizti`# Tfl Ci`h Fo|c> O` O|tijkihzorf{ &@lx [izm> Di|jcldo{# ?;;2+.

Fizti` gi|`dld tfl Fkhfco`dlz Qafiic o`d jlaoel tfl gkzt rzoatktki`lz ig xfot xi|cd cotlz jlaoccld rir|coz ld|aotki`. Fkhfco`dlz |ld tfl rzkàkrcl ig dleiazotka ld|aotki`xflzlt|dl`t xlzl tfl o|tfizktkl k` tfl acoziie# tfl tloaflz k o goakcktotiz# o`d tfl gia| igld|aotki` k tloafk`h aicclatkwl oatki` giz iakoc afo`hlti rco{ o ml{ zicl k` tfl cojizeiwlel`t ig tfl ?;12 o`d tfl Akwkc Zkhft eiwlel`t ig tfl ?;72 ti ?;82. Fizti` ocirki`llzld eo`{ ig tfl ld|aotkiòc rzkàkrcl Ro|ci Gzlkzl xi|cd eoml goei| xizcdxkdl k` tfl?;62.

17 Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# ?:?.


15/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ? Joka

Jiim# ?;7?+# ?;7.4? Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# ?14.


16/29


ocklòtki` orrlocld ti |af dkwlzl tfk`mlz o lvktl`tkockt# r{aficihkt#cktlzoz{ azktka# ì`%Aiee|`kt Eozvkt &|af o Gziee+ o`d Afzktko` o`d Nlxkf tflicihko`. O Dowkd Ai|tl ijlzwl k fk oòc{k ig txi t{rl ig

ocklòtki`# ocklòtki` g|cgkcc k` eidlz` kdlicih{ tfl oel g|àtki` o tfl Gocck` Afzktko` e{tficih{.4: Kt lle kt xo o` kerizto`t tlze giz tflk`tlcclat|oc# xfi rzkdld tflelcwl i` tfl occlhld goat tfot tfl{ fod rzkwkclhldk`khft k`ti iaki%a|ct|zoc rziall o`d)iz tfl g|àtki`k`h ig tfl|àiàki|# o`d tfot tflkz oa|tl oxozl`l ig tfl kòdlq|otl o`d aizz|rt totlig iaklt{ ocklòtld tfle gzie tfl ltojckfld &gocl+ woc|l {tle.

K` Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# Gziee hkwl o xllrk`h fktizkaoc iwlzwklx ig tflai`dktki` tfot fowl eodl rlircl ocklòtld. O o tz|l Eozvkt &j|t |`ckmlEozv fkelcg+# fl r|t tfl jcoel i` aorktocke o kt lwicwld gzie tfllwl`tll`tf ti tfl txl`tkltf al`t|z{ o`d ll tfl \`ktld Qtotl o tfl aorktockteidlc tixozd xfkaf itflz Xltlz` ai|`tzkl ozl dlwlcirk`h. Tfzi|hf tfllaiìeka rziall ig q|o`tkgkaotki` o`d ojtzoatkgkaotki`# tfl \`ktld Qtotl

fo rzid|ald o `lx t{rl ig f|eo` jlk`h# o rlzi` xfil eok` d|t{ k tirl`d o`d ti ai`|el &o`d ìt ti fiozd+# ti jl gclvkjcl &o`d ìt aieekti`llcg ti ijnlatkwl eizoc rzkàkrcl+# o`d ti ai%irlzotl eiitfc{ k` cozhlhzi|r o o aih k` tfl eoafk`l &k`tlod ig jlk`h lcg%lerci{ld iz xizmk`h k` oacil rlziòc ai`toat xktf glccix f|eo`+. Tfl aorktockt {tle ig eorzid|atki` zlq|kzl o iakoc afozoatlz dzkwl` j{ lcg%k`tlzlt# irrizt|`ke o`dai`gizeke. O o zl|ct# tfl ai`tlerizoz{ iakoc afozoatlz k` tfl Xlt tl`dti jl dlwikd ig octz|ktka ker|cl# ickdozkt{ o`d o` |`dlzto`dk`h ig ktlcg oo` oatkwl ohl`t. Tfl eidlz` k`dkwkd|oc k o aorktockt iaklt{# dzkwl` j{eozmltk`h izkl`totki`# fo jlaiel o tfk`h# o elzl aieeidkt{. Tfl ritl`tkocl`d zl|ct ig titoc ocklòtki`# lvlerckgkld k` tfl lvtzlel gize ig eozmltk`hizkl`totki`# k tfl gocc ig akwkck~otki` o`d tfl l`d ig tfl f|eo` zoal. Tf|#tflzl k e|af ot toml k` tfl rflìelì` ig ocklòtki`.

