Middle East History Review

Rise of Islamic FundamentalismAfghanistan:1Key EventsHistory of AfghanistanAfghanistan and the Cold War-The Soviets invaded Afghanistan in 1979 in order to support the Communist Partys push for power in the Country.

-The opposing side was an Islamic Fundamentalist, Osama Bin Laden being one of them, group that was supported by the United States and Western Allies.

-In 1989, the Soviet finally withdrew from Afghanistan.Afghanistan: History

The Soviet Union sent troops to Afghanistan to help the communist government there in a civil war. Then the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to set up a pro-Moscow government.For the next 9 years, a civil war broke out with different tribes of Afghanistan against and with the Soviet forces.The Soviets pulled out in 1989, but they left a pro-Moscow government who fell with the Soviet Union in 1992.Over 1 million Afghans were killed. 5 million Afghans fled to Pakistan and Iran.Another 2 million Afghans were displaced within the country.Russian Invasion

In the 1980s, one out of two refugees in the world was an AfghanVital parts of the Afghan economy were destroyed including Irrigations systems to provide water for farmingAfghanistan: HistoryThis led to a long war between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels (Mujahedeen).

The United States was supporting the Afghan rebels.

In 1989, an alliance of Afghan rebel groups took power and the Soviet troops left.

The Talibans primary opposition was called the Northern Alliance, and by 2001, the Northern Alliance had been pushed back to only 10% of Afghanistan to the north.Then, as we all know, the events of September 11th, 2001.The United States knew that Osama Bin Laden was in Afghanistan, and that we were going to go in there and get him.United States Invasion

In October of 2001, the United States invaded, and in a short time, by December of 2001, swept through and took control of the major cities and pushed the Taliban and Al Qaeda to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border, and we helped to establish a new government that is in place today.

Compare and contrast the Russian and United States invasions.Do in a T-Chart or a Venn Diagram.On your Left Side:In 1979, Afghanistan was invaded and eventually controlled by the Soviet Union.In 1989, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union signed a peace agreement.In 1995, the Taliban, promising traditional, Islamic values came into power, imposing strict Islamic law, including revoking many womens rights.In 2001, American troops force the Taliban from power.In 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first elected Afghan president.Late 1970s-2004Taliban Rule Gained strength in 1995 Formed by Sunni Muslim Pashtun students, intellectuals and disaffected Mujaheddin (holy warriors) Trained in Pakistan fundamentalists, committed to Sharia Law (the traditional Islamic law and moral code that prescribes how Muslims should best conduct their lives).

Who is the Taliban?

Under the Talibans rule, human rights and civil liberties were slowly peeled away. The Taliban instituted cruel and inhumane treatment of those who opposed them in order to solidify their power over Afghanistans citizens.

The Taliban (Talib is Arabic for Islamic student)

Turmoil in Afghanistan continued and in the mid-1990s a radical Muslim group called the Taliban arose.

The Taliban took over most of Afghanistan and ruled strictly.

The Taliban forced women to wear veils and stop working outside the home.Afghanistan: History

Burka Fashion!

AfghanistanTaliban came to power in most Afghanistan by 1996.Osama bin Laden moved his terrorist activities there.Used mountain hideouts as a base of operations for his terrorist network called al-Qaeda.

Map of Afghanistan in 1996 showing the amount of Taliban territory captured at that time (yellow). The Afghan Civil War commenced between 1996-2001 before coalition forces headed by the United States began air strikes against the Taliban.The Taliban

Prior to 2001, the Taliban, led by Mullah Mohammad Omar, ruled Afghanistan under Islamic law. During this time, women had virtually no rights and received no education. Watching television and listening to music were forbidden, as were playing games and sports.The United States entered Afghanistan in October 2001 and replaced the Taliban with an elected president. While the Taliban lost some power and the people regained some rights, the Taliban has not gone away. Instead, it has worked to regain power by promising to help Afghanistans poorest people and aligning itself with warlords, al-Qaida, and other militant groups to gain financial support and recruit new fighters.Taliban Leader Mullah Mohammad OmarExamples of abuses: three men accused of a crime had been sentenced to death by being partially buried in the ground and then having a wall pushed over on them by a bulldozer, a bizarre and labor-intensive form of execution dreamed up by the supreme leader of the Taliban.

