Afro Modern timeline · LITERARY EVENTS ART MOVEMENTS c. 1 5 0 0 c. 1 5 1 8 c. 1 7 4 5 1 7 5 7 1 6...
Transcript of Afro Modern timeline · LITERARY EVENTS ART MOVEMENTS c. 1 5 0 0 c. 1 5 1 8 c. 1 7 4 5 1 7 5 7 1 6...
CHRONOLOGY
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
c.15
00c.
1518
c.17
4517
5716
40s
1665
–174
0
Portuguese bringAfrican captives toEurope as slaves
Start of large-scaleslavetrading byBritish slavers andsugar cultivation inBritish Caribbean
First African captivesshipped directly fromAfrica to America
Jamaica’s FirstMaroon War
Haitian Revolution
1775
–83
1789
–99
1791
–180
4
American War ofIndependence
Olaudah Equianoborn in what is nowNigeria (West Africa)
Ottobah Cugoanoborn near Ajumako,modern Ghana
1787
1789
Freed black settlersfrom England, NovaScotia and Jamaicaarrive in Sierra Leone
Ottobah Cugoanopublishes Thoughtsand Sentiments onthe Evil of Slavery andCommerce of theHuman Species
Olaudah Equianopublishes TheInteresting Narrative ofthe Life of OlaudahEquiano, or GustavusVassa the African
French Revolution
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
1 January,Haiti declared afree republic
1817
or18
1818
06–2
518
20–9
918
21–2
218
2218
3318
3518
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0418
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25 March, Act for theAbolition of the SlaveTrade declares theslave trade illegal inthe British Empire
Sierra Leonebecomes a Britishcolony, in whichChristian missionariessettle and educateslaves rescued fromslave ships
14 February,Frederick Douglassborn (as slave)
About 8000Afro-Brazilian formerslaves return to WestAfrica to settle
Slavery Abolition Actabolishes slaverythroughout most ofthe British Empire
Major uprising ofMuslim slaves inBahia, Brazil
Frederick Douglasssuccessfully escapesfrom his ownerMr Freeman
Wars forindependencein South America
Chile gainsindependence
Liberia founded as acolony by the AfricanColonization Societyas a settlement forfreed Americanslaves
Brazil, Bolivia andEcuador gainindependence
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
1840
s Rise of Yoruba orishaworship in Trinidadand Guyana
1848
1859
Abolition of slaveryin France and all itscolonies
1845
Frederick Douglasspublishes hisautobiography,Narrative of the Lifeof Frederick Douglass,an American Slave.
Martiano Eliseu doBonfim born in Bahia,Brazil
1861
1861
–65
1865
1868
British annexationof Lagos
American Civil War
EmancipationProclamation issuedby Abraham Lincoln
13th Amendment tothe US Constitutionprohibits slaverythroughout the USA
1863
William EdwardBurghardt Du Boisborn
1880
–191
418
7518
85
‘Scramble for Africa’(European colonialconquest)
Martiniano Eliseu doBonfim travels toLagos, Nigeria foreducation,and isinitiated as ababalawo (Ifa diviner)
Wallace D. FardMuhammad born
W.E.B. Du Boisattends FiskUniversity, Nashville,Tennessee
1877
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
1870
s18
84–8
518
87
Berlin Conferenceestablishes rulesfor Europeancolonisation of Africa
17 August, MarcusGarvey born inSt Anne’s Bay,Jamaica
Edward WilmotBlyden publishesChristianity, Islamand the Negro Race
Fisk UniversityJubilee Singers tourthe UK and offerblack music aspopular culture
1890
Frederick Douglassminister-resident andconsul-general to theRepublic of Haiti
Oswald de Andradeborn. One in sevenLagosians has lived inCuba or Brazil
20 February,Frederick Douglassdies18
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9719
02
Elijah Muhammadborn. W.E.B. Du Boishelps found theAmerican NegroAcademy
British ‘punitiveexpedition’ againstBenin, during whichartworks (the Beninbronzes) are stolen
Henry SylvesterWilliams organisesfirst Pan-AfricanConference in London.Ronald Moody bornin Jamaica
Norman Lewis born.Wifredo Lam born
26 May,Aaron Douglas, born
1900
1899
1906
W.E.B. Du Boispublishes The Soulsof Black Folk.