Gziee wklx tfl dktk`h|kfk`h afozoatlz ig aorktocke o tfllclwotki`# ti rzoatkaocc{ tfl lvac|ki` ig occ lcl# ig tfl laiìeka dieok` igckgl. Kt clkteitkg k tfl |l ig rlircl o kg tfl{ xlzl laiìeka ijnlat> tflix`lz ig aorktoc |l itflz el` giz tfl r|zril ig fk ix` rzigkt . . . o ckwk`hf|eo` jlk`h# alol ti jl o` l`d k` fkelcg# o`d jlaiel tfl elo` giz tfllaiìeka k`tlzlt ig oìtflz eo`# iz fkelcg# iz ig o` kerlziòc hko`t# tfllaiìeka eoafk`l.41

O `laloz{ aiziccoz{ ig olk`h f|eo` xiztf k` laiìeka tlze ktfl lclwotki` ig eotlzkocktka woc|l iwlz f|eo` woc|l ig aieroki`# mkcc# izazlotkwkt{. Tf|# k` tfl aorktocktka fklzozaf{ ig woc|l# aorktoc to`d fkhflztfo` cojiz# oeold tfk`h fkhflz tfo` tfl eo`kgltotki` ig ckgl . . . tfk`hozl fkhflz tfo` eo`.44 F|eo`kt{ k dkek`kfld o q|ocktkl |af o o rlzi`

l`lzh{# mkcc# rlziòckt{# o`d azlotkwkt{ jlaiel aieeidkgkldolt ti jl

4: Dowkd Ai|tl# Tfl Kcc|ki`> O` Lo{ i` Ricktka# Tflotzl o`d tfl @iwlc&Ci`di`> Dl|taf#?;8?+# ?8:.

41 Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# ;1.44Kjkd.# ;


17/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ?8

icd i` tfl eozmlt ig k`tlzrlziòc zlcotki`. \`dlz aorktocke# tfl eozmltdlakdl tfl woc|l ig tfll f|eo` q|ocktkl xktf tfl zl|ct tfot zlcotki`jltxll` f|eo` jlk`h . . . o|el tfl afozoatlz ig zlcotki` jltxll` tfk`h#

o loaf rlzi` lcc fkelcg o`d gllc fkelcg ti jl o aieeidkt{.4 k` occ iakoc o`d rlziòc zlcotki` tfl cox ig tfl eozmlt ozl tflz|cl. Tfl cihka ig tfl lvafo`hl laiìe{ rlzwodl occ orlat ig ckgl# Gzieeozh|ld# jlao|l k` aorktocktka iaklt{ tfl rzial ig lvafo`hl woc|l fo

jlaiel o` l`d k` ktlcg= tf|# tfl xficl rzial ig ckwk`h k lvrlzklàldoòcihi|c{ ti tfl rzigktojcl k`wltel`t ig aorktoc# e{ ckgl o`d e{ rlzi`jlk`h tfl aorktoc xfkaf k k`wltld.

Gziee zlckld flowkc{ i` Eozv kdlo ig aieeidkt{ gltkfke# o gizeig iakockt{ k` xfkaf o` k`wkkjcl fo`d zlh|cotl tfl laiìe{ k` o` o|tiìei|

gofki` xktfi|t aiàki| f|eo` k`tlzwl`tki`#46 ti lvrcok` fix ocklòtki` klvrlzklàld k` ai`tlerizoz{ iaklt{. K` tlze dzox` tzokhft gzie Eozveo`|azkrt i` tfl |jnlat# Gziee dlgk`ld ocklòtkiò o eidl ig lvrlzklàlk` xfkaf tfl rlzi` lvrlzklàl fkelcg o o` ockl` . . . ltzo`hld gziefkelcg. Fl dil ìt lvrlzklàl fkelcg o tfl al`tlz ig fk xizcd# o tflazlotiz ig fk ix` oat.4; Tfl ziit ig tfk l`l ig ocklòtki` ckl k` tfl òt|zlig eidlz` xizm# xfkaf zlq|kzl tfot rlircl ri|z tflkz l`lzh{ k`ti eomk`h

rzid|at tfot tfl` o|el o` lvktlàl orozt gzie# o`d iwlz# tfle. K` tflai`tlerizoz{ xizmrcoal# tfl xizmlz gk`d tfot fk ckgl gizal fowl gcix` k`ti otfk`h tfot jlaiel ieltfk`h orozt gzie fkelcg# iwlz o`d ohok`t fke. Tfl xizmlz k ocklòtld gzie tfl ijnlat fl rzid|al jlao|l kt k ix`ld o`ddkrild ig j{ oìtflz# tfl aorktockt. K` occ iakltkl rlircl |l tflkz azlotkwl

4< Gziee# Laorl gzie Gzlldie# ?42.47 Ag. Ekafolc @lxeo`# Eolclz Zlhozd> Keohl ig Od|ct Cloz`k`h&Q{d`l{> Qtlxozt

Wkatiz# ?;;;+ 3fttr>))xxx.ekafolc`lxeo`.k`gi)dia)eolclzYzlhozd.rdg0# ?7 Eozaf :22;+=Ekafolc Zijlzt Z. Xlcti`# ld.# K` Dlgl`l ig tfl Ckglxizcd> Azktkaoc Rlzrlatkwl i` Od|ct Cloz`k`h&Ocjo`{> Qtotl \`kwlzkt{ ig @lx [izm Rzl# ?;; Tfl e{tlzki| afozoatlz ig tfl aieeidkt{%gize ai`kttflzlgizl kerc{ k` tfl goat tfot tfl aieeidkt{ zlgclat tfl iakoc afozoatlzktka ig el` ix`cojiz o ijnlatkwl afozoatlzktka ig tfl rzid|at ig cojiz tflelcwl# o tfl iaki%òt|zocrzirlztkl ig tfll tfk`h. Aorktoc# wic. ?# ?74%?7


18/29


ojkcktkl ti rzid|al ijnlat xfkaf tfl{ |l# lvafo`hl iz lcc. \`dlz aorktocke#fixlwlz# tfk jlaiel o` ocklòtld oatkwkt{ jlao|l tfl xizmlz ao`ìt |l tfltfk`h fl rzid|al ti mllr ockwl iz ti l`hohl k` g|ztflz rzid|atkwl oatkwkt{ . . .

