AFRICA - Session 2 Hunting for Water: Botswana 1.

AFRICA - Session 2AFRICA - Session 2

Hunting for Water: Hunting for Water: BotswanaBotswana

1

BOTSWANABOTSWANA

BOTSWANABOTSWANA

Okavango DeltaOkavango Delta

Makgadikgadi Makgadikgadi Salt PansSalt Pans

Capital: GaboroneCapital: Gaborone

Tsodilo HillsTsodilo Hills Chobe National Park Chobe National Park

2

Africa: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the CapeAfrica: Hunting for Treasures, Congo to the Cape

3

1. History4. Our Experiences

2. Demographics3. Geography & Geology


4

1. History

1. History

BOTSWANA - HISTORYBOTSWANA - HISTORY• Little writtenLittle written ancient history of Botswana ancient history of Botswana

• Khoe & San people Khoe & San people - stone age nomadic foragers- stone age nomadic foragers

• Evidence of these neolithic peoples as far back as Evidence of these neolithic peoples as far back as 17,000 BCE; archeological sites in Tsodilo Hills17,000 BCE; archeological sites in Tsodilo Hills

• San people are famous for using San people are famous for using clicking sounds in clicking sounds in their languagetheir language:

• http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/clicks.wav

• Bushmen of Namibia and Botswana are thought to be descendants of the San people

5

http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/clicks.wav

Civilizations Time Lines - Iron Age to the Present

17,000 BCE KHOE & SAN PEOPLE

6

• inin

- population explosion

- Bantu lived here . . .

bringing iron age & agricultural skills toeastern Botswana

- large migration south

0-1000 AD – Bantu migration from north

BOTSWANA - HISTORYBOTSWANA - HISTORY

7


190 AD: earliest iron-age evidence- iron smelting furnace in the Tswapong hills near Palapye

8


9


10

1. History

2. Demographics2. Demographics

2. Demographics

BOTSWANA-DemographicsBOTSWANA-DemographicsIMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY IN AFRICAIMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON LIFE EXPECTANCY IN AFRICA

IN ONLY IN ONLY 15 15

YEARS!!YEARS!!

TRAGIC !

TRAGIC !BUT, some hope - Botswana instituted: 1)a nation-wide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission program and reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% to just 4%!2)Vision 2016 campaign, which is aiming to achieve an AIDS-free AIDS-free Botswana by 2016!Botswana by 2016!11

BOTSWANA-DemographicsBOTSWANA-Demographics

12

-


13

let’s summarize . . . BOTSWANA

SIZE (X Texas) 1X DEMOGRAPHICS (UNICEF) population (million) 1.9 people/sq mile 8 indiginous tribes 97% european extraction 3% other (mixed, Indian, Asian, etc) 0% median age (years) 22 life expectancy (2002) 38 years life expectancy (1987) 62 years LANGUAGES (official) English, Tswana RELIGIONS Christian 50-70% Tribal 30-50% Other (Hindu/Jewish/Moslem/none) EDUCATION literacy (adults) 83% primary (% complete) 75% ECONOMY (CIA) per capita GDP (US$) $13,900 GDP: mining 41% GDP: oil/gas GDP: tourism 12% NATURAL RESOURCES arable land 5% oil reserves (million barrels) gas reserves (trillion cubic feet) diamond reserves (billion carat) ??? coal reserves (billion tons) 70-200 other copper,nickel BOTSWANA


14


15

1. History


3. Geography & Geology

3. Geography & Geology

- landlocked – no coastline- bordered by . . - size: 225,000 sq miles (~Texas)

NAMIBIANAMIBIA

ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE

SOUTH SOUTH AFRICAAFRICA

BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYBOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY

- average elevation: ~3000 ft.

16

BOTSWANABOTSWANA

Kalahari BasinKalahari Basin

Kalahari DesertKalahari Desert

BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYBOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHY- Kalahari Desert covers aprox.

70% of country

17

Kalahari DesertKalahari Desert70% of country70% of country

Okavanga DeltaOkavanga Delta


18

largest inland delta in the worldlargest inland delta in the world

Okavango DeltaOkavango Delta

‘‘the river that never finds the sea’the river that never finds the sea’


19

Okavango DeltaOkavango DeltaWHERE does all this WHERE does all this water come from?water come from?

WHY does the water WHY does the water form this inland delta?form this inland delta?

WHY doesn’t it flow WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the east or west to the ocean?ocean?

HOW much water HOW much water flows in this delta?flows in this delta?

WHAT animals thrive WHAT animals thrive in this delta?in this delta?


20

Okavango DeltaOkavango Delta WHERE does all this WHERE does all this water come from?water come from?


21

WHERE does all this WHERE does all this water come from?water come from?


