After Johannesburg The way to sustainable development
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After JohannesburgAfter JohannesburgThe way to sustainable developmentThe way to sustainable development
Pekka HaavistoPekka Haavisto
GRID - ArendalGRID - Arendal
10 June 200210 June 2002
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Johannesburg 2002Johannesburg 2002
• 26th August – 4th September 2002 in Johannesburg, South Africa
• WSSD = World Summit on Sustainable Development
• ”People, Planet and Prosperity”• Links between environment, poverty and
development• Review of the implementation of Rio
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Milestones to JohannesburgMilestones to Johannesburg
• Stockholm 1972: Human Environment
• Our Common Future 1987
(Brundtland report)
• Rio 1992: Environment and Development (UNCED, ”Earth Summit”)
• Agenda 21: Plan of action
• Johannesburg 2002: Sustainable Development (WSSD)
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Rio Earth Summit 1992Rio Earth Summit 1992
• Participation: 172 governments, 108 heads of states, 2,400 NGO representatives, 17,000 activists in the parallel NGO forum
• Results: Agenda 21, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Statement of Forest Principles, Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity
• New UN mechanisms: Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
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Momentum?Momentum?
• Stockholm 1972: End of colonialism, Limits to Growth (Club of Rome)
• Rio 1992: End of cold war, new independent states, environment and development (Brundtland-report)
• Johannesburg 2002: War against terrorism, global deal
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Key issues for JohannesburgKey issues for Johannesburg
• Poverty, development, environment• Financing for development (”Global deal”)• Global environmental governance (”World
environmental organisation WEO”)• Implementation of environmental
agreements (e.g. Kyoto protocol)• Multi-stakeholder process: private sector,
local level, NGO’s
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Preparations for JohannesburgPreparations for Johannesburg
• UN reports
• Regional round tables, regional proposals
• NGO-forums
• Country progress reports (and shadow reports)
• Best practices
• Prep-coms: US New York March 2002, Indonesia Bali May 2002
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An African conferenceAn African conference
• African renaissance
• Poverty and environment
• AIDS ans other deseases
• Water
• Desertification and land degradation
• Women and development
• Good governance, conditionality
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Energy consumption 1995Energy consumption 1995
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Resource flows to developing Resource flows to developing countries 1988-1996countries 1988-1996
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Growing disparitiesGrowing disparitiesin incomes among regionsin incomes among regions
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
(per
cap
ita in
com
e in
con
stan
t int
erna
tiona
l dol
lars
)
Africa Asia Latin AmericaW. Europe N. America
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Top 15 recipients of FDITop 15 recipients of FDI
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External debt of developing External debt of developing countries 1971-1997countries 1971-1997
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Total net ODA 1950-1997Total net ODA 1950-1997
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Monterrey: EU CommitmentsMonterrey: EU Commitments
• An average 0,39 % ODA target by 2006
• Minimum country level 0,33 % by 2006
• Additional 7 billion USD by 2006
• EU represents more than 50 % ODA worldwide
• 25,4 billion USD in 2000
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Monterrey: US commitmentsMonterrey: US commitments
• ODA increasing by 5 billion USD in next three years
• 50 % increase of US ODA
• Accountability
• Conditionality: democracy, human rights, anti-corruption...
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Global environmental governanceGlobal environmental governance
• More than 500 international treaties and agreements, 320 regional
• 41 core multilateral environmental agreements (MEA’s), separate secretariats
• Problems in compliance, enforcement and financing of the treaties
• Trade has been taking over environment
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Countries reporting their Countries reporting their environmental performanceenvironmental performance
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UN system incoherentUN system incoherent
• UNEP United Nations Environment Programme• CSD Committee on Sustainable Development• UNDP United Nations Development Programme• Other special agencies (WHO, FAO, UNICEF
etc.)• GEF Global Environment Facility• Environmental conventions• Need of coherence in UN & environment
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Private sectorPrivate sector
• Role of multi-national companies
• Foreign direct investments (FDI) increasing
• Voluntary commitments
• Code of conducts
• Global Compact (UN)
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Non-governmental Non-governmental organisationsorganisations
• Democratic rights
• Human rights
• Access to information
• Public participation
• Local agenda 21´s
• ”Global Århus”
• NGO representation in global processes
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What is needed?What is needed?
• World Environment Organisation (WEO)
• Secured financing for global environmental governance
• World Sustainable Development Forum (renewed ECOSOC?)
• New mechanisms for public participation (global democracy)
• Reliable information on environment
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Information for decision makingInformation for decision making
• Scientific uncertainties
• Precautionary principle
• Early warnings
• Difficulties to define sustainable development (”sustainable growth, sustainable economic development etc.”)
• Political fights (climate...)
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Challenges for GRID-ArendalChallenges for GRID-Arendal
• Define your strenghts• Make a division of work with others (REC,
EEA, WCMC etc)• Criterias & statistics for sustainable
development and environment & development
• Climate & flexible mechanisms ”the only game in town”
• Creeping crisis, conflicts of the future
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Thank youThank you