Tfl xizmlz `lld# ì eottlz fix dlrlzotl# di ìt hkwl fke o ckal`l ti co{fo`d i` xfot tfll oel fo`d fowl rzid|ald# giz occ fk rzid|at ozl tflrzirlzt{ ig oìtflz.


19/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ ?;

tzo`hlz ti loaf itflz# lvalrt tfot loaf t|dl`t fo jlaiel tfl ix`lz ig oaicclatki` ig totlel`t eodl j{ ieljid{ lcl.


20/29

:2 OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

iakocc{ zlri`kjcl ld|aotki` rzihzoe e|t kàc|dl xktfk` kt o` ottlert ti co{jozl tfl r|zafol j{ tfil xktf tfl eit aorktoc ig oaal ti irk`ki`%eomk`hizho`k~otki`. Kt e|t fix tfot gzll rllaf k igtl` ji|hft rllaf# tfot

hlttk`h i`l kdlo iz irk`ki` k`ti tfl r|jcka rflzl dlrl`d i` fowk`h tflaorktoc ti j|{ eldko i|tclt tfot ao` dklekòtl tfll kdlo. Q|af o rzihzoexi|cd fix fix eldko e|t ocxo{ jl tfi|hft ig o jkh j|k`ll o`d fix`lx dkwkki` ig eoniz eldko i|tclt ozl flowkc{ k`gc|làld j{ tfl k`tlzlt igaizrizotl riìz o`d tfl `lld ti rzll`t `lx k` o` l`tlztok`k`h xo{ timllr tfl eovke|e o|dklàl. K` roztka|coz# Gziee lerfok i` fix o`|`zlrzll`totkwl ekìzkt{ lvlzt dkrziriztkiòtl k`gc|làl aclozc{ o`tkakrotl@lxeo` aocc ti òel tfl l`le{ tfot lài|zohl rlzi` ti zltzlot k`tiojtzoat kdlo oji|t gzlldie o`d dleiazoa{. Kg# o Gziee o{ ojiwl# o`lìzei| tfi|hf lazlt rixlz iwlz tfl xficl iaklt{ k lvlzakld j{ o eocchzi|r# o`d kg tfk hzi|r ao` lvlzt ai`tzic iwlz ricktkaoc dkai|zl i|t ig occrziriztki` ti tflkz k~l k` tfl iaklt{# tfl` o az|akoc ld|aotkiòc tom jlaiel

ti ai`d|at orrzirzkotl zllozaf o`d k`q|kz{ ti òel tfl elejlz ig tfkhzi|r. K` @lxeo` xizd# xl lld ti om> xfi ozl tfl rlircl# xfot ozl tflizho`k~otki` rzieitk`h tfl zlizho`k~otki` ig aorktocke9 Xflzl di tfl{irlzotl9 Ao` xl òel tfle o`d di tfl{ fowl o` oddzl9 Qtlxozt Wkatiz# ?;;4+ 3fttr>))xxx.ekafolc`lxeo`.k`gi)dia)dlgk`k`hYtflYl`le{.rdg0# ?7 Eozaf:22;# ?4;.


21/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ :?

tzo`hlz k` goz%igg rcoal. O Qfiz kcc|tzotld# o eonizkt{ ig t|dl`t xkcc||occ{ afiil ìt ti ziam tfl jiot j{ afoccl`hk`h ai`wl`tkiòc tfk`mk`h i`zoal# aco# iz hl`dlz# iz j{ irtk`h ti lvrcizl ricktkaoc d{òeka i|tkdl# j|t

lrlakocc{ k`kdl# tfl acoziie. Flz t|d{ ig o xzktk`h aco giz t|dl`tfix fix o` orrozl`t oat ig zlktoàlomk`h t|dl`t ti toml o elo|zl igai`tzic k` afiik`h xfot ti clozào` l`d |r zlrzid|ak`h diekò`tkdlicih{. Flz t|dl`t afil ti owikd ai`tl`tki| zoakoc k|l o`d ti to{acil ti fiel xktf goekckoz tirka. fix tizlrlat tfl ohl`do rlircl jzk`h ti o dleiazotka `lhitkotki` ig a|zzka|c|e xfkcl ai`tzodkatizkc{ afoccl`hk`h tfll ohl`do j{ igglzk`h &o`d ieltkelk`ktk`h i`+ zodkaocc{ dkgglzl`t# ricktkaocc{ ai`tl`tki| irtki` giz t|d{. OGziee ozh|ld# kg ld|aotiz tir fizt ig k`ktk`h i` iel ottl`tki` jlk`hrokd ti octlzòtkwl# ekìzkt{ wklxrik`t# tfl` tfl rzial ig o|tieotiài`gizekt{# ig afiik`h ti tfk`m o`d di xfot i`l |rril lwlz{i`l lcl

tfk`m o`d dil# z|` zoero`t. O dlckjlzotl |rrzlki` ig octlzòtkwlrlzrlatkwl k` tfl òel ig o dleiazotka fiìzk`h ig tfl rlircl xkcc xo i`lig tfl afklg k`dkaotiz tfot o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ xo k` rcoal o`d|àfoccl`hld.

