African NationalismSS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21st century.

a) Explain how the European partitioning across Africa that resulted from the Berlin Conference contributed to conflict, civil war, and to artificial political boundaries? b) Explain how nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria. c) Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and roles of Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk. d) Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.

Vocabulary - Nationalism

Loyalty to one’s nation; a sense of national consciousness exalting one nation above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests.

Important People and Groups

Kwame Nkrumah of GhanaJomo Kenyatta of KenyaAfrican National CongressNelson Mandela of South AfricaF.W. DeKlerk of South AfricaMarcus Garvey of the US

The Berlin Conference and the Partitioning of Africa

At the conclusion of the Berlin Conference in 1896, Africa had been divided among the European nations

in the following manner:

Different tribes and ethnic groups – often those who were enemies – were thrown together for the

convenience of the European rulers.

Catalyst to Change

There was little change in the “dark continent” until the World Wars. These were the catalyst that brought about change on the African continent.

1) During the wars, native Africans had fought beside their colonial bosses, defending against Nazi and Fascist forces in Libya, Ethiopia, and throughout Europe. They were equal partners on the battlefield. How could they be expected to be less than equal in times of peace?

A Weakened Europe

2) Colonial powers of Britain and France lost prestige during World War II as the United States and the USSR (Soviet Union) developed into the new superpowers.

The old European powerhouse was no longer seen as “unbeatable.”

The Atlantic Charter

3) The Atlantic Charter created by Franklin D. Roosevelt (US) and Prime Minister Winston Churchill (GB) in 1941 had stated that their principle in fighting World War II was to "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live."

Many colonized people, especially the

educated African, wondered why this should not apply to them, and they wanted that freedom.

Economic Growth and Urbanization

4) During the war, Africa benefited from demand in Europe for its exports. By the end of World War II, Africa had experienced considerable economic growth and social change. In greater numbers people were moving to cities (URBANIZATION).

They were building roads and harbors and more extensive rail and telegraphic networks. (Do you recall the term we have learned for this?)

Africans were participating in this economic growth and benefiting from it, and they wanted to have a voice in maintaining and increasing their prosperity.

• Ghana (Gold Coast)

• Kenya

• Nigeria

• South Africa

Nationalist Movements

Left or Right?Marxist or Capitalist?

Some who favored independence believed in free enterprise, profits and incentives. Others hated capitalism. One of the Leftist (communist) supporters was Kwame Nkrumah, a man educated in Christian missionary schools and graduated from an American university. Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast (later Ghana) after World War II and joined the independence movement there.

Ghana Under Nkrumah In 1949 Nkrumah formed his own

communist political party. In 1956, after strikes and protests, Ghana won its independence.

Nkrumah nationalized businesses and took over land (command economy). Soon businesses began to fail. Currency values fell so low that a loaf of bread cost a day and half of minimum wage labor! There was a thriving black market and a government full of corruption. For example, Nkrumah’s close colleague, Krobo Eduisei, owned twenty-seven houses and a gold bed, while people were dying of starvation.

Ghana’s Government Today

• Ghana was the first sub-Saharan country to gain its independence.

• Today Ghana is a constitutional democracy, where the president and parliament are elected by direct vote of the people.

Eastern Africa - Southern Ethiopia

• Mursi Tribe of Ethiopia Labret (lip extensions)

Kenya is renowned for the famous Serengeti animal reserves. But lack of political stability has hurt the tourist economy.

Kenya Located in the hills of the Great Rift, Kenya offered choice

lands for colonial settlement. Many Kenyans thought that, during the colonial period, the British had taken over their land unfairly, so a group of them started a secret society called the Mau Mau, who believed the only way to regain their lands was through force.

Though the British defeated the Mau Mau by 1954, there was much native bloodshed, and support for the organization among Kenyans continued. In all, it was estimated that about 10,000 died in the various uprisings.

The British eventually helped the Kenyans set up democratic institutions and hold democratic elections.

