AFRODITE* - Vivai Zanzi · AFRODITE* apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor kiwifruit fruit...

236 VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI

AFRODITE*

236 VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI 236 VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI

apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and

cane berries plum table grapeskiwifruit

VIVAI F.LLI ZANZI 237

table grapesapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor

fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and cane berries plum table

grapeskiwifruit

using soil, to plants in small pots with short fertigation intervals.

FORCING TECHNIQUES

Among forcing techniques, ex-cept for coverings, the “biologi-cal” ones are distinguished from the “non-biological” ones. Bio-logical techniques are mechani-cal or agronomical and do not use synthetic chemicals. Among these are girdling of trunk or branches, thinning and selection of clusters on the vine, tipping bunches and their lateral “wings”, tipping shoots, thinning berries

Grapes have the richest history and traditions of any fruit. “Table” grapes, on the other hand, is a recent classification that evolved mainly in Italy in the second half of the 1800s, just after Italian

unification. The intention was to identify and promote some varieties that are more suited to fresh consumption than to wine-making, though this distinction had been made centuries before in Egypt, Israel and Persia.Italy has historically been a leader in grape cultivation, especially for table grapes.Field management techniques, irrigation, vine nutrition, physiology, climate factors, soil characteristics, official guidelines for production and many other factors make the production of this crop highly technical and it is in continuous evolution despite the historical, ancient relationship that binds it to man, his culture and his religions.Research and breeding programs contribute new and improved varieties that meet the classic standards of flavour, attractiveness, productivity, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, etc.In this complex framework, Vivai F.lli Zanzi, in collaboration with other nurseries, has for years selected the best varieties, whether patented or freely available, to offer to its clients.VIvai F.lli Zanzi offers a wide range of both seedless and seeded cultivars of varying maturation dates, from very early to very late, in a variety of colours: golden, red and black. Through collaboration with research institutions, universities and free-lance experts, Vivai F.lli Zanzi is among the few nurseries to offer, in addition to plants, a range of highly professional products and services such as:

> knowledge of all of the most modern agronomic techniques;> consulting for all the new structural developments in the sector (plastic covering

films, nets, trellising equipment,…);> technical consulting in the field, from vineyard management to phytosanitary

issues, drawing on the official guidelines for production recognized by the Regions;> customized nutritional plans based on variety and field conditions;> large viticultural projects.

VINEYARD MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES

Methods of covering vineyards have allowed the extension of the table grape season, bringing forward or pushing back harvest dates by using plastic films and cloths of different composition. The use of anti-hail nets has advantag-es: it can protect fruit from insects and micro-climatic changes in the field. Also, innnovations in packag-ing grapes directly in the field or in warehouses and new refrigeration technologies allow the sale of fresh product over an extended season and allow the fruit to withstand

shipping to distant markets while maintaining its original high quality.The most common trellising sys-tems used today in Italy and in many other countries are the high T- trellis, in its classic or modified “Puglia” forms, and overhead ar-bor. Vine planting distances vary considerably, depending on cul-tivar choice and soil fertility, from 1.80m within the row and 1.80m between rows, up to 4m x 4m for some very vigorous seedless va-rieties. Closer spacing has been used in recent soilless culture experiments where the goal is to maximize the use of space, giving required nutrients in aqueous so-lution directly to the roots without


ITALIA



within a cluster, defoliation. Non-biological techniques include the use of synthetic substances, mostly hormones such as gib-berellin, auxin, cytokinin. The use of these molecules is much more necessary in seedless grapes, to compensate for the lack of these substances, a natural conse-quence of the absence of seeds.

CULTIVATION UNDER PLASTIC

The primary objective of protect-ed cultivation is to accelerate rip-ening and harvest or to protect the clusters from late summer and autumn rains, allowing har-vest up through Christmas.To harvest grapes earlier, in Jan-uary or February the vineyard is covered with plastic film or with plastified cloth hung on struc-tures, usually made of metal, and closed along the perimeter. This covering has the effect of heat-ing, filtering the sun’s rays and selecting wavelengths that can enter but not escape. How early harvest can be depends on the covering used, but can be up to a month before grapes grown in the open field, bringing signifi-cant economic advantage.Coverings to delay harvest have the objective of protecting the grapes from rain which may cause rot from Botrytis. Lateral closure of the coverings is not necessary, unless the use of nets is desirable to prevent the en-trance of birds or other animals that eat grapes.Coverings to delay harvest are put in place towards the end of August, before fall rains start.