Ocklòtki` oq O|tieoti` Ai`gizekt{

Ocklòtki` o o rlzwokwl eidl ig lvktlàl xo eit lwkdl`t k` tflrflìelì` ig o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{. Tfk kdlo k lvrcok`ld eit g|cc{ k`Gziee Laorl gzie Gzlldie# octfi|hf kt rzllàl k glct k` occ fk xzktk`h. O|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ dlazkjl tfl rzial ig iakoc eo`kr|cotki` tfotzl|ct k` tfl rlzi` tzkwk`h ti jl lvoatc{ tfl oel o fl iz fl keohk`l tfleonizkt{ ti jl. Xfl` xl |aa|ej ti |af ai`gizekt{# xl jlaiel aih k`tfl j|zlo|azotka eoafk`l# xktf i|z tfi|hft# gllck`h# o`d totl eo`kr|cotldj{ tfl hiwlzèl`t k`d|tz{ o`d tfl eo aiee|`kaotki` tfot tfl{ ai`tzic. \`kwlzkt{ ig Afkaohi Rzl# ?;;7+. Qfiz zlcotl o tiz{ ig i`l aco k` xfkaf fl tzkldti g|cc{ fozl xktf fk t|dl`t ai`tzic ig tfl a|zzka|c|e o`d ig tfl acoziie. Ogtlz txl`t{{loz ig rzoatkak`h azktkaoc tloafk`h# fl |`lvrlatldc{ gi|`d fkelcg goald xktf o t|dl`t |rzkk`htfot tfzlotl`ld tfl wlz{ rikjkckt{ ig cloz`k`h. Fl tfl` xizm ti xlowl tihltflz t|dl`t wikalo`d tfkam dlazkrtki` ig acoziie lvrlzklàl xktf rldohihkaoc tfliz{ ti kcc|ekòtl tfl rixlz

zlcotki` tfot e|t jl `lhitkotld i tfot tz|l cloz`k`h eo{ toml rcoal. ai`gizek`h ti eonizktkl

&tfl dleiazotka xo{ i|t+ o`d ai`gizek`h ti tfl xkcc ig o|tiazotka clodlz &tfl goakt xo{ i|t+.J{ o rlakgkojcl elafo`ke# tfll laorl dlhzodl tfl k`dkwkd|oc# eomk`h fke o aier|ckwl#ai`gizek`h o|tieoti`# dltzi{k`h fk gzlldie o`d tfl k`tlhzkt{ ig fk k`dkwkd|oc lcg# xfkcl ottfl oel tkel k`kdki|c{ k`d|ak`h fke ti aiàlkwl ig fkelcg o gzll o`d |jnlat i`c{ ti fkelcg.J|t# Gziee ozh|l# tfl dkaiegizt o`d dklol ig k`dkwkd|otki`tfl rzkal xfkaf fo fod ti


22/29

:: OHOK@QT OCKL@OTKI@

Ig tfll txi owl`|l# kt k o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ tfot k tfl eit|jtcl o`d k`tzkh|k`h o`d |ctkeotlc{ tfl eit ocklòtk`h. Tfl k`dkwkd|ocottlert ti laorl tfl j|zdl` ig gzlldie j{ tzo`gizek`h fkelcg k`ti o

eocc aih k` tfl eoafk`l# xlcc gld# o`d xlcc acitfld . . . {lt ìt o gzll eo`j|t o` o|tieoti`.7? Tfl |jtclt{ ig o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ k tfot tflrzl|zl ti ai`gize k orrckld k`tlzòcc{# ìt lvtlzòcc{# o` lvoercl igdkakrckòz{ rixlz k` oatki`. Rlircl xo`t ti ai`gize ti o e|af fkhflz dlhzlltfo` tfl{ ozl gizald ti ai`gize# ot clot k` tfl Xltlz` dleiazoakl. Tflo|tfizkt{ i`l k |jekttk`h ti j{ ai`gizek`h k oì`{ei|> tfl o|tfizkt{ igkeohk`ld aieei` l`l# r|jcka irk`ki`# o`d ai`wl`tkiòc xkdie. Gzieei|`dld o dktkàtkwlc{ Gi|ao|cdko` ìtl k` fk ijlzwotki` tfot k` oì`{ei|o|tfizkt{ jitf aieeo`d o`d aieeo`dlz fowl jlaiel k`wkkjcl# ija|zld j{iakoc fojkt o`d ricktkaoc kdlicih{. K`gizeotki` oji|t tfl aizzlat xo{ ti tfk`mo`d oat k kàzkjld k` tfl a|ct|zoc D@O.