Josephine Baker born
1903
1889
–91
Martiniano Eliseu doBonfim returns toBrazil and promotesYoruba culture there.Abolition of slaveryin Brazil
1888
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
1907
1911
Picasso paintsLes Demoisellesd’Avignon
Marcus Garvey travelsin South and CentralAmerica, andLondon; returns toJamaica
Romare Beardenborn
1910
–12
African NationalCongress foundedin South Africa19
1219
14
Marcus Garveyfounds UniversalNegro ImprovementAssociation (UNIA)
1916
1917
1919
1919
–35
Marcus Garvey movesto Harlem, New YorkCity
W.E.B. Du Boisorganises theFirst Pan-AfricanCongress in Pariswith delegates fromAmerica, theCaribbean, Europeand Africa. MarcusGarvey founds theBlack Star Line toaid transportationand the returnfrom America toAfrican homeland
Jacob Lawrence born
Harlem Renaissance
1915
–34
World War I
United States’occupation of Haiti
1914
–18
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
W.E.B. Du Boispublishes a collectionof essays and fiction,Darkwater: Voices fromwithin the Veil, and amonthly magazine forblack children,The Brownies’ Book
Exhibition by Negroartists, 135th StreetBranch of the NewYork Public Library
Second Pan-AfricanCongress in London,Brussels and Paris
Third Pan-AfricanCongress, Lisbon
1921
Exhibition of visualarts and literature byNegroes, Boston PublicLibrary. August Savagemakes a bust ofMarcus Garvey
James Van Der Zeestarts photographicseries of MarcusGarvey and UNIAactivities
Special issue of USpublication SurveyGraphic entitledHarlem: Mecca of theNew Negro. AlainLocke publishesThe New Negro:An Interpretation,collection of essays,short stories, andphotographs,including an essay byW.E.B. Du Bois; partlyillustrated anddesigned by AaronDouglas
Aaron Douglas,Wallace Thurman,Zora Neale Hurston,John P. Davis,Richard Bruce Nugent,Gwendolyn Bennettand Langston Hughesproduce FIRE!!A Quarterly JournalDevoted to theYounger Negro Artists;Douglas designs cover
Marcus Garveyarrestedfor fraud inconnection with thefailed Black Star Line;is sent to prison andlater deported toJamaica
1922
1923
1920
1925
1924
1926
August, FirstInternationalConvention of theNegro Peoples of theWorld, organised byUNIA and MarcusGarvey, Harlem
Malcolm X born.Frantz Fanon born.Josephine Baker firstarrives in Paris andopens at the Théatredes Champs-Élysées
W.E.B. Du Bois travelsto the Soviet Union
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
1927
1928
1929
1930
Paul Colin createsLe Tumulte Noir,portfolio aboutJosephine Baker andjazz movement inParis. Jacob Epsteinarrives in New York forthree months; meetsCarl Van Vechten,Albert Barnes, FrankCrowninshield andPaul Robeson (whosits for portrait bust).Josephine Baker’sperformance at FoliesBergère is filmed
‘ManifestoAntropófago’(Cannibal Manifesto),by Oswald deAndrade, publishedin the first issue ofthe Revista deAntropofagia(São Paulo)
Aaron Douglas startsworking on murals atFisk University as anartist-in-residence
Exposition ColonialeInternationale, Paris.Museum of Africanand Oceanic Artsopens at the sametime
Dakar-Djiboutiexhibition, Trocadéro,Paris
1931
1933
Wall Street Crash inNew York, start ofGreat Depression
Coup d’état in Brazil.Beginning of the so-called SecondRepublic; GetúlioVargas in power
Martin Luther King, Jr,born
Jacob Lawrencemoves to Harlem,New York. September,Aaron Douglas sailsto Paris; studies atL’Académie Scandinave.May (to February1933), Dakar-Djiboutiexpedition, led byMarcel Griaule
Nation of Islam foundedby Wallace D. FardMuhammad, Detroit,Michigan
11 May,Minister LouisFarrakhan born
The Commonwealthfounded
Italian occupation ofEthiopia
1934
1935
–44
Wallace D. FardMuhammad dies
Zou Zou, starringJosephine Baker(directed by MarcAllegret), released inFrance. Publication ofNegro: An Anthology,collected and editedby Nancy Cunard
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