Jomo Kenyatta was elected president in 1963. Kenya is a republic, but for some periods has considered

only one political party legal.

Kenya TodayKenyatta ruled the country for 15 years, then in

1969 Daniel arap Moi took over and declared Kenya a single party state, and the government remained under tight autocratic control until 2002.

There have been months of violence that accompany elections, and Kenya is known for graft (misuse of public funds) and corruption at every level.

Kenya also suffered severe droughts in the early 2000s, as well as falling prices on cash crops of tea, coffee, and horticultural products. Cash crops are those grown for money, as opposed to subsistence crops, used to feed or sustain individual farmers.

Per capita GDP is $1800; literacy rate: 85%.

Kenya’sCompeting Panoramas

Economics StandardsSS7E1 The student will analyze different economic systems.

a. Compare how traditional, command, and market economies answer the economic questions of (1) what to produce, (2) how

to produce, and (3) for whom to produce. b. Explain how most countries have a mixed economy located on a continuum between pure market and pure command. c. Compare and contrast the economic systems in South Africa and

Nigeria.

SS7E3 The student will describe factors that influence economic growth and examine their presence or absence in Nigeria and South Africa.

a. Explain the relationship between investment in human capital (education and training) and gross domestic product (GDP). b. Explain the relationship between investment in capital

(factories, machinery, and technology) and gross domestic product (GDP). c. Explain how the distribution of diamonds, gold, uranium, and

oil affects the economic development of Africa. d. Describe the role of entrepreneurship. .

Nigeria and Adjacent Countries

Nigeria’s GovernmentNigeria had been a part of the British Empire

through the end of the 19th Century. Following World War II, in response to the growth of

Nigerian nationalism and demands for independence, successive constitutions legislated by the British government moved Nigeria toward self-government by continually increasing Nigerian representation in government and by building a federal democracy.

By the middle of the 20th century, as the great wave for independence was sweeping across Africa, a series of constitutions after World War II granted Nigeria greater autonomy with full independence in 1960.

Following 15 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted in 1999, and a peaceful transition to civilian government was completed.

Nigeria’s Government TodayThough both the 2003 and 2007 presidential

elections suffered legal challenges and violence, Nigeria is currently experiencing its longest period of civilian rule since independence. The general elections of April 2007 marked the first civilian-to-civilian transfer of power in the country's history.

Federal republic – The president serves a four year term, and like the bicameral (2 houses) legislature, is elected by popular vote.

Ethnic Groups: Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the Hausa, Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo are the most populous and influential, comprising about 68% of the population.

Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Literacy Rate: (estimated) total population: 68% male: 75.7% female: 60.6% (May be <42%)

Less than 1% per year of GDP spent on education!!

Nigeria’s People

Language Map showing some of

the more than 500 Nigerian language

groups.

Nigeria’s economy has been based almost completely on petroleum exports since its discovery in the Niger delta in 1956. The government has controlled and wasted those oil revenues through corruption and mismanage-ment. In recent years, they have been trying to form democratic institutions.

Nigeria is Africa’s biggest petroleum producer and a member of OPEC. Petroleum represents 95% of Nigeria’s exports (with 51% going to the US)! Cash crops of cocoa and rubber make up the other 5%.

However, 70% of the people are engaged in agriculture with a per capita GDP of only $2,200. Unemployment rate is 28%!

Who seems to be in charge and who is benefiting most in this economy?

Nigeria’s Economy

Nigeria’s Hope for ProgressIn 2003, Nigeria began to deregulate and privatize

the country’s 4 oil refineries. Nigeria is trying to shed the command economy for a market economy; however, there is a very small group of people who are becoming wealthy from this, and the rest of Nigeria is falling into poverty.

Nigeria needs to invest in human resources and education in order to progress. Currently Nigeria invests less than 1% of the GDP on education.

Nigeria must diversify the economy and depend less on petroleum, alone, as her chief source of revenue in order to benefit her population.