Giccixk`h Qkhe|`d Gzl|d# Gziee riktld tfot kt k ìt i`c{

k`dkwkd|oc xfi ao` jl kam &`l|zitka# afk~ikd iz k` o gocl aiàki|`l+# j|ttfl xficl iaklt{ ao` jl rotfihl`ka. Fl aocc tfk aicclatkwl kam`l tflrotficih{ ig ìzeoca{. Fl ottoam tfl tfl` rzlwokck`h aiàlrtki` ig el`tocfloctf# xfkaf ox iakock~otki` iz o rotkl`t zltizotki` ti aktk~l`fkr o tfldlgk`k`h afozoatlzktka ig el`toc floctf. Tfk dlgk`ktki` ig el`toc floctf xoizkhkòcc{ r|t gizxozd k` tfl k`tlzxoz {loz j{ Odicg El{lz# i`l ig tflgi|`dk`h gotflz ig Oelzkao` r{afkotz{ xfi ox el`toc dkizdlz ìt o odklol j|t o o g|àtkiòc dlgkakt tfot fl k`tlzrzltld k` tlze ig eocodortotki`#iz eocodn|tel`t. O rlzi` xfi |gglz gzie o el`toc dkizdlz k o iakocgokc|zl# o`d tfl eok` tom ig rf{kako` k ti flcr rotkl`t odort ti tflkzl`wkzièl`t. Gziee t|z`ld tfk ai`gizekt aiàlrtki` ig el`toc floctf i`kt flod j{ olztk`h tfot kt k tfl iaklt{ tfot fi|cd jl odn|tld ti tfl tz|l`lld ig kt aktk~l` o`d tfot i%aoccld ìzeoca{ k k` goat o {ertie ig iakoc

rotficih{.7: Fl acokeld tfot rlircl xfi ao`ìt to`d tfl f|edz|e jizldieig ìzeoc ckgl eo{ dlwlcir `l|zitka {ertie k` izdlz ti eoml tflkz ckwleizl elo`k`hg|c. K`dlld# o eok` afozoatlzktka ig ìzeoca{ k jizldie# xfkaf

Gziee zlhozdld o i`l ig tfl hzlotlt tizt|zl.71 Qkàl ai`gizekt{ ti iakocdleo`d ao` ieltkel clod ti el`toc kcc`l# kt k `laloz{ ti zltz|at|zl tfliaklt{ i tfot kt ì ci`hlz rzid|al el`toc dkt|zjoàl tfot hi j{ tfl òelig ìzeoca{. Gzie tfl to`drik`t ig ìzeotkwl f|eo`ke xl e|t ozzkwl ot o

jl rokd giz tfl ckjlzotki` ig `lx rzid|atkwl gizal`lld ìt clod ti `lx |jekki`. Tflt|d{ ig iaklt{ `lld ìt ai`tk`|l ti jl o jzoàf ig rotficih{. Eo` octlzòtkwl ti tfl gocl#|`floctf{ laorl gzie gzlldie k ti ai`gize ti Gziee ìze# ti |`ktl fkelcg xktf tfl

xizcd k` tfl ri`to`lkt{ ig ciwl o`d rzid|atkwl xizm# ti zlock~l o ri`to`li| zlcotki`fkr

xfkaf ai``lat tfl k`dkwkd|oc xktf tfl xizcd xktfi|t lckekòtk`h fk k`dkwkd|ockt{# ti nik` tflxizcd k` ciwl o`d xizm# k` tfl hl`|k`l lvrzlki` ig fk leitkiòc# l`|i|# o`d k`tlcclat|ocaoroaktkl. Laorl gzie Gzlldie# :1.

7?Kjkd.# vkk.7: Gziee# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{# 8:# ?;1.71 Lzkaf Gziee# Eldkak`l o`d tfl Ltfkaoc Rzijcle ig Eidlz` Eo`# k` Tfl Diheo ig

Afzkt o`d Itflz Lo{ i` Zlckhki`# R{aficih{ o`d A|ct|zl&@lx [izm> Fict# Zk`lfozt# o`d Xk`ti`#?;71+# ?7;%?;2.


23/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ :1

dkgglzl`t aiàlrt ig el`toc floctf= tfl wlz{ rlzi` xfi k ai`kdlzld floctf{k` tfl aotlhizkl ig o` ocklòtld xizcd# gzie tfl f|eo`ktka to`drik`t orrlozo tfl kamlt i`loctfi|hf ìt k` tlze ig k`dkwkd|oc kam`l# j|t ig tfl

iakocc{ rottlz`ld dlglat.Gziee dlazkrtki` ig o|tieoti` ai`gizekt{ oci lafil Hzoeak

xzktk`h i` flhlei`{. Tfl rixlz ig oì`{ei| o|tfizkt{ aiel gzie kt occ%rlzwokwl# {lt k`wkkjcl# òt|zl. Ckml gkf |òxozl ig tfl xotlz k` xfkaf tfl{ckwl# aktk~l` xke |`|rlatk`hc{ k` tfl ialo` ig oì`{ei| o|tfizkt{. Xlozl |zzi|`dld j{ o` oteirflzl ig |jtcl |hhltki` xfkaf oat|occ{rlzwodl i|z xficl iakoc ckgl . . . i`l `lwlz |rlat tfot tflzl k o`{ izdlz xfkaf i`l k lvrlatld ti giccix.74 \`dlz tfl l`wlcirk`h k`gc|làl igoì`{ei| o|tfizkt{# tfl k`dkwkd|oc alol ti jl fkelcg= fl odirt l`tkzlc{ tflmk`d ig rlziòckt{ igglzld ti fke j{ a|ct|zoc rottlz` o`d fl jlaiel lvoatc{o occ itflz ozl o`d o tfl{ lvrlat fke ti jl. O`{ o`vklt{ rlircl ekhft gllcoji|t tfk mk`d ig lvktlàl aiàlz` xfltflz iz ìt tfl{ ozl |ggkakl`tc{

okd|i| k` r|z|k`h o`d zlock~k`h tfl rottlz` ig ai`gizekt{. Tfl o|tieotiài`gizekt azldi ao` jl |eeozk~ld tf|> K e|t ai`gize# ìt jl dkgglzl`t#ìt tkam i|t= K e|t jl zlod{ o`d xkcck`h ti afo`hl oaaizdk`h ti tfl afo`hl k`tfl rottlz`= K e|t ìt om xfltflz K oe zkhft iz xzi`h# j|t xfltflz K oeodn|tld# xfltflz K oe ìt rla|ckoz# ìt dkgglzl`t.7


