African forests between nature and livelihood resources Balancing between conservation and...
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Transcript of African forests between nature and livelihood resources Balancing between conservation and...
African forests between nature and livelihood resources
Balancing between conservation and development needs
Mirjam A.F. Ros-Tonen & Ton Dietz; Lecture Mirjam Ros at Rhodes University Grahamstown, South Africa; January 2006
The dilemma
Africa has lost 5.3 million hectares of forest between 1990-2000 (FAO 2001) – an area about the size of France
315 million people – half of the people in Sub- Saharan Africa – survive on less than one dollar per day (World Bank 2003)
> 70% of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa is rural and depends on forests and woodlands for its livelihood (World Bank 2002)
Forests need to be conserved for ecological reasons, because they…
play a mitigating role in climate change through carbon sequestration
are gene pools and a source of biodiversity protect the soils are important watersheds and regulate water flows
BUT: Forests are also an important source of livelihood for
millions of poor people (safety net / poverty alleviation)
Can conservation and forest-related livelihoods go together?
Livelihoods and deforestation: no uniform relationship Forest-expanding livelihood components (LCs):
agroforestry, sylvo-pastoralism, forest enrichment Forest-stabilising LCs: collection of forest produce Forest-transforming LCs: monoculture commercial tree
plantations (for timber, oil, cocoa, etc.) Forest-threatening LCs: overexploitation of NTFPs and
fuelwood, uncontrolled fires, unsustainable tourism Forest-destroying LCs: crop cultivation, mixed farming
systems, mining, human settlements
Forest tolerant or destructive livelihoods?
Depends on: Type of LCs (c.f. hunting/gathering vs. farming) Combination of LCs (e.g. hunting/gathering + logging) Degree of integration into commercial networks Population pressure Environmental shocks (prolonged droughts, crop
failures)
NO UNIFORM APPROACH TO RECONCILE
CONSERV. GOALS & LIVELIHOOD NEEDS
Matching conservation & development
Several approaches: Transition zone management Integrated Conservation and Development Projects
(ICDPs) Community-based conservation Participatory resource management Adaptive or negotiated management Commercial extraction of NTFPs
Lessons learned (1)
Prior to establishing conservation areas: - know how local people use natural resources- know their role in shaping the ecosystem
Sustainable resource use requires:- secure tenure arrangements- recognition of customary land rights
Pro-poor conservation is about rights and obligationsThis requires negotiation between stakeholders - about land-use planning- about controlled forest (land) use
Lessons learned (2)
A fair distribution of costs & benefits requires:
- a careful stakeholder analysis
- awareness that communities are not homogenous Integrating conservation & development requires
effective coordination between conservation programmes & pro-poor policy actions
Formal/modern and informal/traditional governance forms should be recognised and integrated (‘neo-African governance’)
Integration of local knowledge, skills & institutions
Promising trends (1) Multi-sector/multi-scale partnerships for conservation & Sustainable forest use. Examples:
Central African Regional Programme for the Environment (CARPE)
Forest Coffee Conservation and Business Development Project (Kafa zone, Ethiopia)
Promising trends (2):
Neo-African governance
Example:
Loita forest, Kenya
Policy recommendations National sovereignty; global watch dogs Decentralised forest governance (but central government
remaining responsible for law enforcement) Better coordination between various institutions dealing
with conservation and natural resource management Promoting local platforms Stakeholder analysis & entitlement approach Capacity building, empowerment, awareness raising at
local level Proper compensation mechanisms for excluded people
Conclusions In addition to ecological services Africa’s forests play an
important role as resources for people’s livelihoods There will be growing pressure on African forests
(HIV/AIDS, population pressure, increasing urbanisation, growing demand for forest products, climate change)
New institutional arrangements are needed for pro-poor conservation strategies, based on:- multi-sector / multi-scale partnerships- amalgation of traditional and modern governance forms
There are promising examples but claims that a lot has been achieved are based on a romantic illusion!