Compare Nigeria’s Resources and Economic Activity Maps to

Nigeria’s Population Centers

Where do people choose to live and why?

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/nigeria.html

Maps from Univ. of Texas Perry Casteneda Library

Nigeria’s Other Top IssuesRefugees from Liberia’s civil warIDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) from

communal Muslim-Christian violence Improvement of infrastructure, such as roads

and bridgesIllicit drugs: a transit point for heroin and

cocaine intended for European, East Asian, and North American markets; consumer of amphetamines; safe haven for Nigerian narcotraffickers; major money-laundering center; massive corruption and criminal activity.

What is Money Laundering?

Money Laundering simply means that “dirty” (illegal) money is made “clean” (legal).

Techniques became well-developed and refined during Al Capone’s Prohibition era.

Usually involves transferring illegal money through several countries so no one knows where it originated.

Criminals disguise where money really came from, as it would be seized by law enforcement if the true source (drugs, weapons, prostitution, terrorism, white collar crime) were revealed.

Why South Africa Is

Such a Prize

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/south_africa_ind_1979.jpg

Why do people live where they

do?

Europeans Come to South Africa South Africa had been settled by both the English and the

Dutch, with Dutch farmers founding the Cape Colony as far back as the 1600’s to provide provisions for the Dutch East India Company’s trading fleets.

In the 19th century, Great Britain took over the Cape, and the Boers (Dutch farmers) moved inland, establishing the republics of Transvaal and the Orange Free State. As Europeans trekked further inland, they fought native Zulu populations for land.

The discovery of diamonds and gold in these lands in the mid 1880s resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902). The British combined all the European provinces, pushing the Dutch even further northward. The descendents of these Dutch farmers became the nucleus of the National Party responsible for beginning South African Apartheid.

South Africa

Apartheid

Literally means “separateness” in Afrikaans or “apartness”; a system of legal racial segregation of whites and non-whites enforced by the National Party government of South Africa between 1948 and 1994.

It was an attempt by the minority to hold onto their land and maintain power.

Beginning of Apartheid

Starting in 1948, the Nationalist Government in South Africa enacted Apartheid Legislation to define and enforce segregation.

For example, the Group Areas Act of 1954, forced different residential areas for different races and forced removal of those already living in restricted areas. There was forced separation in public buildings and transportation.

The Bantu Acts The Bantu Authority Act of 1951 established black

homelands where blacks were forced to live. The Bantu Education Act of 1953 compiled a

curriculum that suited the “nature and requirements of the black people.” In order to prevent Africans from receiving an education that would lead them to aspire to positions they wouldn't be allowed to hold in society. Instead Africans were to receive an education designed to provide them with skills to serve their own people in the homelands or to work in laboring jobs under whites.

Bantu Homelands Citizens Act of 1970Compelled all black people to become a citizen of the homeland assigned to their ethnic group, regardless of whether they'd ever lived there or not, and removed their South African citizenship, and of course any rights they would have as citizens of South Africa.

Typical Homeland

Pass Laws These were the most despised part of the Apartheid

structure. The Pass Laws Act of 1952 required black South Africans to carry a pass book, or dompas, everywhere and at all times. These were similar to a passport, but contained extensive information: fingerprints, photograph, personal details of employment, permission from the government to be in a particular part of the country, qualifications to work in an area, and an employer's reports on worker performance and behavior.

If a worker displeased an employer, the worker could be “endorsed out” of an area without reason or explanation. Family members of a worker who was “endorsed out” would also be evicted. Forgetting to carry the dompas, misplacing it, or having it stolen rendered one liable to arrest and imprisonment. Each year, over 250,000 blacks were arrested for technical offenses under the Pass Laws.

The Hated Pass Book

African National CongressIn 1912, the African National Congress (ANC)

was formed to defend the rights of all African peoples.

For about 35 years, the ANC was convinced that there could be a peaceful road to equality and rights.