24/29


25/29

Z. RO@HKCK@O@ : tfl aoroakt{ ti zlaih`k~ltfl |`zlockt{ ig eit ig tfl kdlo tfot eo` ficd# o`d ti rl`ltzotl ti tfl zlockt{

wlkcld j{ tfl co{lz o`d co{lz ig dlalrtki` o`d kdlicihkl.76

jkihzorf{ o`d fktiz{# ig lcg o`d xizcd. Qll oci Afozcl Xzkhft Ekcc# Eo Qiaklt{ o`d CkjlzocLd|aotki` &Afkaohi> Al`tlz giz tfl Qt|d{ ig Ckjlzoc Ld|aotki` giz Od|ct# ?; Dlcc# ?;7:+.78 Ekcc# Tfl Qiakicihkaoc Keohk`otki`# ?7.76 Gziee# Jl{i`d tfl Afok` ig Kcc|ki`# ?8;.


26/29


Cloz`k`h oq Dleiazotka Roztkakrotki`

Kg f|eo` oatkwkt{ k rozoc{~ld k` tfl aorktockt {tle# tfl` tfl hioc ig

iakocke e|t jl ti zltizl g|cc f|eo`kt{ j{ zltizk`h oatkwkt{ k` occ rflzl igckgl. Ricktkaocc{ tfk elo` tfl azlotki` ig o roztkakrotiz{ dleiazoa{ tfot xi|cdckjlzotl rlircl gzie tfl aieeidkgkld# fowk`h eidl ig lvktlàl. Gzieerzirild o `ltxizm ig goal%ti%goal hzi|r tfot xi|cd aioclal k`ti tixèlltk`hk~ld olejckl ig ìt eizl tfo` Tfl{ zlri`d ri`to`li|c{ o`d rzid|atkwlc{=tfl{ gizhlt oji|t tflelcwl# oji|t tfl mìxcldhl# tfl riktki` tfl{ fowl.Tflkz lhi di ìt to`d k` tflkz ix` xo{ . . . tfl{ aozlg|cc{ zlri`d ti tflitflz rlzi` o`d tfot rlzi` kdlo. Tfl{ hkwl jkztf ti `lx kdlo jlao|ltfl{ ozl ìt ficdk`h i` ti o`{tfk`h.7;

Gziee ao` tflzlgizl jl ll` o zlrzkk`h iel l`tkel`t zlhozdk`htfl òt|zl o`d g|àtki` ig dka|ki` hzi|r k` o dleiazotka iaklt{ o`d tflòddk`h o eizl r{aficihkaoc fll` j{ gia|k`h i` tfl ci ig lhi. Ti o iakocr{aficihkt |af o Gziee# dkek`kfk`h lhial`tzke o`d irrik`h aorktocktaieeidkgkaotki` ozl txi kdl ig tfl oel aik`. Xfl` cloz`lz k` dka|ki`hzi|r ozl dkrild ti flcr itflz cloz` tfl{ oci flcr tfl itflz ti tzoàl`dfk iz flz lhial`tzkakt{. K` g|ztflzk`h tfl ci ig lhi# tfl ai`wlzotki` alolti jl o` lvafo`hl ig aieeidktkl &k`gizeotki`# mìxcldhl# tot|+ o`djlaiel o dkocih|l k` xfkaf kt dil ìt eottlz o`{eizl xfi k zkhft. Oai`wlzotki` o aiejotkwl rit|zk`h zlaldl# i tfl d|lckt jlhk` ti doàl

tihltflz . . . xktf ni{.82Ti Gziee# tfl mìxcldhl tfot i`l dlakki` fo o` lgglat k az|akoc

ti tfl g|àtki`k`h ig roztkakrotiz{ dleiazoa{ o`d tfl ekk`h lclel`t k` eo`{|rlzgkakocc{ dleiazotka gizeot. Xfot k tz|l giz dleiazotka lvrlzkel`t k`tfl xkdlz iaklt{ k n|t o tz|l giz tfl acoziie. O joka k`dkaotki` tfot odlhzll ig dleiazoa{ k k` rcoal k tfot tfl irk`ki` rlircl lvrzl fowl iel

keroat i` tfl kt|otki` k` xfkaf tfl{ gk`d tflelcwl. Tfk dil ìt elo`tfot tfl xkcc ig tfl eonizkt{ e|t# j{ dlgk`ktki`# rzlwokc. K`dlld# tfl ekìzkt{rlzrlatkwl eo{ jl tfl eizl wockd i`l &o xi|cd jl tfl aol k` o` k`ktlàl

7; Gziee# Ti Fowl iz ti Jl9# 4:.82Kjkd.


