AFRICAN COLONIALISMVOCABULARY: MISSIONARY, HUTU, TUTSI

STANDARD:THE STUDENT WILL ANALYZE CONTINUITY AND

CHANGE IN AFRICA LEADING TO THE 21ST CENTURY

LIFE BEFORE EUROPEANS

• LIFE IN AFRICA BEFORE EUROPEANS CAME WAS VERY DIFFERENT.

• LIFE WAS LIVED UNDER VARIOUS TYPES OF GOVERNMENTS, KINGS, TRIBES, OR NOMADIC GROUPS.

• THE ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS CHANGED EVERYTHING.

THE SLAVE TRADE

• EUROPEANS DID NOT START THE SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA.

• AFRICANS HAD OWNED SLAVES LONG BEFORE THEY GOT THERE, BUT THE TYPE OF SLAVE TRADE THEY STARTED WAS DIFFERENT AND BRUTAL. IT DEVASTATED AFRICAN LIFE AND SOCIETY.

• THEY CAPTURED AFRICANS AND TURNED THEM INTO SLAVES NOT AS A RESULT OF WAR OR DEBT, BUT JUST BECAUSE THEY COULD.

THE SLAVE TRADE

THE SLAVE TRADE• FIRST AND MOST POWERFUL SLAVE TRADERS – THE POTUGUESE• FIRST IN AMERICA – JAMESTOWN, VA. 1619• 1520-1860 12 MILLION SLAVES BROUGHT TO THE AMERICAS• MANY MORE DIED ON THE JOURNEY OVER• DECLARED ILLEGAL IN THE AMERICAS IN 1808• DID NOT END HOWEVER, AMERICA ENDED IN 1865; OTHER COUNTRIES

EARLIER OR LATER.• MALES BETWEEN AGES 18-30 TAKEN MOST.• AFRICAN TOWNS AND VILLAGES WERE LEFT WITHOUT THEIR

BRIGHTEST AND BEST; LOSS OF LEADERSHIP; LOSS OF WORKERS;FAMILY STRUCTURES DESTROYED.

• AFTER SLAVERY ENDED, EUROPEAN INTEREST IN AFRICA TURNED TO OTHER RESOURCES.

The Triangle Trade

• A pattern of trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa

• Manufactured goods from Europe (guns and cloth) and the Americas (rum and gunpowder), were traded for slaves in Africa (who were sent to the Americas), which were then traded for sugar, molasses, and other products from the Americas. These goods were then shipped to Europe.

THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA

• INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION FUELED EUROPE’S DESIRE FOR RESOURCES FROM AFRICA.

• RAW MATERIALS, MINERALS, AND NEW MARKETS.

EUROPEAN EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES

• EXPLORERS WANTED TO FIND GLORY FOR THEMSELVES AS BEING DISCOVERERS OF PHYSICAL FEATURES, SPECIES OF ANIMALS, AND RESOURCES.

• MISSIONARIES SOUGHT RELIGIOUS CONVERTS AND TO CHANGE TRADITIONAL WAYS OF THINKING WHICH LED TO CONFLICT AND PROBLEMS; THEY WANTED TO END THE SLAVE TRADE AS WELL

EXPLORERS AND MISSIONARIES

COMPETITION FOR CONTROL

• RESOURCES, RESOURCES, RESOURCES• ALL WANTED THE RICHEST AND BIGGEST

PIECES• SETTLED THE DISPUTE IN BERLIN, GERMANY

IN 1884.

THE BERLIN CONFERENCE OF 1884

1. Only Europeans attended and a few U.S. leaders – No Africans. This shows how little Europeans viewed African life.

2. Africa was divided fairly in order to prevent war between the European countries.

3. It was clear that Europeans wanted the land to find raw materials to benefit their own country.

4. Forever changed the life of Africans and their culture.

5. Eventually lead to the colonies falling apart due to Africans wanting to take back what was rightfully theirs in the first place.

DIVISIONCOLONIZING COUNTRIES WERE :GREAT BRITAINFRANCEBELGIUMGERMANYITALYSPAINPORTUGALOTTOMAN EMPIRE

Independents

• ONLY ETHIOPIA AND LIBERIA WERE INDEPENDENT. EVERY OTHER AREA WAS CONTROLLED BY A EUROPEAN COUNTRY.

COLONIZERS INTERESTS• GOLD, DIAMONDS, OTHER RESOURCES.• DID NOT CARE ABOUT AFRICAN CULTURES; SAW THEM AS INFERIOR

AND NEEDING TO BE LIKE THEM.• BELGIUM CAUSED CIVIL WAR IN WHAT IS TODAY RWANDA BY

FORCING MEMBERS OF THE HUTU AND TUTSI TRIBES LIVING THERE TO CARRY IDENTITY CARDS SAYING WHICH TRIBE THEY BELONGED TO. MOST DID NOT KNOW WHAT TRIBE THEY BELONGED TO.

• TUTSI’S WERE THE MINORITY TRIBE AND THE HUTU THE MAJORITY.• BELGIANS DECIDED IF YOU OWNED MORE THAN 10 COWS, YOU

WERE TUTSI.• AS A RESULT, THE TUTSI GOT THE BEST EDUCATION AND JOBS.• CIVIL WAR BROKE OUT. THE TUTSI WON AND SET UP THE

GOVERNMENT OF RWANDA IN 1994.

CIVIL WAR IN RWANDA;GENOCIDE

THE HUTU AND TUTSI TRIED TO DESTROY ONE ANOTHER. MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN MASSACRED BY THE THOUSANDS.

REFUGESS LIKE THESE PICTURED HERE, ESCAPED TO NEARBY COUNTRIES UNTIL THE WAR ENDED.

REFUGEES ARE INNOCENT CIVILIANS DISPLACED BY WAR OR DISASTER.

THE MOST

• GREAT BRITAIN CONTROLLED THE MOST TERRITORY IN AFRICA.

• BOUNDARIES BETWEEN COLONIES WERE ESTABLISHED ALONG PHYSICAL FEATURES.

• THIS WAS A PROBLEM BECAUSE ETHNIC GROUPS WHO HAD THEIR OWN BOUNDARIES BETWEEN ONE ANOTHER FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, WERE NOW FORCED TO GIVE UP OR CONCEDE CONTROL OF TRADITIONAL LANDS TO TRADITIONAL ENEMIES.

THE OAU

THE OAU, OR ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY IS AN ORGANIZATION TRYING TO GET ALL AFRICAN NATIONS TO WORK TOGETHER FOR THE COMMON GOOD OF ALL AFRICANS.

THEY SEEK A COMMON CURRENCY FOR ALL OF AFRICA.

THEY MEDIATE DISPUTES BTWEEN AFRICAN NATIONS.

THEY HELP FELLOW NATIONS ACHIEVE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL PROSPERITY IF THEY CAN.