After another accused criminal was hanged, his corpse was driven around the city, swinging from a crane. A young woman caught trying to flee Afghanistan with a man who was not her relative was stoned to death. On another occasion, it was announced over the airwaves that 225 women had been rounded up and sentenced to a lashing for violating the dress code. When the Taliban castrated and then hanged the former communist president and his brother in 1996, they left their bloodied bodies dangling from lampposts in busy downtown Kabul for three days. Photographs of the corpses appeared in news magazines and newspapers around the world.

Abuses of PowerThe Taliban imposed their harsh brand of Islamic law in the 90 percent of Afghanistan under their control. The Taliban say their version of Islam is a pure one that follows a literal interpretation of the Muslim holy book, The Koran. Under Taliban laws, murderers were publicly executed by the relatives of their victims. Adulterers are stoned to death and the limbs of thieves were amputated. Lesser crimes were punished by public beatings. Taliban brought order and fundamental Islam at a price!19Taliban executing a rebel on the spot

Dead bodies left in the street to rot by Taliban in Heart. People forbidden to bury the bodies.Executions by the Taliban20

There were almost weekly executions or amputations of criminals in the Kabul stadium before November 1999, when a woman was killed for hacking to death her abusive husband. The hiatus in public executions after that was attributed to a decline in crime in the capital. Public amputations & executions21

Rules for EveryoneNo television. No music. No movies No picnicsNo wedding parties No New Year celebrationsNo kind of mixed-sex gatheringNo children's toys, including dolls and kitesNo card and board gamesNo camerasNo photographs and paintings of people and animalsNo pet parakeetsNo cigarettes and alcoholNo magazines and newspapers, and most books. They even forbade applause -- a moot point, since there was nothing left to applaud. The only books available must be approved by the Taliban. Enemies of the Taliban are put in jail. Protesting is not permitted. All windows must be painted black so that no-one is able to see inside. Photographs are illegal. Rules for EveryoneBamyan Buddha before (left) After the explosion (right)Taliban intolerant destruction of Historic Buddhist Religious Art24

Taliban Draws World Attention

In 2001, blew up ancient Buddhist statues (1,500 years old) near city of BamiyanAllowed al-Qaeda & Osama bin Laden to operate within the countryTo give one an idea of scale, note the two individuals sitting here.http://www.usatoday.com/news/science/archaeology/2001-03-22-afghan-buddhas.htm

1,500 year old Buddha statuesMarch 2001Treatment of Women under Taliban RuleFebruary 27, 1998 --Thirty-thousand men and boys poured into the sports stadium in Kabul, capital of Afghanistan. Nuts, biscuits and tea were sold to the waiting crowd. The scheduled entertainment? They were there to see a young woman receive 100 lashes, and to watch two thieves have their right hands amputated. The woman had been arrested walking with a man who was not a relative, a sufficient crime for her to be found guilty of adultery. Since she was single, it was punishable by flogging; had she been married, she would have been publicly stoned to death. As the young woman, completely covered in the shroud-like burqa veil, was forced to kneel and then whipped, Taliban "cheerleaders" had the stadium ringing with the chants of onlookers. Among those present there were just three women: the young Afghan, and two female relatives who had accompanied her.

The crowd fell silent only when the thieves were driven into the arena and pushed to the ground. Physicians using surgical scalpels promptly carried out the amputations. Holding the severed hands aloft by the index fingers, a grinning Taliban fighter warned the huge crowd, "These are the chopped-off hands of thieves, the punishment for any of you caught stealing.Then, to restore the party atmosphere, the thieves were driven in a jeep once around the stadium, a flourish that brought the crowd to their feet, as was intended.

It would probably be quicker to list what the Taliban hadn't banned. The regime even outlawed paper bags. Like many of their laws, this would be laughable if the penalties weren't so severe.Break the Taliban's law and you risked imprisonment, flogging, or worse.

Women in the 21st Century are thought to have:Freedom from FearFreedom to VoteFreedom of SpeechFreedom from TortureFreedom of ChoiceFreedom of ReligionFreedom from enslavementUnfortunately...Many women are still stripped of their BASIC rightsYes, in the 21st CenturyMay not work outside the home.May not participate in any activity outside the home unless accompanied by her husband or male relative (no shopping, walking)May not be treated by male doctor.May not study at any institutions, including schools and universities.