IRRIGATION

Table grapes are cultivated mainly in warm arid climates and irrigation is necessary for modern competitive viticulture.

Berry growth and therefore fruit quality are improved with regular and frequent irrigation of vines. The need for water increases through the vegetative cycle as leaf area and transpiration increase. In the phase of berry growth and veraison, water is the principal determinant of fruit size and must not be lacking.The irrigation requirement per hectare of vineyard is 3,000-5,000m3, depending on natural rainfall, soil type and harvest date of the grapes.

Fruit load per vine also influ-ences fruit quality. When yield is too high, berries are smaller, harvest is delayed, sugar con-tent is lower and stems may dry up.

CHOICE OF ROOTSTOCK

Vivai F.lli Zanzi has all of the vari-eties in the catalog available on selected clonal rootstocks or on their own roots.


BLUSH SEEDLESS*

table grapesapricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor fruit species almond apple walnut pear peach bush and


The most thoroughly tested and commonly used root-stocks are:

Berlandieri x Riparia hybrids, characterized by medium-high tolerance of drought and lime, but also good vigour and suit-ability for deep, fertile, moist soils.1 Kober 5BB, very vigorous,

suitable for fertile soils of plains.

2 SO4, good suitability for moist soils, vigorous.

3 157/11, encourages early bearing, prefers fertile soils that are neither too drought-prone nor too wet.

4 34 E.M. induces good vigour, encourages early bearing and high sugar content.

Berlandieri x Rupestris hybrids, suitable for poor stony soils that are drought-prone and lime-rich.

1 1103P, good vigour, the most adaptable to diverse soil types, compact, cool, hu-mid, drought-prone, lime-rich, chlorotic, etc..

2 140R, very vigorous, excellent for poor dry soils, drought-re-sistant and the most resistant to ferric chlorosis. Also suit-able for irrigated soils.

3 110 Richter, good vigour, en-courages good production, resistant to chlorosis, drought and poor soil.

4 775P, vigorous, tolerates up to 40% active lime.

Clearly, the choice of rootstock is influenced by various factors (soil, cultivar, availability, qual-ity of irrigation water, etc.) which must be evaluated on a case by case basis.

CHOICE OF VARIETY

In Italy, the largest market for table grapes is for those with seeds, preferably with yellow skin. However, in the interna-tional market seedless table grapes are preferred. In the last few years several of these varie-ties have been introduced in Italy, and red- and black-skinned vari-eties are also being considered. Early-ripening cultivars have a prominent role, as they bring good prices and have a short cycle. Late-maturing varieties require more work and expense, which is compensated by greater

productivity. Criteria for cultivar selection are ripening date, fertil-ity, constant production, size and shape of clusters, which ideally are long and with side branches, size of individual grape berries, which should be large and uni-form, simple vineyard manage-ment (thinning, above all), flavour (muscat aroma and high sugar content are appreciated by con-sumers), uniform colour and rip-ening, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.The future of table grapes seems to be strongly though not exclu-sively oriented towards seedless varieties, which are much appre-ciated by younger generations and the export market.Below are listed the most com-monly planted varieties in recent years.

SEEDLESS VARIETIES

AFRODITE*Patent number 2100/94P r o p a g a t i o n l i c e n s e d f r o m Fruitgrowing EquipmentOrigin: BulgariaBudbreak: mediumBloom: mediumRipening: early, last 10 days of JulyCluster: large, pyramid-shaped, branched, berries well-spacedBerry: large (6-8 g), ovoid, homog-enous, firm crisp and very flavourful pulp. Thick but tender skin, yellow-amber colour. Rudimentary or absent seed structures.Overall: seedless table grape vari-ety, very early, vigorous and pro-ductive. Earlier ripening can be achieved with forcing techniques and plastic cover. Of interest for cluster shape and berry size; very good post-harvest life with refrig-eration.

AUTUMN ROYALLate-ripening black table grape. Origin: David Ramming and Ronald Tarailo, USDA Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory of Fresno,


MICHELE PALIERI



ity with good size of berries (4 gr.). It can sometimes present some unripe berries.