In 1960, the ANC was declared an illegal organization and was forced to go underground. In 1961, they were left with no other choice but to take up arms against the white African government by forming an underground group called Umkhonto to sabotage public buildings.

Nelson Mandela was a member of Umkhonto, was picked up, and spent 18 years in prison for his involvement with the ANC.

Wearing Down ApartheidDespite the efforts of the ANC, the apartheid

system continued to grow stronger. In the 1970's, increasing prices made it more

difficult to survive on small incomes. Strikes broke out and workers walked away from jobs demanding higher wages.

The Party had taken funding from the black schools and forced closure of the mission schools so that only 1 in 5 Soweto children attended school. Then in 1974, a law was passed ordering all native children to be educated in Afrikaans and English. Afrikaans was the language of the hated Dutch minority. In June of 1976, 10,000 students engaged in peaceful protest against the use of the Afrikaans language at schools.

•

Soweto UprisingsThe Soweto uprising or Soweto riots were a

series of clashes in Soweto, South Africa on June 16, 1976 between black youths and the South African authorities. The riots grew out of protests against the policies of the National Party government and its apartheid regime.

Feeling threatened, police opened fire on the students. This led to an uprising that spread to other parts of the country. In the end, over 1000 blacks were dead, most killed by police.

Soweto Slums of Johannesburg

This is how Soweto, a former township from the days of apartheid, looked in the late 1970s (Soweto = SOuthWEstTOwnship). Today Soweto is the most populated urban area in South Africa, with close to 3 million people.

It boasts the largest public hospital in the world, an active cultural life, and the early home of Nelson Mandela. Today many lovely homes have

been built here, and the area is a center for black culture.

At traffic circle, a memorial to students killed in 1976

Hector Peterson, first victim of the police action in Sharpeville

Massacre in 1960

External Pressure to End Apartheid

Following the Sharpeville massacre, the United Nations placed an oil and arms embargo on South Africa. An embargo is a type of trade barrier prohibiting trade with a certain country. The goal is to isolate that country and put its government into a difficult economic situation. It is a type of political pressure often used to force a country to discontinue certain behaviors.

The End of Apartheid As resistance to apartheid continued to grow, a state of

emergency was declared in some parts of South Africa in July of 1985. It lasted for six months and eventually led to the declaration of a national state of emergency in June of 1986. This national state of emergency continued through 1990.

In February of 1990, the Apartheid regime was forced to officially recognize the ANC and try to solve South Africa's problems peacefully.

At the 1991 National Conference of the ANC, Nelson Mandela was elected president. On May 10, 1994 he was inaugurated as the first black President of South Africa.

The ANC is currently the leading party in the Government of National Unity in South Africa.

 

Nelson Mandela

and RobbenIsland Prison

“During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people. I have fought against white domination,

and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it

is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”

Frederick W. de Klerk F.W. deKlerk was the last Nationalist South

African white president; deKlerk ended the system of apartheid. He then became deputy president with first black president, Nelson Mandela for two years. Both shared the Nobel Peace Prize.

A New Day for South Africa

and the World

South Africa’s People

Ethnic Groups: black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5%

Religions: 80% Christian, 15% none, 1.5% Muslim, plus other

Literacy Rate: total population: 86%, both

male and female 5.4% GDP spent on

education

South Africa’s Government

“Unity in Diversity”

The Republic of South Africa is a federal constitutional democracy with a three-tier system of government, much like we have in the United States. The national, provincial, and local levels of government all have legislative and executive authority of their own. The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land, as in the US. There are three capitals: executive in Pretoria, legislative in Cape Town, and judicial in Bloemfontein.

South Africa National Assembly in Capetown,

South Africa

South Africa’s EconomySouth Africa has developed from an agrarian into a

modern industrial state since World War II. Today, the economy is well-diversified and the country

is capable of producing a wide range of consumer and investment goods. South Africa produces one fifth of the entire production of the African continent.