Taliban Rules for WomenMust wear the long veil (burqa/burka) which covers them from head to toe.If found guilty of adultery, will be publically stoned to death.May not laugh loudly no stranger should hear a womans voice.May not wear high heels no man should hear a womans footsteps.

Closer Case Study:The situation in Afghanistan before, during and after the TalibanBeforeDuringAfter*Women carried out businesses transactions* Education for women and their right to vote was introduced to the constitution in 1964 *Job positions held by women:- 70% teachers- 50% civil servants- 40% doctors*Taliban took over in the 1990s *Restricted and violated womens right on education, work and freedom of movement*Imposed harsh penalties on women for breaking such rules. E.g.: public lashings*Restricted access to health care services*Strict dress code*Taliban was overthrown in 2001*Over one million girls are attending school*Access to health care services*Afghan government and NGO has set up programs to improve womens status and public participations.Women were educated & employed.50% of students 70% of teachers 50% government workers40% of doctorsPrior To the Taliban

Before the Taliban took over, women had the right to education, were represented in government and worked in offices. Forty percent of the country's doctors were women. Life for Women Before TalibanNo Rights At All: Discrimination Against Afghanistan Women In Afganistan, the year 1996, the Tailbanian took over and began their enforcement of laws, mostly against women. Some laws include: Girls over 12 must wear a burqa Girls over 12 are forbidden to leave the home without a male relative and cannot go to WORK or SCHOOL No video cassettes, music, cameras No white socks In every house where a women lives the windows must be painted blackTreatment of Women in Taliban-controlled Afghanistan

Taliban rules: WomenMust always be escorted in public by male relative and wearing burqa.Must not wear high heeled shoes (sound of womens footsteps excite men).Cannot speak in publicWomen cannot be seen from streetall ground and first floor windows must be painted over.No photography of womenPlace names not to be womensMay not appear on balconiesMay not appear in the media

Above, a Taliban religious policeman beats a woman in for being in public without a male relative. Left, Afghan women are dressed in the burqaMust wear a burqa outside their home. Must wear a burqa inside if a male is present.

In public, women must be covered from head to toe by a burqa, an oppressive garment that has only a tiny mesh opening over the eyes.

Through the burga the woman is unable to breath or see properly.

She is unable to feel the sunshine or receive beneficial vitamin C from the sun. View through a veil, or burka, which all Afghan women are required to wear outside the home. Restricted vision has reportedly caused numerous accidents involving vehicles and women pedestrians.View Through the Burka43

Since enforced veiling, a growing number of women have been hit by vehicles because the burqa leaves them unable to walk fast, or see where they are going. Once a Taliban tank rolled right over a veiled woman. Fortunately, she fell between the tracks. Instead of being crushed to death, she was not seriously hurt, but was severely traumatized.

Laws under the TalibanIt's now illegal to wear makeup, nail polish, jewelry, pluck your eyebrows, cut your hair short, wear colorful or stylish clothes, sheer stockings, white socks and shoes, high heel shoes, walk loudly, talk loudly, laugh in public or to participate in sports.One woman had the top of her thumb amputated for the crime of wearing nail polish. Female education, from kindergarten through graduate school, banned. Must do all of the household chores. Must not travel on a bus without a man or note authorizing permission. Employment for women, banned

In fact, the government didn't believe women should go out at all: "Women, you should not step outside your residence" read one of the Taliban dictates.

Beating women (left)Executing a woman publicly (right)Harsh Treatment of Women by Taliban51

A young mother, Torpeka, was shot repeatedly by the Taliban while rushing her seriously ill toddler to a doctor. Veiled as the law requires, she was spotted by a teenage Taliban guard, who tried to stop her because she shouldn't have left her home. Afraid her child might die if she were delayed, Torpeka kept going. The guard aimed his machine-gun and fired several rounds directly at herShe was hit, but didn't die on the spot, as she could have. Instead, Afghans watching the incident in the marketplace stepped in, and Torpeka and her child received prompt medical attention. When her family later complained to the Taliban authorities, they were informed that it was the injured woman's fault. She had no right being out in public in the first place. The Taliban took control of Kabul on Sept. 26, 1996, and began a reign of terror. Because of the civil unrest many Afghan women are widows -- there are 30,000 in Kabul alone - without close male relatives, and they are the sole supporters of their children.