CENTENNIAL SEEDLESS*Patent number 1022-NVP r o p a g a t i o n l i c e n s e d f r o m Fruitgrowing EquipmentOrigin: CaliforniaBudbreak: earlyBloom: early or very earlyRipening: earlyCluster: very large, conic-cylindrical, well-spaced berriesBerry: medium-large (6-8 g) of cylin-drical-ellipsoidal shape and greenish-yellow colour.Overall: variety of green seed-less grape sui table for f resh consumpt ion and o ther uses (dr ying, fruit salad, in syrup, etc.) due to good grape quality, balanced flavour (sugar above

Vine: medium to slightly weak vig-our, branches and canes are fragile and can be easily broken by hand. Production is good, leave spurs when pruning.

BLUSH SEEDLESS*Patent number 2100/94P r o p a g a t i o n l i c e n s e d f r o m Fruitgrowing EquipmentOrigin: CaliforniaEditor: Fruitgrowing Equipment ItaliaBudbreak: early (1st decade of April)Bloom: medium-early (end of May, 1st decade of June)Ripening: medium (I°-II° decade of September)Cluster: very long, conic-cylindrical, branched, well-spaced berries.Berry: medium-large, red colour, flesh of neutral flavourOvera l l : i n t e r e s t in g v a r ie t y thanks to its very high productiv-

California. Not patented. Autumn Black x C74-11 selected in 1984 test-ed as A97-68, introduced in 1996.Fruit: large (6,5 g), of oval to ellip-tical shape; skin is black to pur-ple-black with light waxy bloom, of medium toughness and is well-attached to the fruit. Flesh is translucent yellowish-green and very firm. Flavour is sweet, neutral and pleasant. Quality is higher if harvested at >18% soluble solids; in each berry two to four aborted seeds are present which vary in size from medium to small and nearly invisible in some years. In Fresno Autumn Royal is ripe the first week of October. Cluster: large (from 500g to 1kg), of conic shape with “shoulders”, full and compact; pedicels are of medium length with medium to weak attach-ment to the rachis.


RED GLOBE*

VITROBLACK 1®-OPHELIA*



13%); good fer tili t y and yield (about 20 kg grapes per vine). Berries have a tendency to come unattached from peduncles.

CRIMSON SEEDLESSOrigin: David Ramming and Ron Tarailo of USDA-ARS FresnoBudbreak: mediumBloom: mediumRipening: medium-lateCluster: medium-large (500-600 g) of conic shape, compact, with 1-3 branches.Berry: medium (4g), shortened oval, intense red skin colour, colourless flesh, neutral flavour, crisp.Overall: late seedless variety, under plastic it can hang on the vine through December; keeps well on the plant and withstands transpor tation. Vigorous vari-e t y requires long pruning to

increase fer t ili t y. Can some-times have problems with poor and non-uniform colour of clus-ters.

EARLY REDOrigin: MoldoviaBudbreak: mediumBloom: medium-earlyRipening: earlyCluster: large, conic, long, often branchedBerry: medium-large (5-6 g), oval-elongated, pinkish-red colour.Overall: red seedless variety of much interest for table use, medi-um-high productivity and good fertil-ity, good berry quality: sugar above 15%, pH 3.7, total acidity 5 g/l.

THOMPSON SEEDLESS (SULTANINA BIANCA)O r i g i n : r e m o t e , s p r e a d i n

Anatolia and then throughout the Mediterranean.Budbreak: medium-lateBloom: mediumRipening: medium-lateCluster: medium-large, conic-cylin-drical, branched, compact.Berry: small (2 g), oval-ellipsoidal shape, uniform yellow-green colour, thin but strong skin; flesh not juicy, crisp, of neutral flavour.Overall: seedless variety tradi-tionally used for drying. Berry qualit y may be improved with proper field techniques for table use, in this case it is known as “Thompson Seedless”.

VITROBLACK 1®-OPHELIA*Patent number UE 2004-0488P r o p a g a t i o n l i c e n s e d f r o m VitroplantOrigin: Vitroplant-Vinea


CRIMSON SEADLESS



Budbreak: mediumBloom: mediumRipening: early – beginning of JulyCluster: berries well-spaced, of medium size (600-800 g) and regular formBerry: elongated shape, on average berries measure 26-28 mm long and 20-22 mm diameter and weigh 4-6 g. Black skin, waxy bloom, good sugar content.Overall: early seedless variety, excellent fertility, very productive with high quality fruit; thinning clus-ters is necessary to achieve high-est quality. Complete affinity with T103P, 140 Ru, 110R. Suited for arbor trellising with long pruning.