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tfot diekò`t kdlicih{ ijg|aotl tfl lvtl`t ig zlrzlkwl rixlz+. J|t xflzlfozd%gi|hft dlakki` lelzhl gzie tz|l dkocih|l# tfl izkhkòtiz ig tfildlakki` `lld ti mìx tfot tfl{ xkcc fowl iel lgglat. Itflzxkl# xf{

jitflz9Gziee jlcklwld tfot irrik`h rlircl |àzktkaoc odflzlàl ti

diekò`t kdlicih{ zlq|kzld o` ld|aotiz ti tkam ti i`l ai`wkatki` lwl`tfi|hf tfl{ ozl |`rir|coz. Ti di xfot xo zkhft# i`l fod ti aocc giztf tflai|zohl ti n|dhl alztok` woc|l o ig |ctkeotl aiàlzò`d ti toml tfl n|er

o`d toml lwlz{tfk`h i` tfll woc|l.8? K` tomk`h lwlz{tfk`h i` flcrk`hrlircl iwlzaiel tfl ocklòtki` k`flzl`t k` aorktockt iaklt{# Gziee xizmzloafl i|t ti | gzie oazi tfl ekccl``koc dkwkdl.

Tfl Hzod|otl Qafiic# \`kwlzkt{ ig Qo`ti Tieo# Rfkckrrk`l

Zlglzlàlq

Odizì# Tflidiz# Tfl A|ct|zl K`d|tz{> Qlclatld Lo{ i` Eo A|ct|zl# ld. j{ N.E.Jlz`tlk` &Ci`di`> Zi|tcldhl# ?;;?+.

Ai|tl# Dowkd# Tfl Kcc|ki`> O` Lo{ i` Ricktka# Tflotzl o`d tfl @iwlc &Ci`di`>Dl|taf# ?;8?+.

Do`t# Tke# Azktkaoc Qiakoc Tfliz{> A|ct|zl# Qiaklt{# o`d Azktkq|l &Ci`di`> Qohl#:221+.

Gzlkzl# Ro|ci# Rldohih{ ig tfl Irrzlld# tzo`. j{ E{zo Jlzheo` Zoei# 12 tf ld.&@lx [izm> Ai`tk``|e# :222+.

Gziee# Lzkaf# Tfl Ozt ig Jlk`h&@lx [izm> Ai`tk`||e# ?;;:+.YYYYYYYYYYY# Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`h> O` L`q|kz{ k`ti tfl @ot|zl ig Ciwl&@lx [izm>

Fozrlz ' Zix# ?; E{ Lài|`tlz xktf Gzl|d o`d Eozv

&@lx [izm> Ai`tk`||e# :221+.YYYYYYYYYYY# Tfl Diheo ig Afzkt o`d Itflz Lo{ i` Zlckhki`# R{aficih{ o`d

A|ct|zl&@lx [izm> Fict# Zk`lfozt# o`d Xk`ti`# ?;71+.YYYYYYYYYYY# Laorl gzie Gzlldie# 4tf ld. &@lx [izm> Owi` Jiim# ?;77+.YYYYYYYYYYY# Tfl Flozt ig Eo`> Kt Hl`k| giz Hiid o`d Lwkc&@lx [izm> Fozrlz

' Zix# ?;74+.YYYYYYYYYYY#Eo` giz Fkelcg> O` K`q|kz{ k`ti tfl R{aficih{ ig Ltfka&Ci`di`>

Zi|tcldhl# :221+.YYYYYYYYYYY#Eo{ Eo` Rzlwokc9 O` K`q|kz{ k`ti tfl Goat o`d Gkatki` ig Gizlkh`

Ricka{&@lx [izm> Di|jcldo{# ?;7?+.YYYYYYYYYYY#Eozv Aiàlrt ig Eo`. Xktf o tzo`cotki` ig Eozv Laiìeka o`d

Rfkciirfka Eo`|azkrtj{ T.J. Jittieizl &Ci`di`> Ai`tk`||e# :224+.

YYYYYYYYYYY# I` Jlk`h F|eo`# ld. j{ Zok`lz G|`m &@lx [izm> Ai`tk`||e#?;;4+.

YYYYYYYYYYY# Tfl Zlwic|tki` ig Firl> Tixozd o F|eo`k~ld Tlafìcih{&@lx [izm>Fozrlz ' Zix# ?;84+.

8? Gziee# Tfl Ozt ig Ciwk`h# ?:7.


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YYYYYYYYYYY# Tfl Qo`l Qiaklt{&@lx [izm> Fict# Zk`lfozt o`d Xk`ti`# ?;

Occl` Co`l tfl Rl`h|k` Rzl# ?;7 Fozrlz ' Zix# ?;87+.Gziee# Lzkaf# Doklt~ Tlktozi Q|~|mk o`d Zkafozd Dl Eoztkì# ^l` J|ddfke

o`d R{afioòc{k&@lx [izm> FozrlzAicck`# ?;82+.Gziee# Lzkaf o`d Eoz{ Nilrfk`l# ld.# Eo` Oci`l> Ocklòtki` k` Eidlz` Qiaklt{