15,000 women in the Kabul region of Afghanistan are widows, but the law of the Taliban, the Islamic fundamentalist groups that rule the region, forbids them from leaving their homes without a male family member as an escort. (John Moore/AP Photo)

Yet, by Taliban law they are unable to work to support the children, or leave the house without a male family member to buy food.

If there isnt a male family member, they face the possibility of a beating every time they leave their home.

There are a few supplemental houses which provide free food to widows and orphans, but many are forced to beg in the streets for money.

Thousands of Afghan war-widows have no other option but to beg to save their children from hunger. Any Taliban man can flog these ill-fated women in the streets because most of them have to leave their houses without a close male relative.

Afghan women begging to survive.

Talibs, like these boys, are authorized to use weapons and whips on women if they decide any are breaking the Taliban's repressive laws.

Taliban religious police beating a woman in public.Prohibited women and girls from being examined by male physicians while at the same time, prohibited most female doctors and nurses from working. There were only a few, selected female doctors allowed to operate in segregated wards.

Medical Issues for WomenAt one of the rare hospitals for women, a reporter found still, nearly lifeless bodies lying motionless on top of beds, wrapped in their burqua, unwilling to speak, eat, or do anything, but slowly wasting away. Others have gone mad and were seen crouched in corners, perpetually rocking or crying, most of them in fear. Medical Issues for WomenConditions were so deplorable for women under the Taliban that many became severely depressed. Without the resources to leave the country, an increasing number were choosing suicide, once rare there, as a means of escape. "Doctors are seeing a lot of esophageal burns. Women are swallowing battery acid, or poisonous household cleansers, because they are easy to find. But it's a very painful way to die."

Medical Issues for WomenWomen have died of treatable ailments because male doctors were not allowed to treat them.

Many women, now forcibly housebound, have attempted suicide by swallowing household cleaner, rather than continuing to live under these conditions.

97% of Afghan women surveyed by Physicians for Human Rights exhibit signs of major depression.

The Medical Results of a Taliban Rule

At a huge risk of women students continue their education in an underground school. A woman who dared to defy Taliban orders by running a home school for girls was shot and killed in front of her husband, daughter, and students.

A woman caught trying to flee Afghanistan with a man not related to her was stoned to death for adultery.

An elderly woman was brutally beaten with a metal cable until her leg was broken because her ankle was accidentally showing from underneath her burqa.

The Consequences Breaking a Taliban RuleAlthough the new constitution guarantees equal rights an opportunities for both men and womenthat is not always the case.Health careChild birthhighest maternal death ratein the worldMale doctorsMen & boys take precedencein the few emergency rooms that exist (very few hospitals after Taliban rule)Unequal opportunities: jobs, divorce, custody

Women Today

Taliban Insurgencies harsh policies for womenAfghanistans Human Rights Commission1,500 atrocities against women (2008)1/3 domestic violence cases200 forcibly married98 set themselves on fire100+ tried to commit suicide by taking poisonIncreasing number of women taking drugsJudgments against women (Jirgas)New Rape Law against Shiite womenWomens Problems

Imagine your were an older woman who lived under the prior government and was used to all the freedoms.How would you feel now that you are under the control of the Taliban?How is your life different?Explain.On your Left Side:The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks were traced to Osama bin Laden and his al Qaeda network based in Afghanistan.Afghanistan: History

On your Left Side:What do your remember of Sept 11, 2001?Where were you?

Al-Qaeda Defined A very complex organization that has been in existence since the late 1980s Commits acts of violence aimed at America and Western Allies.

Al-Qaeda training camp1989-95 Birth and DevelopmentAl-Qaeda starts in the aftermath of Soviet invasion 1987By 1989 begins to target AmericaRecruits from across the globe including AmericaNo solid base (Afghanistan, Egypt, Iraq) 1991-1996 primarily based in SudanMuch soldier training and a system of Hierarchy stabilized (Bin Laden, Deputy, 5 committees)