VARIETIES WITH SEEDS

REGINAOverall: one of the oldest and most common grapes in Mediterranean countries, where it is known by many names. Excellent flavour, holds well on the vine and with-stands transportation.

VITTORIA (VICTORIA)Origin: RomanianBudbreak: lateBloom: medium-lateRipening: earlyCluster: large, pyramid-shaped, aver-

age berry density.Berry: very large, elliptical, light greenish yellow skin; crisp flesh of neutral flavourOverall: of interest for early rip-ening date and excellent cluster characteristics, as well as consist-ent yield and tolerance of trans-portation. Neutral flavour, skin is not very waxy, of medium thick-ness and uniform colour; crisp flesh with two seeds.

ITALIAOrigin: ItalyBudbreak: mediumBloom: mediumRipening: medium-late




Germination Separate bunches

Early flowering Full bloom Peppercorn size Bunch closing Turning point Picking

soil application

FUNGICROPS

KATA BIOL

IDROL-VEG

EVOL

foliar application

LEVO-ENERGY

FUNGICROPS

ALGALEA L

LEACOMBI

EVOL

For further information please contact our Technical Department

4 l/haCleans the lymphatic vessels and

increases the fertilizers radical absorption

3-5 kg/haFacilitates the rooting. Increases the roots

and corresponding uptake area

2 kg/ha Biostimulant, improves the vegetative growth.Reduces the millerandage.

Increases the resistance to spring stress

2,5 l/haPromotes bunches more longer.

(fruit thinning) 2,5 l/ha

Improves the bunches growth and the grapes size

2,5 kg/haBunches more longer, grapes more bigger. Increases

resistance to stress

2 l/haKeeping down vegetative surplus. Enhances the woodening of shoots and the buds nutrition.

Increases the formation of natural defence substances (phytoalexins)

5 l/ha by 3-6 times for a grape more bigger. Improves the preservation and the shelf-life. Reduces the dehydration of the grape, makes it more

bright and crisp

1,5 l/haWards off Iron and microdeficiencies

1,5 l/haCures microdeficiencies

40 l/haStimulates the vegetative development, improves the fertilizers absorption

30 l/ha by 1-2 times.Improves the preservation and

the shelf-life

L.E.A Srl Tel.+39 059 86.38.811 Fax +39 059 86.38.017 Email: [email protected] Web site: www.leaagricoltura.it

Cluster: large, of conical form, 1-3 branchesBerry: very large, elliptical, greenish yellow skin; crisp juicy flesh.Overall: the most prized white grape variety on the market, for its pro-ductivity, attractive appearance, excellent crispness and slight mus-cat flavour, sweetness and ability to withstand lengthy transportation.

MICHELE PALIERIOrigin: ItalyBudbreak: mediumBloom: mediumRipening: medium-lateCluster: large, cylindrical-pyramidal,

branched, well-spaced berries Berry: large (90-10 g), oval or sub-oval, average firmness, waxy bloom, black-purple skin; firm sweet flesh of neutral flavour.Overall: Seeded black grape with good vigour, fertility and productiv-ity. Attractive clusters of a black-purple colour that is appreciated by consumers. Good storage life and tolerance of handling. Affinity problems with some rootstocks.

RED GLOBE*Patent number 1021 NV, 18 Dec. 1992Origin: California

Budbreak: lateBloom: lateRipening: lateCluster: large size, conic-pyrami-dal, branched, berries fairly close togetherBerry: large (9-10 g), round, dark reddish-violet colour skin, colourless pulp.Overall: red table grape with good vigour and fertility; medium qualitative characteristics: sugar 14%, pH 4.3, total acidity 5.5g/l. Excellent fruit size and firmness. Holds well on the plant and with-stands transportation, storage and sale.

Nutrition programme to improve the production of Table Grape




Pest and disease management for Table GrapesDISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

GR

EE

N S

HO

OTS

TIP

S V

ISIB

LE

POWDERY MILDEW(Uncinula necator -

Oidium tukeri)

SULPHUR 80% 600-800 g/hl

NIMROD 250 EW BUPRIMATE 23,8% 0,8-1 lt/ha

PHOMOPSIS VITICOLA(Phomopsis viticola)

COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 32% 300-450 g/hl

POLYRAM DF METIRAM 71,2% 400 g/hl

CABRIO TOP PYRACLOSTROBIN 5% - METIRAM 55% 150-200 g/hl

THRIPS(Drpanothrips vitis) LASER SPINOSAD 44,2% 200-250 ml/ha

MITES (Calepitrimerus vitis) OLIOCIN MINERAL OIL 80% 3-3,5 lt/hl

WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTILE 13,4% 2 l/ha

DISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

FRO

M F

IRS

T LE

AFE

S U

NFO

LDE

D T

O E

ND

OF

FLO

WE

RIN

G

DOWNY MILDEW (Plasmopara viticola)

MANDIPROPAMID 5%+MANCOZEB 60% 200-250 g/hl

MANDIPROPAMID 2,5%+ COPPER OXYCHLORIDER 13,95% 4-5 kg/ha

METALAXYL-M 3,9%+MANCOZEB 64% 250 g/hl

METALAXYL-M 1,86% + TRI-BASIC COPPER SULFATE 15,5% 400 g/hl

METALAXYL-M 2%+ COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 14,9% 5 kg/ha


POWDERY MILDEW (Uncinula necator -

Oidium tukeri)

PENCONAZOLE 10,15% 25-30 ml/hl

PENCONAZOLE 19% 12,5-15 g/hl

PENCONAZOLE 1,5% + SULPHUR 40% 100-200 g/hl

CYFLUFENAMID 5,1% 40-50 ml/hl


YELLOW MITES(Eotetranycus carpini)

ABAMECTINE 1,84% 75 ml/hl


EMPOASCA VITIS, ZYGINA RHAMNI(Empoasca vitis,Zygina rhamni)

LAMBDA-CIALOTRINA 9,48% 15-25 ml/hl

THIAMETHOXAM 25% 20 g/hl To be appied after floweringTo mow or to remove flowering weeds before the application.

SCAPHOIDEUS TITANUS(Scaphoideus titanus)


CLORANTHANILIPROLE 20% + THIAMETHOXAM 20% 20 g/hl

To be appied after floweringTo mow or to remove flowering weeds before the application.




DISEASE / PEST Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

FRO

M D

EVE

LOP

ME

NT

OF

FRU

IT T

O P

RE

-HA

RVE

ST

DOWNY MILDEW (Plasmopara viticola)

MANDIPROPAMID 2,5% + COPPER OXYCHLORIDER

13,95%4-5 kg/ha

METALAXYL-M 1,86% + TRI-BASIC COPPER SULFATE

15,5%400 g/hl

METALAXYL-M 2%+ COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 14,9% 5 kg/ha


POWDERY MILDEW (Uncinula necator -

Oidium tukeri)

CYFLUFENAMID 5,1% 40-50 ml/hl


BOTRYTIS(Botrytis cinerea)

CIPRODINIL 37,5% + FLUDIOXINIL 25% 80 g/hl

FLUDIOXINIL 50% 1 kg/ha

RED MITES(Panonychus ulmi)



LOBESIA BOTRANA, EUPOECILIA AMBIGUELLA

(Lobesia botrana, Eupoecilia ambiguella)

EMAMECTINA BENZOATO 0,95% 150 g/hl

BACILLUS THURINGENSIS var KURSTAKI 6,4% 100 g/hl

CLORANTRANILIPROLE 20% + THIAMETHOXAM 20% 20 g/hl


EMPOASCA VITIS, ZYGINA RHAMNI(Empoasca vitis, Zygina rhamni)

CLORANTHANILIPROLE 20% + THIAMETHOXAM 20% 20 g/hl



SCALES(Planococcus citri) THIAMETHOXAM 25% 20 g/hl


WEEDS (BROAD-LEAVED AND GRASSY ANNUALS AND PERENNIALS)

Commercial Product Name Active Ingredient Dose Notes

DIQUAT 17% 3,3 - 5 l/ha

GLIFOSATE 27,9%1,5 - 4 l/ha Annual weeds.

4 - 8 l/ha Perennial weeds.

FLUAZIFOP-P-BUTILE 13,4% 2 l/ha

PRODUCTS OF THE SYNGENTA GROUP ARE IDENTIFIED WITH THEIR RESPECTIVE LOGOS.THE FOLLOWING TABLES INCLUDE CROP PROTECTION PRODUCTS AUTHORIZED IN ITALY AT THE DATE THIS DOCUMENT WAS CREATED.

AFRODITE* - Vivai Zanzi · AFRODITE* apricot chestnut cherry strawberry minor kiwifruit fruit...

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