World War II
Aimé Césaire publishespoem Cahier d’unRetour au Pays Natal(Notebook of a Returnto the Native Land)
10 June,Marcus Garvey dies
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1939
–45
1940
Riot in Harlemfollowing protestagainst employerdiscrimination bywhite-owned stores.Marcus Garvey movesto London
W.E.B. Du Bois travelsthrough Poland,the Soviet Union,Manchuria, Chinaand Japan
Josephine Bakerreturns to Paris andbecomes Frenchcitizen. Loïs MailouJones travels to Parisand studies for a yearat L’Académie Julian
Aaron Douglas returnsto Fisk to take upposition of Professorof Art Education;travels to Haiti and theVirgin Islands to paint.Fela Kuti born inAbeokuta, Nigeria
Négritude movementfounded by SenegalesePresident LéopoldSédar Senghor,Martinican poet AiméCésaire, and theGuianan Léon Damas
C.L.R. James publishesThe Black Jacobins
Cedric Dover publishesHalf-Caste, ‘a studytracing the culturalcontributions ofmixed race peoples(including African-Americans)’
Ronald Moody exhibitshis sculptures at theVan Lier Gallery,Amsterdam, then atthe Salon des Tuileriesand L’Equipe in Paris.Jacob Lawrence hasfirst solo exhibition,Harlem YMCA.Completes ToussaintL’Ouverture series
African Negro Artexhibition, Museumof Modern Art,New York (477 worksphotographed byWalker Evans,commissioned byJames JohnsonSweeney)
Ronald Moody exhibitsat the Walker ArtGallery, Liverpool
David Hammonsborn19
43
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Angela Davisborn
15–21 October, FifthPan-African Congress,Manchester, England.W.E.B. Du Bois attends.United call for anindependent Africa
In Paris, Alioune Diopestablishes PrésenceAfricaine, a publishinghouse and journalpromoting Africanculture. W.E.B. Du Boistravels throughGrenada, Jamaica,Trinidad, and Cuba
22 June, arrival of theEmpire Windrush inTilbury, UK, from theCaribbean
Historian Eric Williamspublishes Capitalismand Slavery
Léopold Sédar Senghorpublishes Chantsd’Ombre in Paris
HistorianJohn Hope Franklinpublishes FromSlavery to Freedom
Léopold Sédar Senghoredits first anthology ofNegritude poetry,Anthologie de lanouvelle poésie nègreet malgache, withintroduction by Jean-Paul Sartre. Foundingof the Museu de ArteModerna (MAM) inSão Paulo, Brazil
First BienalInternacional de ArtesPlásticas in São Paulo,Brazil
Caribbean Voicesbroadcast weekly bythe BBC, focusing onliterary works fromthe Caribbean region
Aimé Césairepublishes Discourse onColonialism
1944
1945
1946
1950
1951
1948
1947
Frantz Fanon publishesPeau noire, masquesblancs (trans. BlackSkin, White Masks)
24 August,Linton Kwesi Johnsonborn in Jamaica19
52
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
First ExposiçãoNacional de ArteAbstrata, Brazil
W.E.B. Du Bois awardedInternational PeacePrize by the WorldPeace Council
1953
W.E.B. Du Bois refusedpassport to attend theFirst InternationalCongress of BlackWriters and Artistssponsored byPrésence Africaine,Paris. Aaron Douglasspends part ofsummer in Europeand West Africa(including London,Lisbon, Madrid,Barcelona, Florence,Rome, and Africanports of Dakar,Accra, and Lagos)
6 March,Ghana gainsindependence(first African colonyto do so)
20 August,Michael Jacksonborn
Launch ofBlack Orpheus, reviewof literature and arts,Ibadan, Nigeria
Second Congrès desécrivains et artistesnoirs (InternationalCongress of BlackWriters and Artists),held in Rome
Congrès des écrivainset artistes noirs(First InternationalCongress of BlackWriters and Artists),organised by AliouneDiop and AiméCésaire, held inSorbonne, Paris(attended by FrantzFanon, Léopold SédarSenghor, LangstonHughes, RichardWright, Ben Enwonwu,and Cheik Anta Diop)
Zaria Arts Societyinaugurated at theNigerian College ofArts, Scienceand Technology, underdirectorship of UcheOkeke, also called the‘Zaria Rebels’. Theirsociety developstheory of ‘NaturalSynthesis’.