Conflict with bin Laden EscalatesOffers to raise a mujahidin army to defend Saudi Arabia from a potential invasion from Iraq in 1990Saudi Arabia declines his offer opting instead to accept the assistance of the U.S. and allow American troops (including women soldiers) in Saudi ArabiaMoves to Sudan by invitation of the Sudanese government in 1991Supports several small to medium attacks against Western interestsMoves to Afghanistan in 1996 by invitation of the TalibanCruise missiles fired at al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan to kill bin Laden in 199874Al-Qaedas StrategySoldiers operate in fast moving light forces. Work in complete secrecy to complete complex strategic strikes.Avoids engagement in conventional fighting (forces are not strong enough)Spreads rumors, fear and discouragement among enemy forcesRelies on a force of over 20,000 professionally trained soldiers throughout the world. The organizations strengths are its secrecy extensive influence and planning. Al Qaeda - Formed in 1988A. Attacks: 1. World Trade Center 19932. Tanzanian and Kenyan US Embassies 19983. USS Cole 20004. World Trade Center 20015. Kenyan Hotel -20026. Bali nightclub 20027. Many attacks in Saudi Arabia 2001-20048. Istanbul synagogue and HSBC bank 2004

B. Goals: 1. to unite Muslims to fight against the U.S. as a way of defeating Israel2. overthrowing non-Islamic regimes3. expelling westerners and non-Muslims from Muslim countries4. merged with Egyptian Islamic Jihad in 2001 5. merged with al-Zarqawis group -2004

764. Al Qaeda 1988

Self explanatoryAl Qaeda (cont.)C. Individuals:1. Usama bin Laden2. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi3. Ayman al-Zawahiri

D. Financing;1. personal wealth - Usama2. fund raising false Muslim and humanitarian charities 3. wealthy Arab sheiks (Saudi Arabia)4. individuals and businesses 5. the heroin trade 776. Al Qaeda (cont.)International Front for Jihad against the Jews and CrusadersThe ruling to kill the Americans and their alliescivilians and militaryis an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it.

Fatwa issued by Osama bin Laden & Ayman al-Zawahiri on 23 February 199878AfricaAl-Qaeda cells operate in African countries as well.1998 bombings occurred at the U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania leaving 200 dead and more than 5,000 people injured.The U.S. responded with missile strikes against terrorist facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan. Bin Laden was based in Sudan from 1991-1996.

Predator drones used to attack terrorist bases in Sudan and Afghanistan.Usama or Osama bin Laden

807. Usama bin Laden

This is the founder of Al Qaeda. He was a wealthy construction businessman who was born in, but kicked out of Saudi Arabia. Several close family members lived in Boston, Massachusetts at the time of the attack. They then left the United States.

At the time of this writing he is in hiding and suspected to be living in the Hundu Kush Mountains on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan."I am not afraid of death. I came here to die. Some of my supporters followed me here just to die for the cause of Islam. They are ready to defend me and to kill anyone who thinks of attacking our positions or sites." Osama Bin LadenOsama Bin Laden81

The U.S. government charges that Osama bin Laden heads an international terrorist network called "Al Qaeda," an Arabic word meaning 'the base.'

Al Qaeda83

Afghans did not carry out the terrorist attacks on the U.S. Al-Qaeda, a terrorist network operating within Afghanistan and other places, did.Many Afghans expressed their solidarity with the people of the U.S. after Sept. 11.After September 11, the U.S. invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban for sheltering Osama bin Laden.U.S. and NATO forces remain in Afghanistan today.The link between September 11 and Afghanistan

http://www.indiadaily.org/images/9_11_attack.jpgAl-Qaeda

Claims responsibility for attack on USATaliban lets Al-Qaeda hide out in their county because they are allies.

Al-Qaeda NetworkAccording to Bin Laden, he is concerned withAmerican foreign policy towards, and American actions in, the Muslim world US support for Israel in its ongoing theft of Arab landUS support for corrupt and repressive regimes in the Muslim world (Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and the Gulf states). Post 9/11, the US has added to an already long list of Muslim grievances by occupying Afghanistan and Iraq.

Why did these people want to attack America? According to Bin Laden, he has never said that the attacks were, are, or will be because of American freedoms, the rights of our citizens, or even because of our religious differences.

He has said that the reasons for the attacks of the past as well as those of the future will be because of the way the US and its allies treat the Muslim World.Why did these people want to attack America? The Destruction:FuelThe flights were near their start, therefore the tanks were full. Explosions and fires weakened the skyscrapers, and both towers fell within two hours.Pentagon damage confined to only one section of the building.Human Death Toll: about 3,000All passengersWTC workers/visitors340 NYC firefighters60 NYC police officersAttack on the United StatesAmerican Airlines Flight 11Scheduled route: Boston to LAAircraft: Boeing 767Building Hit: North Tower (WTC 1) at 8:46 AM.92 on board

The hijackersUnited Airlines Flight 175Scheduled route: Boston to LAAircraft: Boeing 767Building Hit: South Tower (WTC 2) at 9:03 AM.65 on board

The hijackers

United Airlines Flight 175 crashes into the south tower

Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center (the planes are not drawn to scale).