22

1115 miles away

1115 miles away

Water running down the Water running down the mountains of Angolamountains of Angola


HuamboHuambo

MaunMaun


23



0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

Angola

Angola

Botswana

Botswana

Namibia

Namibia

(miles)

6000

5000

4000

3000

(feet)


24


BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYBOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYOkavango receives water from Okavango receives water from two different two different sources sources at at two different times two different times of the year: of the year: 1.1.The first is the annual seasonal floodwaters The first is the annual seasonal floodwaters from Angolafrom Angola2.2.Local seasonal rains over the DeltaLocal seasonal rains over the Delta

1a. Heavy rains in the 1a. Heavy rains in the Angola highlands in DecAngola highlands in Dec

1b. Floods the 1b. Floods the Panhandle in Feb/MarPanhandle in Feb/Mar1c. Floods spread out into the Delta 1c. Floods spread out into the Delta

and slowly (1km/day) makes it’s way and slowly (1km/day) makes it’s way arriving at Maun in June/Julyarriving at Maun in June/July 2. Local rains during 2. Local rains during

summer, Oct/Maysummer, Oct/May

So, the Delta has…So, the Delta has…•low water: Nov. to Jan.low water: Nov. to Jan.•High water: Mar to Sept.High water: Mar to Sept.

25

BOTSWANA - GEOLOGYBOTSWANA - GEOLOGY

1115 miles away

1115 miles away



WHY does it flow to WHY does it flow to the Delta area?the Delta area?

WHY doesn’t it flow east WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the ocean?or west to the ocean?

Surrounding mountains create Surrounding mountains create a basin; water runs to the low a basin; water runs to the low point of the basin, the point of the basin, the Okavango DeltaOkavango Delta

1. Surrounding mountains 1. Surrounding mountains block flow to the oceans in block flow to the oceans in any directionany direction

Kalahari

Kalahari

BasinBasin

26

1115 miles away

1115 miles away

WHY doesn’t it flow east WHY doesn’t it flow east or west to the ocean?or west to the ocean?

1.1. Surrounding mountains Surrounding mountains block flow to the oceans in block flow to the oceans in any directionany direction

2.2. Almost all (95%) the water is Almost all (95%) the water is lost to evaporation and lost to evaporation and transpiration along it’s transpiration along it’s journeyjourney

3.3. Geologic Faulting trending Geologic Faulting trending northeast to southwest at northeast to southwest at southeastern terminus of southeastern terminus of deltadelta

Kalahari

Kalahari

BasinBasin


National Geographic's Magazine MapNational Geographic's Magazine Map27


National Geographic's Magazine MapNational Geographic's Magazine Map

““Tectonic activity Tectonic activity sometime in the sometime in the past two million years past two million years created created this young this young extension of the East African Rift Systemextension of the East African Rift System. Where the . Where the central fault block moved downcentral fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out , the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles upward moving block a hundred miles downstreamdownstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment . Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this flowed into this depressiondepression, , covering 8,500 square milescovering 8,500 square miles.”.”

28



““Tectonic activity Tectonic activity sometime in the sometime in the past two million years past two million years created created this young.this young. extension of the East African Rift System extension of the East African Rift System where the where the central fault block moved downcentral fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out , the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles upward moving block a hundred miles downstreamdownstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment . Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this flowed into this depressiondepression, , covering 8,500 square milescovering 8,500 square miles.”.”

extension of the East African Rift Systemextension of the East African Rift System

29



““Tectonic activity Tectonic activity sometime in the sometime in the past two million years past two million years created created this young.this young. extension of the East African Rift System extension of the East African Rift System where the where the central fault block moved downcentral fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out , the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles upward moving block a hundred miles downstreamdownstream. Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment . Seasonal floods carry large amounts of sediment flowed into this flowed into this depressiondepression, , covering 8,500 square milescovering 8,500 square miles.”.”

central fault block moved downcentral fault block moved down, the Okavango River branched out , the Okavango River branched out but was damaged by an but was damaged by an upward moving block a hundred miles upward moving block a hundred miles downstreamdownstream

30

100 miles100 miles

BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYBOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYOkavango DeltaOkavango Delta HOW much water HOW much water

flows in this delta?flows in this delta?Depends on the seasons as Depends on the seasons as mentioned before:mentioned before:

• the dark blue to the left the dark blue to the left represents the represents the dry season dry season and and water covers an area of about water covers an area of about 6,000 sq. mi6,000 sq. mi..

•The light blue is the additional The light blue is the additional area covered by water during the area covered by water during the wet seasonwet season. The dark and light . The dark and light blue make up about blue make up about 8,500 sq. mi.8,500 sq. mi.

•Seasonal flooding of Seasonal flooding of 350 billion 350 billion cu.ft. of watercu.ft. of water with approx. with approx. 727,000 tons of sediment 727,000 tons of sediment

(11.2miX11.2miX100ft)

31

BOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYBOTSWANA - GEOGRAPHYOkavango DeltaOkavango Delta WHAT animals WHAT animals

thrive in this Delta?thrive in this Delta?• 400 bird species, 80 fish species 400 bird species, 80 fish species

(famous tigerfish) (famous tigerfish)

• 164 mammal species 164 mammal species (Big Five (Big Five (lion, leopard, cape buffalo, (lion, leopard, cape buffalo, rhino, elephant), cheetah, rhino, elephant), cheetah, giraffe, hippo, hyenas, zebra , giraffe, hippo, hyenas, zebra , various antelope& primates, various antelope& primates, and a world famous wild dog and a world famous wild dog populationpopulation

• 157 reptile species 157 reptile species including including crocodiles.crocodiles.