The mining industry still plays a prominent part; South Africa is the world’s largest producer and exporter of gold, and platinum, as well as other metals and minerals, machinery and equipment.In recent years the government has privatized many industries, as it moves toward a market economy.

South Africa’s Two Economies

Africa has a two-layered economy. The formal market economy described on the previous slide can easily compete with any other developed, industrialized country. The other informal economy has the basic infrastructure of a developing country, showing very uneven distribution of income and wealth. Only recently has there been the beginning of a black middle class, the sign of real economic progress.

The average per capita GDP is $10,400 per year, but unemployment rate is over 20%; in poorer areas such as Soweto, unemployment is at 60%!

The Brain DrainIn the past several years, South Africa has suffered

from Brain Drain or human capital flight, which is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity, political instability, or health risks.

Brain drain is usually regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the part of their training sponsored by the government.

It is estimated that 150,000 educated individuals (specialists in health care, technology, etc.) leave Africa each year. This is devastating to the poor majority that lose doctors, nurses, scientists, teachers, etc., and threatens the overall future of the country, particularly one with an AIDS prevalence rate of over 20%.

African Diaspora

Diaspora – dispersion, literally “scattering of seeds”; refers to people of similar ethnic identity who leave or are forced to leave a settled area; for example, the Jews or slaves from Africa.

People of African origin living outside the continent; Africans and their descendants who live throughout the world.

Pan Africanism

A movement, which seeks to unify both native Africans and the African Diaspora, as part of a "global African community."

A political movement that calls for all African countries to be politically united (the root word “pan” means all).

Pan AfricanismIn the early 1900s, a movement was started to

secure equal rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African peoples.

Inspired by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged the study of African history and culture.

Several African nationalist figures, such as Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana) and Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) pushed for autonomy and independence of all the African countries.

With independence, however, most African countries became more focused on their own competing national interests than on the interests of the continent, as a whole.

Marcus Garvey1887 – 1940

Pan Africanism

Born in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey formed his early ideas of black separatism under the island's caste system. In 1914, he formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association to promote black self-reliance. Garvey moved to the U.S. in 1916 and spread his beliefs with his Negro World newspaper. His paper and ideas were very successful, but he never achieved his dream of blacks being reunited in Africa.

South Africa SnapshotPCGDP $11,000

Unemployment 24%

People living under

Poverty Line 50%!!!

HIV/AIDS rate 18%

Literacy Rate 86%• South Africa also supports about 90,000 refugees and asylum seekers from the DRC, Somalia, Zimbabwe, and Burundi.•World’s largest market for illegal meth!

Vocabulary• Imperialism – a stronger country taking over

a weaker country.

• Coup d’etat – a forceful, usually military take over of a country.

• Refugee – People who leave their country to go to another country to escape a horrible condition such as famine, war, religious or persecution.

• IDP’s – People who are forced to relocate in their country.

• Money Laundering – Passing money through several different businesses or banks to make it appear legal.

• Subsistence Agriculture – Growing enough crops to barley support your own family.

• Nationalism – A strong support of patriotism in one’s own country.

• Embargo – A economic ban on trade to force a country to change how they do something.

Vocabulary continued

• Nationalize – a term used when a government takes over a business.

• Apartheid – A Dutch Boer term meaning apartness or separation of races.

• Federal – The type of government that has layers of powers or responsibilities.

• Catalyst – Something that causes a change.

Vocabulary continued

Conflict and Change: The student will understand that when there is conflict between or within

societies, change is the result.

Essential Questions to Discuss:1) How did European partitioning of Africa contribute to

conflict, civil war, and to the creation of artificial political boundaries?

2) How did nationalism lead to independence in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa?

3) How was apartheid created and dissolved in South Africa? What are the long lasting effects?

4) What role did Nelson Mandela and F. W. deKlerk play in the end of apartheid?

5) What is the impact of the Pan-Africa movement on the continent of Africa? What was the role of Marcus Garvey?

6) Discuss the “buzz words” for market and command economy and their meaning.