Diagram of how parts of the airplanes fell to the ground.American Airlines Flight 77Route: Washington, D.C. (Dulles) to L.A.Aircraft: Boeing 757Building Hit: Pentagon, Arlington, VA58 on board

The hijackers

Aerial view of the Pentagon during rescue operations post-September 11 attackUnited Airlines Flight 93: Lets RollScheduled Route: Newark, NJ to San FranciscoAircraft: Boeing 575Terrorists Target: Speculated to be Washington, D.C.Crash Site: Somerset County, PA44 on boardThe passengers revolted against the hijackers, and the aircraft crashed before reaching its intended target.

The hijackersIf you had been on that plane,How would you have felt knowing your fate?What would you have done?Explain. On your Left Side:Crash Site of United Flight 93

2002-03 Regroup and PrivatizeThe full-scale war brought by America was expectedAl-Qaeda groups become almost separate working loosely with mother Al-Qaeda (Southeast Asia, North America, Europe, Iraq, North Africa and East Africa)Aside from war in Iraq since 2002 groups have made attacks on the US and seven of our allies. (18 major attacks in 11 countries)Each Al-Qaeda group is strengthened by perceived injustices to that country (i.e. radical Egyptians in North Africa)

The Iraq ConnectionAbu Musab al-Zarqawi is believed to have formed Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in Afghanistan during the 1980sMay have received some funds from al-Qaeda but operated independentlyOriginal objective was to overthrow the Jordanian government and establish an Islamic stateExpanded urban guerilla warfare in Iraq to include terrorist tactics also targeting IraqisOfficially merged with al-Qaeda 21 October 2004 (finally providing an al-Qaeda connection to Iraq)1012001 Anthrax Attacks

5 deaths (including 2 postal workers)17 infectionsSuspected perpetrator: Bruce Edward Irvins (died July 29, 2008 of suicide after he was informed he would be prosecuted for murder), a microbiologist and vaccinologist who was supposed to develop vaccines against anthrax.However, many people doubt the governments conclusions about Irvins. Some coworkers said they would have noticed him develop the anthrax that was used.One historian believes the anthrax Irvins developed was stolen by an al-Qaida sympathizer at George Mason University because of lax security.We will probably never know.The cost of the cleanup to decontaminate buildings where anthrax was found was about $1 billion.A letter sent to Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle containing anthrax powder killed two postal workersTargets: ABC NewsCBS NewsNBC NewsNew York PostNational EnquirerSenatorsTom DaschlePatrick Leahy

FAA orders airlines to install bars on cockpit doorsPlain clothed sky marshals assigned to fly on planesNational Guard patrolled airportsAviation and Transportation Act (2001)airport security became the responsibility of the federal government. ALL baggage (even checked baggage) is screened.

Aviation Security

Why cant we find Osama bin Laden or at least win and end the current war in Afghanistan?

The rugged terrain makes it difficult to organize, fight, and rule people. Afghanistan: Terrain causes Political ProblemsOsama bin Laden evaded capture for almost 10 years.In the mean time the United States had engaged in wars in Iraq (looking for weapons of mass destruction) and in Afghanistan (against the Taliban who supported terrorism).bin Laden was suspected of hiding out in the mountainous regions of Afghanistan.

Hiding Out

Seeking Bin Laden Tora Bora109

Attacking Tora Bora110

Khalid Sheikh MohammedEarly on the CIA sought to identify al-Qaeda couriers (messengers who pass information) who might have contact with bin Laden.Detainees in the CIAs secret prison system revealed the name of an al-Qaeda courier with the pseudonym Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti.When No. 3 al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was captured by the CIA he admitted knowing al-Kuwaiti, but said he was not operating in al-Qaeda. The CIA believed he was protecting the courier.