1956
1958
1959
1957
Oswald de Andradedies
Algerian War ofIndependence begins,led by the FrontLibération Nationale(FLN)
1954
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Seventeen Africancountries gainindependence,including Nigeria,Senegal, Mali, BelgianCongo, French Congo,and Ivory Coast.Insurrection in Algeriaby French populationagainst de Gaulle’sgovernment
Jean-Michel Basquiatborn.Glenn Ligon born.Lorna Simpson born.Isaac Julien born.Coco Fusco born.W.E.B. Du Bois travelsto Ghana and Nigeria
1960
6 December, FrantzFanon dies inWashington, DC
Establishment of theparliamentary systemin Brazil
Restoration of thepresidential systemin Brazil
W.E.B. Du Boisrenounces hisAmerican citizenship,joins the CommunistParty, and becomescitizen of Ghana atage of 95
27 August,W.E.B. Du Bois diesin Accra
Malcolm X visitsLondon but is refusedentry to France.On 21 February, he isassassinated inNew York
Opening of MbariMbayo Club inOshogbo, Nigeria;workshops conductedby many artistsincluding JacobLawrence andGeorgina Beier
First Notting HillCarnival procession,London. The Battle ofAlgiers, film, directedby Gillo Pontevorco
Frantz Fanon publishesThe Wretched of theEarth. School of FineArts established atUniversity of Nigeria,Nsukka
Brazilian art movementTropicália initiated,influenced byAntropofagia
Members of Zaria ArtsSociety form theSociety of NigerianArtists (SNA). Centrefor ContemporaryCultural Studies,Birmingham (UK) isestablished byRichard Hoggart
Caribbean Artists’Movement (CAM) isfounded by writersEdward KamauBrathwaite, John LaRose and AndrewSalkey
1961
1962
1963
1964
Eastern Nigerian artistsleave Lagos and joinwar effort
15 January and 29July, military coupsd’état in Nigeria;Eastern Nigeriansliving in NorthernNigeria massacred
Nigerian Civil War(Biafra War)
World Festival of BlackArts, Dakar, Senegal
1965
1966
1967
–70
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Kara Walker born.Fela Kuti visits NorthAmerica and isintroduced to BlackPanther ideology bySandra Smith
Leaders of theTropicália movement,Caetano Veloso andGilberto Gil, arearrested because seenas political threat(ending the movement).4 April, Martin LutherKing, Jr assassinated.16 October, MexicoCity: African-Americanathletes Tommie Smithand John Carlos arepictured controversiallyraising their fists in asalute of Black Poweras they collect theirOlympic medals.Chris Ofili born
Festival of the Arts,University of Ife,Ile-Ife,Nigeria.The CaribbeanArtists’ Movement(CAM) controversiallyexhibit at the Houseof Commons, London
First exhibitionin Britain ofcontemporary Africanart at the Camden ArtsCentre (including workby Uzo Egonu)
Nathan HugginspublishesHarlem Renaissance.Caribbean Artists inEngland exhibitionorganised by CAM,CommonwealthArt Gallery
Ladislas Bugner et al.edit and publish TheImage of the Black inWestern Art,4 volumes
Festac 77 – The SecondFestival of Black andAfrican Arts andCulture, held inNigeria. Fela Kuti andthe Afrika 70 releaseZombie
Rasheed Araeen,‘Preliminary Notes fora Black Manifesto’,published in the firstissue of Black Phoenix
Riots break out whenFela Kuti performs‘Zombie’ in Accra,Ghana; he is bannedfrom returning toGhana
1968
1969
Josephine Baker dies.Elijah Muhammad dies
1971
1975
1976
1977
1978
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Margaret Thatcherbecomes Britain’s firstfemale Prime Minister.Start of ThatcheriteConservatism
End of white minorityrule in Zimbabwe
Bob Marley performsat the independenceceremony forZimbabwe
David Hammons isarrested forperforming Pissed Off,urinating in public ona Richard Serrasculpture, New YorkCity
Primitivism inTwentieth Century Art:Affinity of the Tribaland the Modern,exhibition, Museumof Modern Art, NewYork. Rasheed Araeenpublishes MakingMyself Visible (MMV):Rasheed Araeen,with an introductionby Guy Brett
Black Cultural Archives(BCA) established,378 Coldharbour Lane,Brixton
Aaron Douglas dies.Norman Lewis dies
Bob Marley dies
1979
1980
Eddie Chambers andKeith Piper formthe Pan-AfrikanConnection
Wifredo Lam dies.Ronald Moody dies
Live Aid charity popconcert raises£40 million forfamine relief inEast Africa
Sankofa Film andVideo Collective,founded byIsaac Julienin London
1981
1982
Black Audio FilmCollective, founded byJohn Akomfrah, ReeceAuguiste, EdwardGeorge, Lina Gopaul,Avril Johnson, DavidLawson and TrevorMathison, in Hackney,London
1982
–88
1983
–92
An archive for blackBritish artists isestablished inSt Martins School ofArt library, now part ofthe Chelsea School ofArt (Liz Ward, librarian).‘Black Art/WhiteInstitutions’conference, RiversideStudios, London
1984
1985
Sankofa Film and Video Collective, founded by Matina Attille, Maureen Blackwood, Isaac Julien, Robert Crusz and Nadine Marsh Edwards in London
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Eddie Chambersfounds and becomesdirector of African andAsian Visual ArtistsArchive (AAVAA)(Bristol). HandsworthSongs by Black AudioFilm Collective(61mins), directed byJohn Akomfrah
Paul Gilroy publishesThere Ain’t No Black inthe Union Jack: TheCultural Politics of Raceand Nation. HarlemRenaissance: Art ofBlack Americaexhibition, StudioMuseum in Harlem.Publication offirst issue of Third Text:Critical Perspectives onContemporary Art andCulture
Jean-MichelBasquiat dies.Romare Bearden dies
1986
Autograph: Associationof Black Photographers(ABP) established byMark Sealy. Black Art:Plotting the Courseexhibition, OldhamArt Gallery (travels toBluecoat Gallery,Liverpool, 1989),curated by EddieChambers
1987
Looking For Langstonby Isaac Julien,16mm black and whitefilm with sound.Magiciens de la Terreexhibition, CentreGeorges Pompidou,Paris. The Other Story:Afro-Asian Artists inPost-War Britain,Hayward Gallery,London, curated byRasheed Araeen
1988
1989
Nelson Mandela isreleased after 27years in prison,returns as head ofthe African NationalCongress.
British Prime MinisterMargaret Thatcher isforced out of office
Contemporary AfricanArtists: ChangingTradition, StudioMuseum in Harlem,New York. Africanartists also shown atthe Venice Biennale
1990
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Isaac Julien is afounding member ofNormal Films,London
Official end ofApartheid in SouthAfrica
First multi-racialelections in 350 years,South Africa; NelsonMandela inauguratedas President
Stephen Lawrence ismurdered in London ina racial attack by whiteyouths; all four mensentenced to jail formurder
Paul Gilroy publishesThe Black Atlantic:Modernity and DoubleConsciousness
Kobena Mercerpublishes Welcometo the Jungle: NewPositions in BlackCultural Studies
DAK’ART, The DakarBiennial forContemporaryInternational Art,is founded
London’s ElectricCinema, PortobelloRoad (1910) is thefirst cinema in Londonto screen filmsrelating exclusivelyto black culture.Second InternationalSymposium onNigerian Art, Lagos.Haile Gerima’sSankofa is released
Black Male:Representations ofMasculinity inContemporaryAmerican Art,Whitney Museum ofAmerican Art,New York, curated byThelma Golden.Institute ofInternational VisualArts (InIVA) isestablished (mergingThird Text and OVA),London.Nka: Journal ofContemporary AfricanArt founded by OkwuiEnwezor, New York
Michael Jackson’ssingle ‘Black or White’released from hisalbum Dangerous.Africa Hoy, curatedby André Magnin,opens at CentroAtlantico deArte Moderno,Las Palmas de GranCanaria; travels tothe Saatchi Gallery,London under the titleOut of Africa
Kwame AnthonyAppiah publishesIn my Father’s House:Africa in thePhilosophy of Culture
1991
1992
1994
1993
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Africa ’95 festival ofart, England. Relatedshows include SevenStories about ModernArt in Africa,Whitechapel ArtGallery, London;Self Evident, IkonGallery, Birmingham;Africa: The Art of aContinent, RoyalAcademy of Arts,London; Mirage:Enigma of Race,Difference and Desire,ICA, London.The Black WomenArtists study group isestablished, London
1995
Picturing Blackness inBritish Art 1700s–1900s, Tate Gallery,London, curated byPaul Gilroy. In/Sight:African Photography,1940 to the Present,exhibition at theSolomon R.Guggenheim Museum,New York. Isaac Julien,Frantz Fanon: BlackSkin, White Maskbroadcast on BBCtelevision
1996
Rhapsodies in Blackexhibition, HaywardGallery, London
Chris Ofili included inthe Young BritishArtists’ exhibitionSensation, RoyalAcademy of Arts,London
1997
Okwui Enwezor isartistic director ofDocumenta XI.Chris Ofili wins theprestigious TurnerPrize, and is chosento represent Britain atthe Venice Biennale
1998
Peace treaty signedin Lome, Togo,ending the civil warin Sierra Leone19
99
Jacob Lawrence dies
2000
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Isaac Julien isnominated for theTurner Prize for hisfilm The Long Roadto Mazatián (1999)
Okwui Enwezor,Stuart Hall and otherspublish DemocracyUnrealized: Documenta11 – Platform 1
Freestyle exhibition,Studio Museum inHarlem, New York
Black Romantic: TheFigurative Impulse inContemporary African-American Art, StudioMuseum in Harlem.The Upper Room byChris Ofili exhibited aspart of Freedom OneDay at the VictoriaMiro Gallery, London
2001
2002
Africa ’05 Festival,London. Africa Remix:Contemporary Art of aContinent, HaywardGallery.David A. Bailey,Ian Baucom and SoniaBoyce edit and publishShades of Black:Assembling Black Artsin 1980s’ Britain.Exhibition Back toBlack: Art, Cinema andthe Racial Imaginary,Whitechapel Gallery,London, curated byRichard J. Powell,David A. Bailey andPetrine Archer-Straw
Frequency, StudioMuseum in Harlem,New York.David Hammons:The UnauthorisedRetrospective,controversialexhibition at TripleCandie, Harlem,curated by ShellyBancroft and PeterNesbett, featuresphotocopies andprintouts in place ofthe artist’s actualworks in protestagainst five years ofunsuccessfulcampaigning for aHammons exhibition
Coco Fusco and BrianWallis edit and publishOnly Skin Deep:Changing Visions ofthe American Self,with an essay byNicholas Mirzoeff
Hurricane Katrinadestroys huge areas ofNew Orleans, UnitedStates, in August.The city’sreconstructionprogramme iscriticised for racialdiscriminationagainst blackresidents, who makeup the majority ofthe population
Chris Ofili launchesthe music projectFreeness, in which hefinds contemporaryalternatives to, andtries to subvert themeaning of,‘urban music’
2003
2005
2006
POLITICALBACKGROUND
KEY POLITICALEVENTS AND PEOPLE
ATLANTICTHOUGHT
ART ANDLITERARY EVENTS
ARTMOVEMENTS
Opening of RivingtonPlace (Autograph ABP).First purpose-builtcultural centre sinceHayward Gallery in1968, London.Lorna Simpson,20-year survey of theartist’s work, WhitneyMuseum of AmericanArt, New York
Bicentenary of theAbolition Act, 1807.Museum in Docklandsopens the firstpermanent display inLondon relating to thetransatlantic slavetrade, London, Sugar,Slavery. InternationalSlavery Museumopens in Liverpool,England
Barack Obama isinaugurated as the44th, and firstAfrican-American,President of theUnited States
2007
Kara Walker:My Complement, MyEnemy, My Oppressor,My Love, WhitneyMuseum of AmericanArt, New York. Flow,Studio Museum inHarlem, New York
2008
Archive for CulturallyDiverse Photographyopens at AutographABP, Rivington Place
2009
2010
Black Cultural Archiveswill move to RaleighHall, Brixton20
11
Ryerson PhotographyGallery and ResearchCentre, Gould St,Toronto, Canada toopen. It will house theBlack Star HistoricalBlack & WhitePhotographyCollection
2012