• (side note: Botswana has the (side note: Botswana has the largest herds of elephant in largest herds of elephant in AfricaAfrica))

AN ECOLO

GICAL

AN ECOLO

GICAL

PARADISE!

PARADISE!

32

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Lycaon_pictus_(Temminck,_1820).jpg


33

1. History4. Our Experiences


4. Our Experiences 4. Our Experiences

BOTSWANA – OUR BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

34

BOTSWANA – OUR BOTSWANA – OUR EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCECamp MoremiCamp Moremi

35


36


37


38


39


40


41


42


43


44


45


46


47


50

Xugana Island Xugana Island LodgeLodge


51



52



53


54


55


56


57


58


59


60


61


62


63

- Created Created mountains mountains that touch the sky causing seasonal rains that that touch the sky causing seasonal rains that sculpt the earth into sculpt the earth into large catch basinslarge catch basins

- Created Created massive depressions massive depressions in the earth that accumulate water in the earth that accumulate water and in doing so and in doing so provides life to countless species of creaturesprovides life to countless species of creatures

- Brought to the surface the resources of Brought to the surface the resources of iron, diamonds, copper, iron, diamonds, copper, nickel, coal & uraniumnickel, coal & uranium

- Created Created huge desert huge desert that that preserves Neolithic art preserves Neolithic art for centuriesfor centuries

- Created the Created the largest salt pan largest salt pan in the world, remnant of a massive in the world, remnant of a massive ancient river that flowed to the Indian Oceanancient river that flowed to the Indian Ocean

China – Session 4 : High Plains/Northern DesertsChina – Session 4 : High Plains/Northern Deserts

China – Session 4 : High Plains/Northern DesertsChina – Session 4 : High Plains/Northern Deserts

68

REFERENCESREFERENCES

69

http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/Incipient_continenta_09007dcc8048ddb9.html http://www.nber.org/iag/2009/iag2009.pdf (IAG (Index of African Governance) is a project of Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government)

“The Geology of the Okavango Delta”, with D G Hutchins and C R Jones, Proceedings of the Okavango Delta Symposium, The Botswana Society, pp 13-19, 1976

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Basin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Delta http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A9_Plateau http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ngami http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuramba http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoe_languages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm http://www.fortunecity.com/oasis/skegness/394/geology.htm http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/africa.pdf http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/3/243http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15970442/from/RS.3/ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/309972/Kalahari http://www.eyesonafrica.net/

http://africamap.harvard.edu/ (very useful interactive map)https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/maptemplate_bc.html http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1803021 http://flowhoorc.blogspot.com/2009/10/geological-society-of-america-2009.html http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GWYE_enUS299US300&q=Geology+Botswanahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-4H3BKSM-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1152881590&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d506a277527445b5c8dfd889c19b9e86 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9D-4H3BKSM-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1154378691&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=27797f3ed6dfe726aa37857f59a2f1dc

http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/Incipient_continenta_09007dcc8048ddb9.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Basin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Delta

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bih%C3%A9_Plateau

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ngami

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalahari_Desert

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuramba

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoe_languages

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushmen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup

http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm

http://www.fortunecity.com/oasis/skegness/394/geology.htm

http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/africa.pdf

http://www.greatestplaces.org/notes/okavango.htm

http://sajg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/3/243

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15970442/from/RS.3/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/309972/Kalahari

http://www.eyesonafrica.net/

http://africamap.harvard.edu/

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/maptemplate_bc.html

https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/maptemplate_bc.html

http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1803021

Hunting for OIL: Hunting for OIL: AngolaAngola

Next week – Session 3Next week – Session 3

70

Winter 2010

TREASURE HUNTING FROM THE CONGO TO THE CAPE

Don Beaumont w/Sandi Phillips & Rocky Romero

Three quick questions about the course:

What do you like MOST about the course?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

How can we IMPROVE the course?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

On a scale of 1 to 10, how well does this course meet your expectations? (circle one)

Did not meet

M

et

Exceeded

Expectation

expectations

expectations

1…….2….…3…....4….…5….…6….…7….…8….…9….…10

Additional comments? Send to Don Beaumont at [email protected]

BEAUTIFUL PHOTOS BEAUTIFUL PHOTOS FROM NATIONAL FROM NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINEGEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE

Botswana women goin to the river with their fish Botswana women goin to the river with their fish “nets”“nets”

Okavango River meandering thru the DeltaOkavango River meandering thru the DeltaOpen Pit Mine, BotswanaOpen Pit Mine, BotswanaClear waters of the Okavango DeltaClear waters of the Okavango Delta

AFRICA - Session 2 Hunting for Water: Botswana 1.

Documents

Transcript of AFRICA - Session 2 Hunting for Water: Botswana 1.