Tracking Bin Laden: 1In 2004, a top operative for al-Qaeda was captured in Iraq named Hassan Ghul.Ghul revealed to the CIA that al-Kuwaiti was indeed a key courier in the al-Qaida organization close to operational commander Faraj al-Libi.In May 2005 Faraj al-Libi was captured by the CIA, but he adamantly denied that al-Kuwaiti was the secret courier. This convinced the CIA that he, as well as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was protecting the identity of the courier.

Tracking Bin Laden: 2After years, detainees revealed the real name of the courier al-Kuwaiti as Sheikh Abu Ahmed, a Pakistani born in Kuwait.One detainee gave false information that Abu Ahmed was wounded fleeing U.S. forces and died in his arms.But in the middle of 2010 Abu Ahmed used the telephone and his conversation was monitored by U.S. officials.In August 2010 Abu Ahmed was tracked to the mysterious compound in Abbottabad. It had unusually high walls. No one came or went. There was no telephone or internet. U.S. authorities became convinced that a high level terrorist was living there.Tracking Bin Laden: 3

CIA aerial view of the bin Laden compoundPolitics: President Karzai

President Hamid Karzai was the first elected president in the history of Afghanistan. He came to power after the Taliban was overthrown in late 2001. He was formally elected to a five-year term in 2004. Karzai has survived numerous assassination attempts and has been assigned the task of rebuilding Afghanistan. Some of the major problems he must address include providing the country with an infrastructure so that citizens have the basic necessities of life, keeping the Taliban out of power and controlling the warlords who perpetuate the illegal drug trade. Prime Minister Hamid Karzai (left)Deputy Premier Dr. Sima Samar (right) one of two women in the governmentPresident & Female Ministers116

If you were President Karzai, what would be the top three changes or programs you would implement immediately in Afghanistan?Explain.On your Left Side: Current Government Islamic Republic 3 branch system: executive, judicial, legislative President: Hamid Karzai elected 2004Target of assassination attempt in September 2002Karzais one mission is to bring peace to Afghanistan

War lords control large parts of Afghanistan. When the Taliban were removed, cooperation among war lords decreasedWar Lords119

Corruption very high:1,5 & 176/180 CPIDrug related (Opium) issues are dominant History of unqualified appointeesPoor judiciary & legal enforcement systemsKarzai & other government officials accused of using connections for profit, including his brotherForeigners have defamed Afghanistan so badly in terms of corruption. But it's not as serious as they think

Government Corruption

corruption and inefficiency in Afghanistan were as much to blame as the Taliban insurgency for the country's instability said corruption had increased among officials and the police in Afghanistananti-corruption department, and a more open governmentEven More Corruption

How do you combat government corruption like this?Explain.On your Left Side:Recovering from decades of conflictHas improved since the fall of the Taliban in 2001Highly dependent on foreign aidInstability inhibits economic growthEconomy of Afghanistan

123 - Budget sustainabilityJob creationCorruptionRebuilding war-torn infrastructure

Economic Long-Term ChallengesGDP 35 billion (2007)GDP Real Growth Rate 7.5%GDP per capita $1,000 (2007)Ranks 157th in the WorldInflation Rate 13%Unemployment Rate 40% (2005)Labor Force, approximately 15 millionAgriculture 80%, Industry 10%, Services 10%

Afghanistan- Economic Indicators125Imports Capital goods, food, textiles, petroleum products

ExportsOpium, fruits, nuts, hand-woven carpets, wool, cotton, precious gems

Imports and Exports

126Lifeblood of Afghan economy 38% of GDP, non-opium agriculture12% of land is arable and only half that is cultivatedAccounts for 80% of workforceNot self-sufficient in agriculture and must rely on food aid to meet domestic needsIncreasing agricultural production has been a focus of development efforts in AfghanistanAgriculture

127Greatest illicit opium producer in the world In 2007, 93% of the opiates on the world market originated in Afghanistan (export value of 4 billion)High rate of return on investment from opium poppy cultivation has driven an agricultural shift in Afghanistan from growing traditional crops to growing opium poppy. Shortage of food and other crop production (wheat, fruit, nuts, etc)OpiumOpium Production

128Unexploited mining territory

Geological surveys are incomplete, additional energy and mineral deposits likely to be found

As economic conditions improve, Afghanistan will be in a better position to attract investment

World Bank estimates value of mineral production could be $253 million, compared to $60 million currentlyNatural Resources

May be a key to long-term economic development!