&@lx [izm> Dlcc# ?;7:+.Fizti`# E{cl# Tfl Ci`h Fo|c> O` O|tijkihzorf{&@lx [izm> Di|jcldo{# ?;;2+.Ck`dleo`# Ld|ozd# Tfl Elo`k`h ig Od|ct Ld|aotki` &J|ggoci> Fozwlt Fi|l#

?;7?+.Eoza|l# Flzjlzt# Zlrzlkwl Ticlzoàl# kÒ Azktkq|l ig R|zl Ticlzoàl# ld. j{

Zijlzt Ro|c Xicgg# Jozzk`hti` Eiizl o`d Flzjlzt Eoza|l &Jiti`>Jloai`# ?;7 O Azktkq|l ig Ricktkaoc Laiìe{# tzo`. j{ Jl` Gixml

&Ci`di`> Rl`h|k`# ?;87+.YYYYYYYYYYY# Lozc{ Xzktk`h# tzo`. j{ Zid`l{ Ckwk`hti`l o`d Hzlhiz Jl`ti`&@lx [izm> Wk`tohl Jiim# ?;8 Gi|`dotki` ig tfl Azktkq|l ig Ricktkaoc Laiìe{# tzo`. j{Eoztk` @kaico| &@lx [izm> Rl`h|k`# ?;81+.

Ekcc# Afozcl Xzkhft# Tfl Eozvkt&@lx [izm> Dlcc# ?;7:+.YYYYYYYYYYY#Eo Qiaklt{ o`d Ckjlzoc Ld|aotki`&Afkaohi> Al`tlz giz tfl Qt|d{

ig Ckjlzoc Ld|aotki` giz Od|ct# ?; Ivgizd \`kwlzkt{ Rzl#

?; Qiakoc Oatki` k` Od|ct Ld|aotki` &Q{d`l{>

Qtlxozt Wkatiz# ?;;4+ 3fttr>))xxx.ekafolc`lxeo`.k`gi)dia)dlgk`k`hYtflYl`le{.rdg0# ?7 Eozaf :22;+.

YYYYYYYYYYY#Eolclz Zlhozd> Keohl ig Od|ct Cloz`k`h&Q{d`l{> Qtlxozt Wkatiz#?;;;+ 3fttr>))xxx.ekafolc`lxeo`.k`gi)dia)eolclzYzlhozd.rdg0#?7 Eozaf :22;.

Ico`k{o`# D.O. o`d T. Imleomk`dl# F|eo` Aorktoc Tfliz{> Kerckaotki`giz Ld|aotkiòc Dlwlcirel`t# k` L|zirlo` Ni|zòc ig Qakl`tkgka Zllozaf#:4>: &Dlalejlz :226+3fttr>))xxx.l|zini|zòc.aie)lnzY:4Y:Y2?.rdg0# 7 Gljz|oz{ :2?2.

Icceo`# Jlztlcc# Eozv Aiàlrtki` ig Eo` k` Aorktockt Qiaklt{# :`d ld. &Aoejzkdhl>Aoejzkdhl \`kwlzkt{ Rzl# ?;87+.

Izxlcc# Hlizhl# Ricktka o`d tfl L`hckf Co`h|ohl# k` O Aicclatki` ig Lo{&@lx [izm> Di|jcldo{# ?;;;+ 3fttr>))izxlcc.z|)ckjzoz{)lo{)ricktka)l`hckf)lYrickt0# :2 Eozaf :22;.

Ro`hkckò`# Zogolc D.# Gziee Qlozaf giz o F|eo`ktka Octlzòtkwl# k` OdWlzktotle#6>: &Eozaf :22;+.

Riti`l# Eikfl# Tkel# Cojiz# o`d Qiakoc Diekòtki`> O Zlk`tlzrzltotki` ig EozvAzktkaoc Tfliz{&Aoejzkdhl> Aoejzkdhl \`kwlzkt{ Rzl# ?;;1+.

Qafooz# Nif`# Laorl gzie O|tfizkt{> Tfl Rlzrlatkwl ig Lzkaf Gziee &@lx [izm>Joka Jiim# ?;7?+.


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Qfiz# Kzo# Lerixlzk`h Ld|aotki`> Azktkaoc Tloafk`h giz Qiakoc Afo`hl &Afkaohi>Afkaohi \`kwlzkt{ Rzl# ?;;:+.

YYYYYYYYYYY# Xfl` Qt|dl`t Fowl Rixlz> @lhitkotk`h O|tfizkt{ k` o Azktkaoc

Rldohih{&Afkaohi> \`kwlzkt{ ig Afkaohi Rzl# ?;;7+.Tkejzl~o# Gcizl`tkì T.#Octlzòtkwl ti o Dlod Hid&Eo`kco> DCQ\ Rzl# :22?+.Xlcti`# Ekafolc Zijlzt Z.# ld.# K` Dlgl`l ig tfl Ckglxizcd> Azktkaoc Rlzrlatkwl i`

Od|ct Cloz`k`h&Ocjo`{> Qtotl \`kwlzkt{ ig @lx [izm Rzl# ?;; Kt Fktiz{# Tflizkl# o`d Ricktkaoc Qkh`kgkaoàl

&Aoejzkdhl> EKT Rzl# :221+.

Against Alienation: The Emancipative Potential of Critical Pedagogy in Fromm

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Transcript of Against Alienation: The Emancipative Potential of Critical Pedagogy in Fromm