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Life cycle

EpidemiologyStrictly endemic in Africa with clear demarcation zone i.e.

between latitudes 15N and 20S.

WHO estimated 50,000 to 70,000 cases occurring annually.Majority are due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

T. b. rhodesiense is found in eastern and southeastern Africa.

Over 95% of the cases of T. b. rhodesiense infection occur in

Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, and Zambia.T. b. gambiense is found predominately in central Africa and in

limited areas of West Africa.Over 95% of the cases of T. b. gambiense infection are

reported from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola,

Sudan, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Chad,

What is African Trypanosomiasis?Human African trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness,

African lethargy, or Congo trypanosomiasis is a parasiticdisease of people and animals, and transmitted by the

tsetse fly.

Infectious Agents

(Trypanosoma

brucei)

T. b. rhodesiense

(East African

Trypanosomiasis)

T. b. gambiense

(West AfricanTrypanosomiasis)

How the disease can be spread?Infection occurs through vector-borne transmission by

the bite of an infected tsetse fly (Glossina spp.).

Transmission via bloodborne or congenital routes can

occur but is rarely reported.

The tsetse fly (genus Glossina) is a large, brown biting fly

that serves as both a host and vector for the

Trypanosome parasites.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsetse_flyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitic

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What should you do if you got

these sign and symptoms???

Malaise

Aching muscle

and joints

Myalgia

Extreme

fatigue

Severe

Headache

Skin rash

Splenomegaly

Endocrine

disorders

Mood

disorders

Renal failure

Neurologic

manifestation

Behavior

change

NO vaccine or drugfor prophylaxis!!!Prevention couldbe the best!!

Risk for Travelers Infection of international travelers occurs but is

rare. On average, a single case per year is

reported among U.S. travelers.

Most infections in U.S. travelers are caused by T. b.rhodesiense and are acquired in East Africa

game parks.

Tsetse flies inhabit rural areas, living in thewoodlands and thickets of the savannah and the

dense vegetation along streams. Less than 1% of

flies are infected in a typical endemic area.

Tsetse flies bite during daylight hours. Most bitesthat occur on the African savannah are quite

painful, and travelers often recall the bite.

Travelers to urban areas are not at risk.

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Permethrin-impregnated clothing

Use of DEET repellent

Avoidance of high risk region of African

Trypanosomiasis

Health educationInspect vehicles for tsetse flies before entering.

Avoid bushes.

Wear clothing of wrist and ankle length made of

medium-weight fabric in neutral colors that blend

with the background environment

Seek early medical attention. The infection can

usually be cured by a course of antitrypanosomal

therapy.

Consult with an infectious disease or tropical

medicine specialist for diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment drugs (suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine)

are availabe under investigational protocols.

Do not leave the country.

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