Produces: natural gas, copper, ironHas deposits of: marble, salt, gold, and silver

129Important and growing component in economy

Trade deficitIncreased in recent years as more development aid and equipment have entered country

Inflow of foreign aid is large enough to wipe out current deficit, help to keep monetary conditions stable

Trade and Investment

130Population: 33,609,937 peopleAge Breakdown:0-14 years: 44.5% (male 7,664,670/female 7,300,446) 15-64 years: 53% (male 9,147,846/female 8,679,800) 65 years and over: 2.4% (male 394,572/female 422,603)Life Expectancy: total population: 44.64 years male: 44.47 years female: 44.81 yearsMedian Age: 17.6 years.Pop. Growth Rate: 2.629%Birth Rate: 45.82 births/1,000 populationDeath Rate: 19.56 deaths/1,000 populationSex Ratio: total population: 1.05 male(s)/female

The People

WHO Afghanistan's health status is one of the worst in the worldHIV/AIDS Percentage: 0.01%This number is expected to rise as the number of drug users goes up. (ie heroin, opium)Major Diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever, malaria, rabiesHealth Sector is dismal at best. Lacksinfrastructure, competent workers, supplies, open channels of communication, terrible information systems.Health related expenses amount to .5% of GDP 1 doctor/6000 patients1 nurse/2500 patients

HealthUpdate/improve information systemsRestore/update facilitiesExtend care to rural areasDrug availabilityHire more trained workersBoost efficiency of response time to natural disasters.Improving the Healthcare System

39 % of children under age five are underweight48 % of children under age five are under height61 % of the population is without sustainable access to an improved water sourceAccess to safe water: 23%Access to adequate sanitation: 12 %In 2001 8% of popn had access to basic healthcare. Most used alternative healthcare ie. Midwives

Why?

7 y/oEats breakfast 7AM every morning.1 loaf of bread lasts her, her two brothers and her parents 3 days.10 AM, gets 12 small biscuits from school. Eats 6, brings home the rest to family. Lunchtime, goes home and has bread with some oil.9PM, eats bread with a little yogurt for dinner.Rahera & Malnutrition

More than 10 million children have suffered under 10 years of drought and civil war.Afghanistan ranks number 1 in worldwide maternal mortalityOne in three Afghan children is an orphanAlmost half of Afghan children suffer from chronic malnutritionSuffer the Little Children136

Looking in garbage (above left)Picking wheat grains from ground (below)Hungry Children137

Kids wait in line for food aid (right)50% of pop is under 18.UNICEF says 30% of primary school aged children are working.21% of child laborers work in shops13% work as street vendorsPoverty is the driving force.Parents cant pay for schoolingOpportunity cost of schooling is high.Child LaborTwo TypesReligious SchoolingSecular Schooling (introduced in 1964)Post-Taliban, resurgence in educationSchools are in a disarray though.funding is limited and unstableSecurity of Schools is a problem.Taliban destroy secular schools.Illiteracy: 56% men, 87 % womenHinderance in workforce

Education

Rights of women enshrined in the new ConstitutionWomen can participate in every walk of life91 of 361 members of Parliament are womenIt is becoming ok to talk about forced marriages, rapes, honor killings, etc.Human rights groups are starting to document and publicize atrocitiesGroups & campaigns fighting for Muslim womens rightsPolygamy, inheritance, custody, consent to marryInternational attentionRape Law to be amendedRights groups around the world

Hope

As of today, Afghanistan is still a LDCSecurity against Taliban is shakeyUS troop deploymentTaliban are numerous & attack the few govt services availableTheir goal is to demoralize the country & international community.2100 Afghanis dead from insurgent attacks.

Security & Overall Well-BeingAs of 2006, Afghanis are feeling hopelessSurveyed 1000 citizens from 13 provinces and balanced the different ethnic groups.Surveyed on Pillars of ReconstructionSecurityGovernanceJusticeEconomic OpportunitySocial Well-BeingAfghanistan: An Evaluation

Kal's Cartoonshttp://www.kaltoons.com/wordpress/2009/12/kal-economist-afghanistan-cartoons/

Kal's Cartoonshttp://www.kaltoons.com/wordpress/2009/12/kal-economist-afghanistan-cartoons/

After watching the DVD and this lecture, what do you think is the best way for Afghanistan to get back on its feet?Explain.On your Left Side: