:) . 53D CoNGimss, } HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. { Ex . Doc. J, 3d Session. Part 1.

APPENDIX II

FOREI ·GN RELATIONS

OF THE

UNITED STATES

1894

AFFAI RS IN HAWAII

--·-----WASHINGTON

GOVERNMEN 'l ' PRINTING OFFICE

1 895

R AW A.HAN I SLAI\"DS. 567

No. 17.

Mr. Bl01mt to JJlr. Gresham.

HONO LULU, H. I., July 17, 1893. SIR : On tl1e 11th of Mar ch, 1893, I was appointed by tbe Pre siden t

of the Un ited States as specia .l cowllliSsioner to the Ilawaiian lsla .nd s. A.t the same time the follow i11g iustmctious were g-iveu to me by you:

DEPAHnrnNT OF STA T!t, TVaslti11gto11, March 11, 189.'f,

Srn : Tho situation cr(lated in tho Hawaiian Islands by the nwent deposition Qf Queen Liliuokalani and the erection of a, Provisional Government deruands the full­eBt consideration of the President, :tud in order to obtain trustworthy information on the subject, aij well as for the discharge of other duties herein i:,pecil-ic-cl, he bas de cided to dispatch y ou to the H,~waiian Tolanus as his special comm i~sioncr, in which ca.p:..city you will herewith recdve a conlJlliS8iOn ancl ::ilso a letter whereby the l're-~ident ac credi ts yo11 to the presid ent of the execut ive and advisory coun­cils of the H awa1ian Island .a.

Tho comprehensive, delicate, and confi1kntfal character of your mission can now only I.Jo briefly outlined, the details of its execution being nocessurily left, in great measure, to your.good juil gIDent antl wise discr etion .

Yon will iurnsti~ate and folly re11ort to the l'resident all t.he facts you can learn respecting the co111litiou of ;itfai ra in the H:twaii::tu Islands, the causes of tho rnvolu ­tion by which the Qneen's Gov ernlll e nt was overthrown, tile seut imeut of the people to,.,.,ards existing authorit y, and, in general, a.U thatcau fuUy ('111igbten t.Le Presitlen t to uchiug the subjects of your mission.

To euable you to fulfill this cha rg e, your authority in all matt ers toncbiug tbo re lations of this Govern ment to tlie exist ing or other govemment of the islands , and t he protection of our citiz ens thorein, is paramouut, an,1 in ~·on alone, uct irw in cooperation wi th the commander of the naval forces, is vcstc,l full discretiou au~ pow er to tktenuine. when such forces shonlcl be landed or wi Lh<lra wn.

You :.ro, llowevc;r, anthorizecl to a,viti.l your~elfof,mch 11,id and int'onna,tion ::is you m:1y del!ire from the pres ent ministe r of the Uuited States a,t H1!11olnlu, Mr. John L. St.,_,ens, wil() will contint1e ll.lltil furth er notice to perform t.lrn nsna l fun ctio ns attal'l1i11g to his ofiice not in consisteu .t with the powers entrn ste d t o you . An in­strn ctiou will he sent to Mr. Stev"ns d irecting llim to facilitate your preseutation to t,he hea,,l of the Government upon your arrival, and to rende r you a ll neecled asbist­an ce.

The withtb:awal from the Senate of t he recently signet\ treaty of a nn exat ion for reexam inat ion by th e Pre:sident leaves its snbject -m:1tter in abeya1 1ce, aud you a.re not eharged wi1h any duty in respect thereto. It 11.1:1y be well , howcwer, for you to dispt1l a,uy possil.,le misapprehension wliich its withdrn wal may ha.vo excited touc h­ing Lile entire fr iendl iuess of t he Prusiclont and the Governm ent of tho Unite d States to wards tho people of the Hawaiian islands, or the earn est solicit ud e h,·re felt for their welfare, traH•)t1ilit) ·, aucl pro~n,ss.

Historica l precetlents , and the g'eneral cour se of tho TJuit1Jd States, anthoriz,, the emplo yment of it~ armecl force in for eign t,erritory for t h o Mocur ity of tho lives nnd property of Ameri('all citizens aud for tlrn rl'preseion of la w l<1,;s aud turn11l t.uons acts thn,ateuing them; antl th e powers conferred to that end up on t h1:irep nJsc11tatives of t,he United State~ are both nec~ssa ry and proper, sul>ject al wa.ys to tht~ exercise of a sound discretion in their ap 1,Iicat1ou.

In the j ud giueut of th e l'rvsiJi;nt, you r autho ri ty as well as tha t of the comm ande r of the nava l forces in H11waiiau wat1>ris should be notl is limit ed iu the uso of physi­cal f,,rce to such measures a.s ;;ire necessa ry to prot u1>I, the p erso ns and pr oper ty of our ..,,tizens, ::ind while abst ai uing fro 111 any mauncrof inter for<mce wi th th e llOlllCS· tic concerns of the islaud~, you shouhl iu<li-::ate your willi11gnesa to interveno wi t h you r fr ien clly officoij in the iuter.;sts. ofa pe:1eoful settJeruent of t roubles within th e limit ,a ofsonml Llis<:n:tiou .

Should it be·uet .essary to l and an a,rroed force upon Hawa iian terri to ry on occa­sions of popular ,listurbauce, when tho local a.nthority may lie nna.bl e to gi ve ade ­quate pr otHction t,o th,) life and pro per ty of c1tizeus of the Unitod :States, the assent of 1;uch au thorit y t>liouh l Ji..rst lie obta ined if it can i,o done withoutprejmlice to th e intc r<'Sts involv ed .

Your power in th is r egard sho11M not, how ever, bo cla.imed to the os:cla1sion of aimila.r roeasures hy t he r ep reseuta.t ives of oth"r powers lor the protection of the lives and property of their citi zens or snbjccts l'(}Sitling in t.11e islands.

5G8 IlA W AIIAN ISLA:KDS.

While the United States claim no right t.o interfere in the political 01 dorncstio affairs or in the internal conflicts of the Hawaiian Islands otherw ise t,hau as herein stated, or for the purpose of maintaining any treaty or other ri_ght-~ which they possei,s, this Government will adhere to its consistent and est abli slie,l 11olicy in re­lation to tbem, and it will not acquiesce in rlomestiu int .. rfrn,uce by oth ,:r powers .

The fore_goiug general expositio n of the President's view~ wil l in,licat,c tho safe courses within which yonr action should be dhape<l antl mark the limits of your dis­cretion in cal ling npon ihe naval commander for co;iperation.

The llnited States revenue cutter R1'8h is nuder orders to await vou at San Fran-cisco and convey you to Honolulu . ·

A atenogra ,pbic clerk will be detailed to accompany you and remain subject to yonr ortlors.

h; is expected that yon will uso all convenient dispatch for the fnlfillm ent of you r mission , aa it is t.he Prnsideut's desire to have the results before him at the earlie.;,t possible day. Besides tho connected report you ar e exp ected to furnish, you will from time to time, as occa11ion mny offer, correspond with the Secretary of 8tate, communicating iuformation or solicit ing-special iustrucUon on such poi1Jts a11 you ma y deem necessary. In case of nrge11cy yon may telegraph eit,her in J)lain text or in the cipher of the Na.vy Department thrnugh the kin,! otlice,-; of the admiral com­manding, which may be ~ent to Mr. W. A. Coopor, United 81at os dispatcu agent at San F!·nncis co, to ho tra111;111ittod thence .

Rep usin~ the :n11plcst conlideuce in your ability and zeal for the realization of the trust co nli,l ctl to yo n,

I am, sir, your obedient servant,

Hon. JA~IES Fl. BLOUNT, etc. W. Q. GRESilAM,

On the 29th of the same month I reach ed the city of Il011olnln. Th e American minister, Hon. John L. Stoveus, accompanied by a commit­tee from t he Annexation Club, came 011 boa-rd the vesse l which had brought me. He informed me that tbis club had r ent ed an elegant house, well t'nmished, and provid ed servants and a carriage and hors es for my use; that I could pay for this accommodation jnst what I chose, from 11otl1ing up. He ur ged me very earnest ly to accept the offer. I declined it, and informed him that I sl1onld go to a hotel.

'l 'he committee soon after this renewed the offer. which I again declined .

Soon afterwards the ex-Queen, through her chamberlain, tendered her carriage to convey me to my hotel. 'rliis I courteously der.lined.

I locat ed myself at the Hawaiian Hotel. For several days I was engaged roociviug calls from per sons of all classes aud of various polit­ical views. I soon became conscious of the fact that all miuds were quietly and a11xioasly looking to see what action the Government of the Uuited States would take .

The troops from tJ1e Boston were doing military duty for the Provi­s ioual Government. Tile America ,n flag was floating over the govern­ment building. \.Yithin it the Provi sional Government couclncte<l its business under au Ameriea .n protectorate , to be conti1111ed, a,ccording to the avowed purpose of the Amcl'icau ministe r, du ring negotiations with the United States for annexation .

My instructions directed me to make inquiries wl1ich in the interest of candor and truth could not be done when the minds of t,housa.ncls of Bawa ,iian citizens were full of uncerta inty as to what the pre sence of American troops, the American flag, and the Ame rican protectorate im­plied . It seemed 11ecessary that all tLese i11 ti nences mm,t oe withdraw n before those inquiries could be prosecuted in a manner befittiug th e diguity and power of the Uuited States.

Inspired with such feelings and confident no disorder "·ould ensue , [ directed the removal of the flag of the United States fro111 the gov­rnment bui lding and the return of the American troops to their ves -

HAWAIIAN ISLA~DS. 569

sels. This was aecomp)ishecl without any demonstration of joy or grief on the part of the popnJa~e.

'fh e afternoon before , in an interview with Pr esident Dole, in response to my inquiry, he said that the Provisiona,1 Government wa.s now able to preserve order,althougb it could not have done so for severa l weeks after the -proclamation establishing it .

lu the evening of this sa.me day the American minister called on me with a Mr. \-\'a lter G. Smith, who, be said, desired to make am impor. tant co1_nmu11ication to me, and wl10m he knew to be very intelligent and reliable. Thereupon 1\fr. Smith, with in tense gravity, informed me tlaat lHi knew beyond doubt that it had been arrra11ged betwee n the Queen aud the Japanese commissioner that if the American flag and troops were removed the troops from the Ja ,paue se man of war Kawi1ca would land a11d reinstate tbe Qu('eu.

Mr. Smith wa,.<; the editor of the IIa.waiian Star, established by tho Am1exation Club for the purpose of advocating a11nexation.

'l'he American minister ex1)ressed his belil'f in the stat ement of l\Ir. Smith and urged the importa11ce of the American troops remaining on shore until I could communicate with you auu you could have the opportun ity to communicate with the Japauese Government and obtain from it assura ,uces that J apancse troops would not be bmlcd to enforce any policy on the Government or people of the Hawaiian I sla.nds.

I was not impressed much with these stateme11ts. ·wben the Japanese c-0mmissioner learned t,hat the pr esence of the

Ja ,pauese ma,n of war was giving currency to suggestions that bis Gov­ernment in te11dcd to interfere with domestic affn,irs here, lle wrote to his Government a:sking that the vessel be ordered away, which wa,s done. He expressed to me his deep regret that auy one shoulu. charge that tbe Empire of Japa ,n, having so many reasons to value tbe friend· ship of the Govermoont of the Uuited States, would consent to offeud that Government by interfering in the political conflicts in these isla,nds, to which it was averse.

I11 the ligh t of sul>sequent ovents, I trust the correctuess of my action w ill be the more folly justified .

The Provisional Government left to its own preservation, the people freed from a.uy fear of free in tercourse with me in so far as my actiou could accomplish it, tbe di$position of the minds of an people to peace pending t,be consideratioll l>y the Goverm neut of tl1e United Stfttcs as to what should be its action in connection with affairs here, cleared the way for me to commence the inve st igation with which I was ch::i,rged. .

The causes of the revolution culminating in the dethronmeut of the Que.en and the establishment of the Provisional Government, Janu ary 17, 1893, are remote and proximate . A brief presentation of tbe former will aid in a fuller apprehension of the latter.

On June 14, 18.'.ii, a const itution was ~ranted by Kamehameha III, by a11u with the advice and consent of the 11obles and repr esentatives in legislati ve council. Tbis instrument provided for a house of nobles, holding their seats for life, and that the munher should not exceed thirty, and a house of representatives composed of not le1;s than twenty­four nor morn than forty memuers. Every male subject, whether native or natura.lized, and every denizen of the Kingdom who bad paid bis taxes, attained the a,ge of twent ,y-oue years, and had resided in the Kiugdom for one year immediately preceding- the time of election was entitled to vote for the represeutative or repreRentatives of the district i11 ,Yhich he may have resided three mouths next preceding the da.y of election .

570 IU WA II AN ISLANDS.

For convenienc e the following ext ract s from that instrume nt are iuserted here:

ART. 32. He haa the power, by ancl with the advice of his cabinet, and the approval of his privy coun cil , to appo int au,l remove at hi s ploa,;nre a.uy of tlta severa l heads of the executive depa r tuumt-s, and ho roa~· re<ptire inforn i:ition in writing from any of tho officers in the execut ive departnrnnts, upon any subjec t relating to tl1e duties of t,heir r cspcct i ve offices.

A nor. 35. Tho i:iorsou of tho King is inviolahle and sacred; his ministers are responsible; to tho King helongs the execnt ive powor; all laws th at have passed both houses of th& legislature, f ,r th-eir va li<lity, shall bo signed by His .M:tje,;ty and the Kul1ina Nu i; all h is other official acts sha ll oe approvecl by the pr ivy council, conntersigned l1y the Kuhina , Nui , ancl by the mini ster to whose dt:>part­ment such act may belong.

ART. 51 . The ministe rs of the King are ap1loint ed ancl commis~ioned by him, and hold their offices dnring His Ma,j<>A~ty'i., pleasure, subject t o impeul'hment.

A1n . 72. The King ::qJpoints tlie members oftlJe house of nobki;, who ltol<l tl 1eir seats during life, subject to tho provision of article 67; but tbeir nurulior shall uot exceed thirty.

ART. 75. The bou so of representat ives ij]rn-ll be composed of not less than twenty ­four nor more than forty uwu.1bers, who shall be elected a,nnually.

ART. 78. Evory male snuject of His Majesty, whether nath·o or naturalizecl, and evory <leni1.en vf tho Kingdom who sha ,11 have p!\i,t hia taxes who sl1:1l1 h:we:i.ttuined the full age of 20 ye:us, auc\ w110 slia11 ha,,e rr•sirled in the Kiugdo 1n for 0110 yea,r imme<liMoly pnwetl ing the t.imo of dectio11 1 shall bo ont it led to one voto for t,he representative or r1·presentatives of the district in which he may have resi<le,l tbree mont.hs next prec!l<liug tl~e clay of election; ~roviclcd t,hat no insane J,)0rson1 n~r any p~rf!on wbo sl1all at auy tnue lta, ,e been conv11·ted of :I}JY mfamous crime wl1 h1_u tho Krngdom, 11nless h<l shall havo b eeu pardoned by the h,1ng, and by tho t-orms ot suc h pan fon beeu restored to all the rights of a s11bject. shall be al lowed to vote .

ART, 105. Any amendment or amendment.~ to t his Constitution may be pr oposecl . in e.itheT branch of the legisl:1tnrn , ~n,I if tho sa.me shall bo agreed to by a majority

of the members of each honso such propose<l amendroent or amendments shall be enten itl on the ir journa ls, with the yeas and nays ta ken thereon , a,nd referred to the ne:--t legisbtt1re ; which proposed amend ment or amendments shall be 1mblished for thre e months previo us to the electio11 of the next house of representatives. Aud if, iu the wn:t legi,;h\ f,nrc, such proposc1l Mnenclmen t or mnen,lmonte shall be agreod to by t,wo-thinl8 of all the members of each house, a,nd he approved bv the King, such amendmen t or ameud monta shall become pa.rt of tho Constitution of this King ­dom.

Iu November, 1863, Ka.me1rnmelia V was proclaimed King, on tlie death of Kameltameha IV. He issued a, procla.ma,tion for the elect ion of delegates to a, co11stitutiona.l convent ion to he held ,Ju ne 13, 186! . The convention w,is composed of sixtee11 nobles aud twen ty.sev en electe d delega te1:1, pr esided over by th e King in person. 'l'liat body decided it had a right to proceed to make a new constitntion . Not being- in accord with the King 011 the question of a property qua lifica­t.ion for voters, on the 13th clay of August, 18f>4-, be declared the consti ­tu t ion of 1852 abro~ated aud pror ogued the conventio n . On tl1e 20th of Augu st following he proclaimed a new constitut ion upon h is owu authority, which continu ed in force twenty -three year s.

From this the following extm cts are made : ART. 45. Th o \e~islati ve power of tho t.hrr e c8tatcs of this Kingdom is ves ted in

the King a.ncl the 'Jcgis lati ,·e assemb ly, whi ch asseu i bly shall con ist of th e noble s appo iu tcd by the Kin g a,nd oft-he rep i:esentatives of the people, sittiug tog et her.

ART. 57. Th e King appo in ts tha noble s, who s ball bol<l their ::ippoin truauts <lnrjo g li fe, subject to t he pro visioos of article 53; but the ir num ber sha ll n ot exceed twenty .

ART. 61. No pe rson shall be eligi ble for a repre!<Cutati ,·e of the people who is i nsa ue or an idiot; n or un le-ss he be a male snbject of t h<l Kingdom, who shall have ,irriv ed at the fn ll age of twenty-one ye flrs, who shall kno w how to reiHl and write, who sh,11l und ersta,nd acnonnt.s, and sha ll have been domiciled in the Kin<>'dom for at least t hree years, Lhe las t of whic h ,hall be the year inunc<liat ely prece<fiug bis electio n, an <l wh o shall own rea l estate within the King<lom o!' ii clear valn e, ove r and :tliove all incn mbrnuces, of at least fhe hundr ed dollars, or wno shall have an anuual jn­come of at least t wo hu ndred and fift y dollars de ri ve<l from any property or isome lawful empl {;.fment.

HAWAIIA N ISL.ANDS . 571

ART. 62. Every male subject of tbe Kin gdom, who shnll h ave paid his t axes , who shall ha ve at ta iuod the age of twenty ye.ir", nnd sh:11l have been don1ic:ilecl in the Kingdom for one year inm1edia tcly procecliu g the election, aud shall he posse ssed of re al ptopertv in this Kingdom to tbe \•alne over aJld above all iu cuml,rances of one hundrcl aud fifty dollnrs* - or of a leasehold property on which the rent is t wenty -five dollar s pn year-or of a.n income o_f not less than seventy-five dollars per year, deri 11Nl frcHn :my proJ)erty or ~orne lawfu l employ ment :mil shall know how to read and writ e, if born since the yea r 1840 aud sLall have causecl his na,me to be entered ou the list of votns uf bis ,list rict as may l>e provided by Jaw, shall be eu­t it led to O!Hl voto for the rc;prm,1·111,ntive or representatives ofthatdistrict; pro ­vided, however, that no insane or idio tic person, nor :lily person who shall have been <·onvict ccl of .m;v i11famo11;, cri111~ wit ,hin thifi Kingdorn, u.nless be sha ll have been pan lmie<l l\l' the King , ,rnd t.y tho terms of suc h pardon have been resto red to all the rigbt,s of a subjoct, shall be allowed to vote.

AK!'. 80. Any arn,0 11cl1J1eut or am endm,mt -s to this constitution may l,e proposed in the Jegisfative assemhly, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majorit)· of the mem hers thereof, su ch 1n·o11osecl amendment or a.mc11clments shall be entc·rccl 1m it.~ journal, with the yeas aJHl 1rnyt1 tak .. n t,hereun , and n,fened to the uoxt l<Jgi.,,latnre; wbi ch propose d «m ernhuen t or nmenclmcuts sba.11 lio pu bli shet'l. for three mun ths pre­vious to the next election of reprc senta .ti\'cS; :ma if iu tbo next legis lat ure suc h proposed amenclment or nmenclments shall be agree tl to by two- t hirds of all the mem­bers of tl1e lrgislative assembly, and be approved 1>y t ho King, such amendment or ~meu dment s shall 1.Jecome part of t he cousti1,utio 11 of this country.

On the 18th of Febmary, 1874, David Kalakaua was proclaimed King . I n 1875 a treaty of commercial reciprocity between the United S tates and the H awa iian Isla ,)l(IS was ratified, and the hLws uecessa ry to carry it into o:peration were enacted in 1876. lt provided, as yon are aware, for the free importation into the United States of Reveral articles, amongst which was musc::watlo, browu, and all other unrefined 1-mgars: sirnps of sugar cane, melada, and molas ses, prod need in the Ha­waiia11 !:,;lauds.

li'rom it there came to tbe islm1ds an intoxicatin g increase of wealth, a Tlew labor system, an Asiatic population, an a.Jienat ion between the na tive and white races, au i';tlJ)oYerisbmeut of the former, ::rn enr ich· men t of the latter, aud the mauy Ro-called revolutiorn,, which are the foundation for the opiuion that stab le goveruu1e11t can uot be main· tain cd .

(The deaths in all these revolu tions were seven . There were also seven wounded. )

The sugar export in 187G was 26,072,429 pounds; in 1887 it was 212,763,647. The total va lue of a ll domestic exports was in 1870, $1 ,994,833.55, and in 1887, $9,435,2 04. Tbe bounty paid 011 sug ar by the United States to tlie sugar plant ers in the remission of customs on sugar before the :McKinley bill was passed, is estimated by competen t persons as reaching $,\0 00,000 annually .

The government and crowu land s were bought an d leased and oper ­ated by whites of America .n, English, and German origin, and the SU1?ar indu stry went into th e ban ds of corporations .

Pr om 1852 t-0 1876 ti.Jere bad been imported 2,625 Chine se, 148 Jap­anese, and 7 South Sea Islander s, maki11g a total of 2,780. From 1876 to 1887 ther e were imp orted 23,268 Obi11ese, 2,777 J a,panese, 10,216 P ortugues e, 615 Norwegians, 1,05::! Germans, 1,998 South Sea falanders, ma.king a, total for this one decade of 39,H26 immigrants . The Governmeut expended from 187G to 1887 $1 ,02G,21~.3u iu aid of the importation of labor for the plant -0rs, who for the same period ex ­pended $565,547.74 . It nego tiated with var ious gove rnm ents treaties under which labor wa s imported for a term of yea,rs to work at a very low figur e, and unu er which the labor er wa s to be compe lled by fines

• T he prop er ty qua lifi cat ion was removed by an amendmen t.

572 IlAW AIIA.N ISLAN DS

1\nd imprisonment to labor faitbfnlly and to remain with his employer to the en(l of the co11tract term.

Of 14,439 laborers on plantations in 1885, 2,136 were natives a,nrl the remainder imported labor. Generally, the rule has obtained of bringing t'1"enty-five women for every one hundred men . The immigrants were of t1Je poor and ignorant classes. The Portugue se especially, as a rule, could 110t read or write :md were remarkably thievish. 1'Le women of Japane se and 0binese origi11 were grossly unchaste.

1'he price of a.II pro1)erty advanced. rl'he price of labor was de­pressed by enormous imporrations and by the efficiency accruing from compulso1·y performance of tl1e co11traet by the Gover11111ent.

In the year 1845, nnder the influence of white 1·esidents, the lands were so distributed between the crown, the Govemrnent, the chiefs , and the people as to leave the latter with an insignificant interest in lands-27 ,SJO acres.

'flie sto ry of this division is discreditable to King, chiefs, and white residents, but would be t<'dious here. '!'lie chiefs became largely indebted to the wlrites, and thus the fonndation for the largehold iugs of the latter was la.id.

Pri or to 187G the kingfi were controlled larg ely by sncli rnen as Dr. Judd, Mr . "\V'yllie, and other leading white citizens J1olding positions in their cabinets.

A king rarely clu:wged bis cabin et . The important offices '1"ere held by white men . A feeling of amity exist.cu between the native and foreign races unmancd by hostile coufliet . It s lionlcl bo 11otPrl that at tLis period the native gc11erally knew how t-0 read and write his native tongue, into which the Bible and a few English works were translnted . To this, native newspapers of extensive circt1lati011 contributed to the awake11ing of his intellect. Re also generally read a11<l wrote B11glish.

Fro m 1820 to 18GG mi!>Sionaries of various ua,t io11:1lities, c;;pedally .America11, with un se lfishuess, toil 1 patience, and J)iety, had cleYoted themselves to the improvement of the native. They gave them a lan­g-n?ge, a religion, and an imnH'nse moveme11t on tbe liues of civilization. Iu process of time tlJe descendan ts of tllese good men gTew np i11 secu­lar pm·suits. Superior by n:tture, education, a,nd other opportunities, they acquired wealth. They Rought to succeed to the politieal contr ol exercised by U1eir fathers . Tl, e revered missionary cli~a,ppeared. In bis stead there came the Anglo-Saxon in the person of bis son, ambi­tious to acquire wealth and to co11tin uc tl1at politicltl control reverently conceded to his pious aneestor. Hence, in satire, the native de8ignated bim a" missionary," which has become a, carupaign phrase of wouderf'ul potency. Other white foreigners came iuto the country, especially .Americans, Englisli, and Getmans. Tbese, as ;-1, rule, did not become natur alized and par ticipate in the votina frnnchise. Business a11d race affiliatio11 occasioned sympathy and cooperation between these two classes of persons of foreign extraction .

Do es this narration of facts portray . a situation fo a government in whole or in part representative favorable to the ambition of a leader who will espouse the native cause? Woulcl it be strange tor him to stir the native heart by picturing a system of political control under which the foreigner had wickedly become possessed of the soil, de­graded free labor by an uncivilized system of coolie labor, prostituted society by injecting into it a people hostile to Christianity a11d the Clvilization of the nineteenth century, exposed tbeil· own da,ught.ers to the evil influences of auoyerwhelming male popnJa .tion of a degraded type, impla11ted ,Jap anese and Chinese women almost insensible to feelings of cha sti ty, and then loudly boasted of their OhristianityY

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 573 On the other hand, was it not natural for the white race to vaunt

their wealth and intelligence, their Christian success in rescuing the native from barbarism, their gift of a Goverom eut regal in name but containing many of tlle principles of freedom; to find in ·the 11atives de­fect ive intelligence, tendencies to idolatry, to race prejudice, and a dis­position under the influence of white and halt-wbite leaders to exercise political domination; to speak of their tllriftlessness in private life and susceptibility to bribes in legislative action; to '))roclaim the uncha st e­ness of native women, and to take at all hazards the direction of pnblic affairs from the native 1

With such a powe-rful tendency to diverg ence a.nd poli t ical strife, with its atteudaut bitterness and ex:1ggerations, we must enter upon tlie field of inquiry pointed out in your iust ructious.

It is not my purpose to take up this raf:ial controversy a.t its birth, but when it had reached striking proportions a,ncl powerfully acted in the evolution of grave political events culminating in the pres en t status. Nor sha.U I relate all the miimt e details of political contro­versy at any given period, but only such and to such extent as may illustrate the purpose just indicated.

It bas already appeared tha ,t under the constitution of 1853 the leg­islature consisted of two bodies-one elected by the people and the other chosen by the King-and that no property qualificat~ons hindered the right of suffrage. '£he King and people through tbe two bodies held a check on each other . It has also been shown that iu 1864 by a royal proclama ,tion a new constitution, sanctioned by a cabinet of prominent white men; was esta ,blishecl, restrictiug the right of suffrage' aud combining the repr esentat ive and nobles into one body. Tl.tis lat­ter provision was designed to streugt hen the power of the Crown by removing a bod y distinctly representative. This instr ument remained in force twenty-three yea.rs. The Crown appointed tbe uobles genera lly from white men of property and intelligence. In like manner tbe King selected his cabinet. These rema,ined in office for a long series of yea.rs and directed the general conduct of public affairs.

Chief Ju stice Judd, of the supreme court of the Hawaiian I slands , in a formal state ment uses this la.ngaage:

Under every constitut ion prior to 1887 the mini ste rs were appointed by the King and r emoved by hi1n; but , until Kafa,lmua's reig n it was a ve ry ra.1'6 th ing tha t any King changed his ministry . They had a pret tr lo~i loase of political life. My father was mi,niste r for seve n or ten years and Mr. \v yllie for a longer periocl. It was a very rare political occnrr ence and made a great sensation when a cha nge was made. Under Kalakaua things were different. I t hink we had twenty-six: differeut cabinets during his reign .

The record discloses thirteen cabinets. Two of these were directly forced on him by the reformers. Of the others, six were in sympa thy with the reformers i.nd eminent in their coufidence. The great stir in cabinet changes commenced with the Gibson cab iuet in 1882. He was a man of large information, free from all suspicion of bribery, politi­cally ambitious, and led the natives and some whites .

It may not be amiss to present some of the criticisms against Kala­liaua and his party formaJly filed with me by Prof. W. D. Alexander, a representative reformer.

On the 12th of February, 1874, Kalakaua was elected King by the legislature. The popular cboice lay between him and the Queen Dow­ager .

In rega,rd to this, Mr . .A.lexa,nder says that "the cabinet and the .A.mericau pa.rty used a,11 their influence in favor of the former, while the English favored Queen Emma, who was devoted to their interest ,"

574 B A W AIIAN I8LANDS.

Notwi thst a,nding there were objection s to Kt1la,kaua's character, h~ says: "It was believed , however, that if Queeu Emma should be elected there would be no hope of our obtaining a reciprocity t,reaty with tho United States."

He gives an account of various obnoxious measures advocated by the Kin g which were defeated .

In 1882 he says the race issue was ra.ised by Mr. Gibson, and only two white men were electe d to the legislature on the islands .

A bill prohibiting the sale of in toxicating liquors to natives was re­pealed at this sessio n.

A $10,000,000-loan bill was a.gain introduced, but was shelve d in committee. 'rbe appropriation bill was s"ellcd to double the est.ima,ted receipts of the Government, including $30,000 for corouation expenses , besides large snms for milita ,ry expenses, foreign embas sies, etc.

A bill was reported givi11g tbe Kiag power to appoint d istric t justices, which had formerly beeu done by the ju stices of the suprem e court.

A million of dollars of silver was coined by tbe Kin g , wor~IL 84 cents to the dollar, which was intended to be exclrnnge<l for gold bonds at pnr, under the loan act of 1882. This proceeding was enjoined by the court. 'l'lle privy council declared the coin to be of the leg:1,l v:1lue exprPssed on their face, subject to the legal-teuder act, a,nd they were gt'a,chrn1ly put into circulation . A prolit of $150,000 is said to have been made 011 this transaction.

In 1884 a reform legislature was elected. A lottery bill, an opium license bill, and an $8,000,000 loan bill were defeated .

In the election for the legislature of 1886 it is alleged that by the use of gin, chiefly furnished by tlie King, and by the nse of bis patron­age, it was carrie<l a,gainst the reform party; that out of twenty-eigh t candidates , twenty-six were office-holders-one a tax asse ssor a,ud one the Queen's secretary. There was only one white mau on t he Govern­ment ticket-Gibson's son-iu-law. Only ten reform caudida .tes wer e electecl. In this legislature au opium bill was pa sse d providing for a license for four years , to be grantee! by the minister of the interior with the conse11t of the King, for $30,000 per annum.

Another a,ct was passed to create a llawr~iiau board of health, con­sisting of five native doctors, appointed by the King, with power to issue cert ificates t-0 uative kahwws (doctors) to practice medicine.

A $2,000,000-loan bill was passed, which was used largely in taking up bonds on a former loa.n.

It is daimed tl1at in gra.nting the lottery franchise the King frand­uleu tly outaiued $75,000 for tlie franchise and th en sold it t-0 a,nother · per so11, and that subsequently the King was compel led to 1·efuud the same.

'l'he se are the principal allegations on which the revolution of 1887 is justified.

None of the legislation complained of would have been considered a caus e for revolution in any one of the United States, but would have been used in the elections to expel the au th ors from power. The alleged corrupt a~tion of the King could have been avoided by more carefu l legis lation and woulcl have been a complete remed y for tbe future .

'rl)e rate of taxation on real or personal property never exceede d 1 per cent. ·

To all this t,he answer comes from the reformers: "The native is unfi t for government and his power must be curtailed."

The general belief tha t the King llad accepted wl!at is term ed the

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS . 575

opium bribe and the failur e of bis efforts ;;o unite tbe Samoan Islands with his own Kingdom had a depressing influence on his friends, and his oppone.ts used it with all tbe effect they could .

The last cabinet prior t-0 the revolution of 1887 was anti-reform. Three of its members were half castes; two of them were and are recoguized as lawyers of ability by nlL

At this point I invite attention to Lu.efollowiug extra,ct from a formal colloquy between Cliief Ju stice Judd a,nd myself tonchiug the means adopted to extort tbecon st itutionof 1887, and thefumlameuta ,l clia.nges wrought through that instrument :

Q. W ill you be kiud e.nough to state how tliis new constitution wns established f A . ' 'l'be two event~ which brought this mattt1r to a culmiu,tt in g poiut were (1)

the opinm steal of $il,000 by wlti cb a 'Chinmuan named Aki was ma<le by the King to pay him a bribe of $71,000 of hard coin iu order to ol,ta in the exclnsi ve fran ­chise for selling opium, and (2) tho oxpen,;ie of tlto expedition to Samoa in tbe "Kai111ilea." A secret league wa:;formed a,ll over the is lan ds, tho resnlt of wh ich was tae };il,g was 1H1kcd to promulgate a new constitution cont:tinin~ thos e provisions that 1 ba, ·e h<'fol'o alluded to. It was very udroitly managed by the ARbfords, and mort' e~ptll'ially by V. V. Ashford, who obtai11<:d the coi1fi<lonce of Urn H:iug and Mr. Gihso n. He was tho colonel of tho Rifles, ,md ho assured them that if he was paid a. cert ,ain snm of money an •l ma<lo minister to Canada that he would anango it so that the movouient wonld be fntilo .

Q. How was ho to do th,it f A. By pro, ,enting the use of the military, I supposo ; and he arranged with tho

military authori t ies and Capt. Ha,ley that th e_,, ::1honhl be called out to preserve public orde r, al though it w,1~ this large and woll-drille(l force which made t he King fear that if he didn't yield things would bo very critical for him.

Q. \Vas that a Government force 1 A. It was orgauized under tho laws . Q. A vol u n tcor 01·gauizati on f A. Yer,. Q . So that the meu in sympathy wit -h the movement of this secret league went

int.o it :uH'l constituted it un<ler form of la.w . A. Of course I do not know what wa;; tol<l the King privately, but I knew that

he felt it would be ve1·y dangerous to refuse to promulgatc the now coust ,itut ion. I have no doubt that a great !llany things were circu latod which came to his ea.rs in the way of threa ta th,rt was nnfonnded.

Q. What wus tho outside manif(lStation f A. One groat feat ,ure of it was its secrecy. The King wa s frigl1tenecl at this

secrecy. It was very well managed. 'I'he judges of the supreme court wen· not told of it until just lJefore the event took place . I think it was the 2d or 3d of Jn1y, 1887 .

Q. Wal$ there then a mass meot.iog f A. Tl.t,·re was a large mass meeting h eld and a set of resolutions was pres<Jnted to

the Ki ng requiring t,hata new minil:ltrybe formed by l\fr. W. L. Green and one other person, whose n:w,e I have forgotten.

Q. \Vas there any display of force~ A. The Honolulu Rifles were in detachments marched abont in clifforent portions

of ti.to town, having l1Nm c'.11.led ont by t~~ le ga,l military authorities. Q. Who were the lega l m1htary :Juthont1est A. Th" governor of the island, Dominis, :1,nd C11pt. II. Bunill Haley, the adjntant-

gen eral. Q. Were tl1ey in sympathy with the movementf A. No, sir; the officers of the corps were in sympathy with th e movement. Q Who wer e they 'i A. Ashford and Robbard . I do not r emember all . Q. Did the governo r order thorn oot, not lrnowing of tl1is state of tl1ingsf A. I think he did. I think he k11ew it, liut it wns to prevent, as I believe, some ­

thing worse b,1ppening. As I said, there were threats made. Q. Of what aortt A. I 1mclerstood that at one t ime there was a very strong feeling that th e King

should be forced to abdicate altogether, and i·t was only the more conservative mon born hero who s::i.itl that the King a,11d the Haw.aHans should have another oppor­tunity.

Q. \Vere there not two eleme nts in tha -i movement, one for a ropnblic and th(' other for rostn ,iniog t,he power of the Kingf

A. Yes.

576 IIA W AlIAN ISLANDS .

Q. Were there not two forces in t11is movement cooperating together up to acer­tain poiut, to wit, tho~e who were in favor of restraining the -King by virtue of the provisions of the constitution of 1887 and those who were in favor of dethroning the King :md establishiug a repub lid

A. I understand that there were, ancl that the more conservative view prevailed . Q. Auel tho men who wore in favor of a ropnblic were <liscontented at the ontcomef A. '.I'hey were, and they d idn't waut the Hawaiians to vote at all ; and the reaso11

that the Portuguese were allowe<l to vote was to ba,lauce tho uative vote. Q. Whose idea was that-was tha.t the idea of the men who wade the new consti ·

tutiouf A. Of the men who made the new· constitution . Q. It was to balance the native vote with the Portuguese votef A. That was t ile idea . Q. And that would thro w the poli tica l power into the hands of the intelligenc e

and wealth of the connt ry f A. 'l'h·at was the aim. Q. How was tllis mili tary used f A. It was put about in squads ove r the city . Q. The officers of th() corps were really in favor of the movement for the new

coustitntion and were c:illed out by Governor Dominis to preserve orded A. Yes. Af'ttlr tho affair was over he waa thanked by a military order from head­

quarte rs. Q. Do yon snppose that he was gratified with thimks nn<ler the circuuisLancesf A. H aley said to me wl1en he sho wed rue the order : "It is a little funny to thank

a man who kicked yo u ont, bnt I suppose I've got to do i t." Q. The King accede d t-0 the deman(l for a new constitution and of a cab inet of

given character f • A. In the first place he accedecl to tho proposition to ma ke a new calJinot named

by Mr. Creon . The former cabil 1et, consisting of '.\Ir. Gibson aud three H:iwaiians, bn<l jnst res igned a da.y or two before ._ In three or four day11 the calnMt waited UJ>On him with the contititntion .

Q. Wluit cabinet, A. The cabinet cousi~ting of :tvlr. Green, minister of foreign afl'a.irs; Mr. Tlrnrs ­

ton, minister of the interior ; Mr. C. \V. Ashford, attorney-gener al ; aud Mr. God­frey Brown, minister of finan ce. I was sent for in the aft,ernoou of Jnly 5 to b\1·1J1H the King to the c011stitntion. When 1 reacbe<l the palace they were all there, an(l the I<ing asked me in Ha.waiian whet.her h e bad better sigu i t or not. l said, "You must follow the atlvice of your respons ible ministers.'' Ho signed it .

Q. ·rhis ministry had been appointed as the result of the demand of the mass meeting,

A. Yes, sir. Q. Aml then ha ving been appointed, they presented him with the constitution of

1887' A. Yes, sir . Q. And he signed it f A. He did. Q. Was that coustitution ever submitted to a popn lar vote for r atification T A. No; it was not. There was no d irect vote ratifyin~ the constitution , but its

provisions r equiring that no one should vote unless he had taken an oath to snpJ)ort it, and a large number voted at tha t fitst election, was considered a virtua l ratifica-tion of the constitution . .

Q. If they voted at all they were considered aa accepting itf A. Yes, si r. I do not think any l arge numbe r refm1ed to take the oath to it. Q. I t was not contem1>late<l by the mass meeting, nor the cabinet, nor anybody in

powe r to submit t.he matte r of ratifica t ion at all f A. No, it was not . It wa.a considered a revolution . · It was a successfu l rovolu­

tiona ry act . Q. And, therefore, was not submitted t o a popular vote for ratification T A. Yes, sir . It ha{l mischievo us effects in encouraging the Wil cox revolution of

1889, which was unsuccc~sful. I think it was a bad prececlent, only the exigencies of the occasion seemed to demand it.

Without addi ng other testi mony on the mode of extorti ng the new constitution or accept ing thi.s statement as full and unbiased, it is enough that it brings me to a point at which I may present important changes iu t'!.:e Hawai ian constitution and tlieir application to the social and poiitica ,l conditions of the time . Your attention is now invite d to th e following amendments in t he constitution of 1887:

ART. 41. The cabinet shall consist of the minister of foreign affairs, the minister of t ho interior, t he min ister of finance, a11d the attorney -genera l, and they sha ll

HAWA II AN ISLANDS. 577

he Hi11 Maje sty's special ad viser;; in the executive affairs of tlie Kingdom; a,n1 th(') shaJJ be e.x officio members of His l\fajesty's privy council of state. They shall l,e appointecl and commission ed by the King, anu. shall be remo ved l,y him only upon a vote of want of confidence passed by a majfJ1·ity of all the elective membe rs of t,l1e legisfature, or UJ>On conviction of felony, and sha ll be subject to impeachment. No act of the King shall have anv effect unless it be countersigned by a member of the cabinet, who, by that signature, makes himself respon sible .

ART. 42. Each membe r of the cabinet shall keep an office at the scat of Govern ­ment, and sha ll be accounta ,ble for the condurt of his deputies and clerks. The cabinet hold seats ex o.Qicio in the legis lature, with t,he right to vote, except on a questio n of want of confidence in them.

ART. 47. The legislature has foll power and authority to amend tho constitution as hereim1,fter p,:ovidetl , and from time to time to make all manner of wholesome laws, not repugnant to th e constitution.

ART . 56. A noble shaU be a subject of t he Kingdom, who shall have attained the age of twenty -five yea rs, anrl t·esided in the Kingdom three years, ancl shall be the owner of ta.xablo property in tl1is Kingdom of the value of three thousand dollars over and above all encumbrances, or in re ceip t of an income of not less tban $600 per annum.

ART. 58. Twenty -four nobles sh:tll be elected as follows: Six from the Isla ml of Hawaii; six from the Is lands of Maui, Molokai, and La,llai; nine from the Island of Oahn; and three from the islands of Kana ,i and Niibau. At the first election h eld nuder this Constitution, tho nobles shall be elected to serve until the general election to the legislature for the year of our Lord 1890, at which election, ancl thereafter, tbe nobles sha ll be elected at the same time and places aa t.he representatives. At tho election for the year of our Lord 1890, one-third of the nobles from each of the rlivis ions aforesaid shall be eh,cted for two . years, and one -thircl for four years, and one -t,hird for si..'< years, and the electors shall ballot for them for such terms, respect­ively; :wcl at all subsequent l<eneral elections they shall be elected for six years, The nob les shall serve without pay .

ART. 59. Every male res ident of the Hawaiian Islands, of Ha,waiian , Amer ican, or Europ ean birth or descent, who shall have a.ttained the age of twen ty years, and shall bave paicl his taJres, and shall have caused h is name to be entered on the l ist of voters for nobles of his district, shall be an elector of nobles, and shall be entitled to vote at any election of nobles , provided:

Pir8t. That he shall ha,ve resided in the cou ntry not , less th an three years, and in the district in which he offers to vote not less tlinu three mouths immediately 11re­ced ing the election at which he offers to vote;

Second, That he shall own and be 1)()ssesscd, iu his own right, of taxable property in this count ry of the vahte of not le;;s than $3,000 over and above all incumbrances, or shall have actnally received an income of not less than $600 duriug the year next precetliog his registration for such elect ion;

Third . That be shall be a,ble to reacl and comprehen d an ordina r y newspape r printed in either the Hawaiian, English, or some European language;

Fourth. That he shall have taken an oath to support the constitntion and law s, such oath to be admini stered by any person authorized to aclruinister oaths, or by any inspector of elections;

Proridea, howei:er, That the requirements of a three years' residence ancl of ability to rea<l and comprehend an or<lina,ry newspaper, printell either in the Hawaiian, English , or some Europ ean language, shall not apply to persons resid ing in tho Kin gdom at the time of t he prom ulgation of this constitution, if they shall register and vote ,.t the first election which eha.U be held 11n<ler th is cousLitution.

ART. 60. There shall be twenty -four representa t ives of the people elect.eel bien­niall y, exceJ.,t those first elected under tb is const it ut ion, who shall serve unt.il the general election for the yMr of our Lor d 1890. The representati on sha ,ll be based upon the prin ciples of equa li ty and shall be regulated anrl apportioned by the lf,g. islature accordi ug to the population to be ascertained from time to time by the olli­cial ceusns. But until such apportionment by the legislature, the apportionm en t now estab lished bylawsha.JJ remain in force, with the following excep tions, namely: There sh all be but two r epresent:.t ives for the districts of Hilo and Puna on ihe island of Hawaii, but one for tho districts of Laba.iua an1l Ka.anapali on th e island of Maui, and but one for the districts of Koolauloaancl Waia l trn. on the island of Oahu .

ART. 61. No person shall bo eligible as a repre sentati Yc of the people unless he be a ma.Je subjeet of tbe Kiugclom, who shall have arrived at the full age of twenty-one years; who shall know bow to read and write either tbe Hawaiian, Euglisb, or some Eur opean lan g uaie; wl10 shall unrlerstand accounts; who shall have been dowieiled io the Kin gdo m for at least three years, t he fost of which shall be the yea r im1ne­diat ely pr ecedi ng hi.s election; and who shall own real estate wi th in the Kingdom of a clear Yalue, over and abo ve all l.'noumlJra.r1ees, of at ieas t $500; or who shall have au ann ual income of at least $250, derived from any property 01· sorue lawful employment .

F R 94 - .APP II--37

f>78 IIA WA ll AN ISLAND S.

ART. 62. Eve ry male re11ident of the Kingdom, of Hawaiia ,n, American, or E uro­p ean birth or dcScent, wh o shall have ta k en an oath to support the constitution and Jaws in the manner provid ed for electors of 11obles; who shall have paid h is taxes ; who shall hav-o atta.ined the age of twenty years ; and shall baYe been domiciled in the Kingdom for one year immed iately 1m1cedin~ the el ect ion, ancl shall know ho w to mad and write either the Baw:,i ian, E nglisu; or some Europ ean language ( if born since the year J8.J.O), aJ1d shall have ca,usocl nis name to be entered on the list of ,·oters of his distri ct as may be provided by law, shall be entit led to one vote for the representative or representativ es of that district, provided, however, that t,he reqn irernents of being domiciled in the Kingdom for one year immediately preceding the election, and of !mowing how to reacl and write eitber the Hawaiian, English, or some European language, shall not appl y to persona resid ing in t his Kingdom at the time of the promulgation of t,his constitution, if th ey shall register and vo t e at tho first electi on wbicb shall be held under this constitution.

ART 63. Ko per son s hall sit as a noble or repres en tative in the legisla tur e unless elect e(l under and in conformity with the provisions of this constitution. 'l'he property of income qnalifioation of represeuta .tivea, of nobles, and of electors of nobles mrty be incrensed l)y law, antl a r,roporty or inc ome qualific:1,tioo of electors of rep rese11tatives may be created and a.ltered by law.

ART. 80. The cabinet shail have power to mak e and publish all nec essary rules and reguhitions for the holding of any election or elections under this constitution prior to the p ass:ige by the ltigilllatu re of appror,ria.te Jaws for such pur11ose, and to provide for ad ministering to officials, subjects, and residents the o,tth to support this constitution . The first election hereuu<ler shall \le held within ninety days after the promulgat ion of th is constitution, and the legis lature then elected may be con­v ened at Honolulu, upon the call of the cab inet council in extraordinary session at such time as tbe cabinet council may deem necessary, thirty days' notice thereof being previonsly given.

ART. !l2. Any amendment or amenclrnents to this constit ution may l,e pro1iosecl in the l egis lature, and if the same sha ll be agreed to by it majority of t ho members t,boreof, such proposed ameudmeut or amendments shaU bo mitered on its journal, with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the next legislature; which proposed amendment or am endments sha ll be publisheclfor three mou t hsprcvions to the nex t election of reprcs entat i vos and nobles; and if in the next leg islature such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agree,l to by two -thirds of all the tuembers of th e legislature, such a1Dendment or nmenclments sha.U become part of the constitution of t his Kingdom.

These sectious disclose: F irst . A purpose to ta.ke from the King the power to appoint nobles

a.nd to vest it in persons l1aving $3,000 worth of unincnmbered prop· erty or a.n aunnal income above the expeuse of living of $GOO. This gave to the whites three-fourths of the vote for nobles and one-fourt h to the natives .

The provisos t o the fourth section of artic le 59 and article 62 have th is significant application . Between tlte years 1878 a,nd 1886 the Bawafatu Government imported from Madeira and the Azores Islands 10,216 contract laborers, men, women, and cllildren. Assume, for con­venience of a.rgnroent , that 2,000 of these were males of twenty yea.rs and upward. Very few of them could read and write . Only three of them were naturalized u1) to 1888, and since then only five more have become so. The remainder are subjects of P ortuga l. These were admitted to vote on takiug the following oath and receiving the accom­panying certificate :

No .--. liAWAilAN lJi LANDS,

island of --- , disM ct of-- , ,s. I,---, aged --- , a native of -- , rcsiclin::( at ---, in sa id clistri ct, do

sol emnly sweM, in t ho presenc e of Almighty Goll, t lia t I will support the const itu­t ion of the Hriwaiian King-dom promulg ated and procla imed on the 7th day of J nly, 1887, awl the Jaws of said K.illgdom. Kot hereb y renouncing, but express ly rcserviug , all allegiance and c itizenship now owing or held by me

Subscribed and sworn to before me this - - day of- - , A. J) . 18- . -- - ---,

Inape<:tor of Eleclio11,

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 579 No.- . HA.WAIJAJII ISLANDS,

Island of--, Di8trfot of-- , ss. I , the undersign ed, inspector of election, duly appointed and commissionetl, do

her eby certify that -- , aged-- , a natiYe of--, 1·eaiding at --, in said <listriot, lrns this day taken before me t he oath to support the constitution of the 1-fawaiiau Kingdom promulgated aucl proclaimed on the 7th da.y of July, and the laws of saicl Kingdom .

-- -- , I11spector of Electi()n.

- - - - 18- .

These ignorant labore rs were taken before the election from the cane fields in htrge uu1.0bers by the overseer before the proper officer to admin ister tlie oath and then car ried to the polls a,nd voted according to the will of the plantation manager . "Why was this donet In the language of tile Chief J ustice Judd , ''to ba.la,nce the native vote with the Portu guese vote ." '!'his same purpose is admitted by all persons here . Aga.iu, large numbers of Americans , Germa.ns, English , and other foreigners unnaturalized were permitted to vote nuder the fore­going form.

Two-thirds of this number were never naturali zed, but voted under the above form of oatb and certificate. Tliey were cit izens of the United States, Germauy, a.nd Gteat Brita .in, invited to vote uuder th is const i­tution to neutrali ze further the native vot ing strength . This same action was taken in connection with other European popul ations .

For the first time in the history of the country the uumber of nobles is mad e equal to tlie number of representatives. This furnished a veto power over the representatives of the popular vote to the nobles, who were sclecte<l by persons mostly holding foreigo allegiance, and not subjectoS of tlu~ Kiugclom. The election of a single representative by tl1e foreign element gave to it the legisla ture .

Tile power of appoiutjuga cabinet was left with tbe King . His power to remove one was taken away . The removal could only be accom. plisbed by a vote of want of confidence by a majorit ,y of all the elective members of the legislat ure . The tenure of office of a, cabinet minis tor l1enceforth depends on the pleasure of the legislatu re, or, to speak prac­tica.lly, on the favor of certain foreigners, America.us and Europeans .

Then it is d<\chu ed tha t no act of the Kiog shall have any effect unless it be countersigned by a member of the cabinet, who by that sig­nature makes himself responsible. Power is taken from the King in the select ion of nobles, not to be given to t he masses but to the wealtlly classes , ala.rgemajority of whom are not snbjects of the Kiugdom . P ower to remove a cabinet is taken away from him, not to ue conferred on a popular body but on one designed to be ruled by foreign subj ects . Power to do auy act was take n from the King unle ss countersigned by a member of the cabinet . This instrmnent was never submitted to th e people for approval or reje ction, nor was it ever contemplated by its friends and promoters, and of t his no man will make issue .

Prior to tllis revolution large quantities of arms had been brought by a secret league from San Francisco and placed amongst its members . 'l'!Je first election under this consti tn tiou took l)lace with the foreigo population well armed aud the troops hostile to the crown and people . '£he result w::1s the election of what was ter111ed a reform legislature . The mind of an observer of these events notes henceforth a division of the people by the terms na,tive and foreigner . It does not import race hostility siwply. l t is founded rather upon th e attempt ed contro l of th e country by a populatio n of fornig n origiu and zealously holding alle-

880 . HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

gia.nce t-0 foreign powers. It had an alliance with natives of foreign p~Lrentage, some of whom were the descendants of missionary ancestors. Hence the terms "foreigner" and "missionary" in Hawaiian politics have their peculiar significance.

Foreign ships of great powers lying in the port of Honolulu to pro­tect the persons and property of their citizens, and th ese same citizens left by their Governments without reproof for par ticipation in such events as I ha.Ye relat ed, must have restrained the native mind or indeed any miud from a resort to physical force. Its means of resis­tance was naturally what was left of political power.

Tu 18!)0 a legisl at nre was elected in favor of a new constitution. The calculation of the reformers to elect all the nobles failed, owing to a defection of whites, especially amongst the intelligent laboring classes in the city of Honolulu, who were qualified to vote for nobles under the income clause. The cabinet instiilled by the revolution was voted out. A new cabinet, in harmony with the popular will, was appoi11ted and remained in power until the death of the King in 1891.

In 1892 another legislature was elected. 'rJ1rum's Haurlbook of Information for 1893, whose author, a reformer and annexationist, is inrolligent and in the employ of the Provisional Government, and whose work is highly valued by aU persons, says, concerning this elec­tion:

The resn lt brought to the legislatUie three rathe-r even ly balancecl part ies. This, with an admixtnrn of self -interest in certain qnarters, has been the mean11 of much delay in the progress of the session, during which there have been no less than three new cal.)inets on "waut of confidence" resolutions .

Judge Widemann, of the national reform party, divides the legis­lature up thus: " Three parties and some independents. The national reform, reform, a,nd liberal." There were nine members of tl1e national reform party, fourteen members of the reform, twenty-one liberals, and four independents."

The liberals favored the old mode of selecting nobles; the nationa l reform party was in favor of a new constitt1tion reducing the qurLlifi­catiou of voters for nobles, and the reform party was in opposition to both these ideas.

There were a number of members of an these factions aspiring to be cabinet officers. This made certafo individuals ignore party lines and form combinations to advance pel'sonal interests. 'rbe reform party seized upon the situation a,nd made such combinations as ·voted out cabinet after cabinet u11til finally what was termed the Wilcox cabinet was appointed . This was made up entirely of reformers . Those mem­bers of the national reform and liberal pa,rties who had been acting with the reform party to tilis point, and expecting representation in the cabinet, being disap1)0inte<l, set to work to voto out this cabinet, which was finally accom1llished.

Th ere was never a time when the reform party had any a.pproach to a majority of members of the legishttlll'e.

Let it be borne in mind that the time now was near at hand when the legislature would probably be prorogued. Whatever cabinet was in power at the time of the prorogation hacl control of public affairs until a new legisla ture should assemble two years afterwards aud longer unless expelled by a. vote of want of confidence.

_\.n anti-reform cabinet w:as appointed by the Queen. Some faint struggle was made t-Owards organizing to vote out this cabinet, but it wa-s abandoned . The legislatiu-" was prorogued. The l'eform mem-

IlAWATTAN ISLANDS . 581

bers absenred thomseh·es from the session of that day in mauifestation

of their disappointment in the loss of power through the cabinet for

the cnsui11g two years . The letters of the American minister and naYal officers statione d at

II011olnlu m 1802 indicate that any failure to appoint a ministry of the

reform party would produce a political crisis. Tbe ·votiug out of the

"Wilcox cabinet produced a discontent amo11gst the reformers Yergiog

very closely towai·ds one, and had more to do with tbe revolntion than

tl1e Queen's proclamation. The first was th e foundation-the latter

t]1e opportunit ,y. Ju the legislatur es of 1890 aud 1892 many petitions were filed asking

for a new constitution. Many were prescuted to the King and Queen.

The discontent witli the constitution of 1887 and eagerness to escape

from it, controlled the elections against, the party which had established

it. Divi sions on the mode of clrnuging the constitntion, whether by

legislativ e action or hy constitut ional convention, and the necessity

for a, two thirds rnte of the legislature to efl'cc-t amcudments, prevented

relief by either method. Stwh was the situation at the prorogation of

the lt>gislatnre of18!>:3. Th is was followed by the usual ceremonies at the palace on the day

of prorogation-the 1)rese11ce of the cabinet, sup reme court judges,

diplomatic corps, and troops. The Queen ill f'ormecl her cabinet of her purpose to proclaim a new

co11stitution, and requested them to sign it. From the best information I can obtain the changes to the consti ­

tutiou of 1887 were as follows :

AnT. 20. By adding to exceptions : Memb ers of the privy council, n otary public,

agcntij lo tnkc ac1rnowlcflguient8. An-r. 22. li,V',trl,liu~ Princea Kawnnnnakoa and Kalaninn: to leaR hoirs to t.Jie throne.

A1n. 46. <.:baugiug tho session of tbe logislnture to the mouth of .April.

Am·. 49. That the Queen shall sign and approYe all bills and re solutions, even

to thoi;e that are votcll when paijijOd ovur hor ,·cto. ART. 56. Pay of reprc>~eutath·es rai~et.l to :!'500 iustead of $250 for hieuuitil term.

Atff, 57. The Queen shall appoint the nobles, uot lo exc<>od twenty-four.

ART. 60. 'l'he re11resenttitive s mn.y be incr eased from twenty -four, na at pre$ent,

to forty-eight. ART. 62. Only snujects shall vote. AnT. 65. The torm of 1tppornt111ent of th e suprorne court judges, not for life, as

before, but for six years. AnT. 75. The appointment of governors of each island for four-rears te rm.

Her ministers declined to sign,and two of them communica ,ted to lead­

ing reformers (~fr. L.A. '.l'lmrston, :i\fr. -w. 0. Smitll, and others) the

Queen's purpose and the posit iou \)f the cabinet. Finding herself

thwarted uy tl1e positio11 of the cabinet, she declared to the crowd

around tl1e palace tbat she could not give them a new constitution at

that time on accouut of tl1e action of her miuisters, and that she would

do so at some future time. This was construed by some to mean that

she would do so at an early day when some undefined, favorable oppor­

tunity should occru·, and by others when a uew lcgisla ,ture shoul d

assemble and a uew cabinet might favor her policy, or some other than

an extreme and revolutio11ary course could be rel::lorte<l to.

It seems tlrnt the members of the Queen' s cabinet, nfter muc h

urging, preYailcd up on bcr to abandon tlie idea of proclaiming a new

coni;;titntiou. 'l'lte coopera ,tion of the cabiuet appe:ns to J1ave-been,

in the mind of the Queen , necessa ry to give effect to her proclamat ion.

'rhi s metltod had been adopted by Kamehameh a V in proclaiming the

co11stitution of 1864. The const itutio n of 1887 prosor ved thi s same

582 BA W AII AN ISLA NDS .

form, in having the K ing proclaim that constitution on the recom mendat ion of the cabinet, which he had been prevailed upon by a com­mit tee from the mass meeting to appoint.

The leaders of the movement urged th e members of the Qneen's cab ­inet not to resign, feeling assured that until they had done so the Queen would not feel that the power rested in her alone to proclaim a, r1ew constitution. In order to give further evidence of her purpose to aban ­don the desig11 of proclaiming it, a proclamation was published on the morn ini of the 16th of Ja nuary, signe d by herself and her ministers, pledging her not to do so, and was communicated to Minister Stevens th at morning.

Th e following papers were among the files of the legatio n when turned over to me:

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN A:FFAIR S, Honol1ilu, B. I ., Jan1tary 16, 1893.

Sm: I have the honor to inclose to your excellency a copy of a "By Authoi·ity" Not ice issnecl this morning by Her Majesty 's minister,; un der Her Majesty 's sanction ancl approval.

I have the honor to be, with the highest r espect, your c::s.cellency'sobedien t ser vant, SAM UEL P ARKEil,

Minister of Foreign Affair,. To His Excellency JOHN L. STEVENS,

U·nited State8 .Em;oy Extraordii11a1·g am1l Min ister Plenipotentiary, Hunolu lu.

BY AunIORITY .

H er Majesty's ministers des ire to express their appreciation for the qu iet a,ncl ord er whi ch have prevailed in this community since t he events of Satu rday , ancl are authorized to say that the posi ti on t aken by Her Majesty in regarcl to the promu l­gation of a new constituti on wai, under stress of h er nat ive subject s.

Anthority is given for the assurance that any cha nges clesirecl in t he fundamental law of the lan <l will be sought only by methods proviclecl in the consijtution it self .

Her Majci;ty's miuist ,ers request a ll citizens to accept the assurance of Her Majcsr,y in the same spiri t in which it is gi veu.

LI LllJOKALANl. SAMUE L PAUKER,

Min-ister of Foreign Affa ir s. W. IL CORNWEL L;

Mini ster of Fina ·nce .. JO HN F. COLBURN,

Min-ister of the lntelio r. A. P. PETERSON ,

Atto rney-Ge11ernl.

On th e same da y a mass meet ing of be t ween fifteen hundred and two thousan d people assemb led , attende d by the leadin g men in the liberal and national reform parties, and adopte d resolu tions as follows :

Re8olved, That tl).e assurance of Her Majesty the Queen contained in this day's pr oclamation is accepted by the peopl e as a satisfactoi-_y guaranty that the GoVC'rn­ment cloes not and will not seek any mo<lili.cation of the constitution by any othe r means than t hose pr ovided in the organic law.

Resolve<l, That accepting this assurance, tho citizen s here assemble d will give the ir cordi al support t o the a.dministration, and indorse them in snstaiuiug that policy .

To the communication iuclosing tb e Queen's proclama ,tiou just cited, there appears to have been no response. On the next day, a,s if to give further assura nce, the following paper was sent to Mr. Stevens:

SIR: The assurance s conveyecl by a royal proclamation by myself and minist ers yest <'rday having be im receivcd l)y my nativo subjects, and by them rat ified at a mass mee t ing , was recei ved in a cliff'crent spirit by the meeting r epresenting t he fore ign popul atio n and iuterest ,s in my Kingdom . It is now my desi re to tive to your ex­cellenc y, as the diplon1atic representative of th e Uni ted States of Arncrica at my cour t, the solemn assurance that the pr esent constit ,nt ion will be upheld aucl main ­tained by me aml my minist ers, and no changes will bo made e,;:copt by the wet h ocls &herein pro vided.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 583

I desire to express to yonr excellency this assurance iu the spirit of that friend­ship which has ever exist ed between my Kingdom and thn,t of the Government of the United States of America, and which I ttust will long continue.

LILIUOKALANI R. By the Queen:

Ior.ANJ PAT.ACJ1!, El,moiutu, January 17, 1893.

$ A) IUEL PARKl:!:R, Min ·ister of J!'oreign ,,J_{faira.

W~1. H. COR.'i'WELL , M'i11.i8ter of Finance.

JOH~ F. COLBURN, Minister of the Interior.

,A. P. PETERSON, Attorney-Genercrl.

His Excellency JOIIN L. Sn:vE~S, Un-ited States Envoy Extraordi1wry and Minister Plenip otentiary, Honolulu.

On the back of the first page of this communication written in pencil is tbe word "Declined." Imm ediate ly under tbe signature of the at­torney-general, also in pencil, is written "1.30 to 1.45," and at the end of th~ second and last page this sentence, written in ink , appears: "Received at the U. S. Legation about 2 p. m."

'rhe cabinet itself could not be removed for two years, and the views of its members were well known to be against establishing a new con­stitution by proclamation of the Queen and ca,binet.

Nearly all of the arms on the islan d of Oahu, in which Honolulu is situated, were in the possession of the Qt1een's government. A milit~try force, organized and drilled, occupied the station house, the barracks, and the palace-the only points of any strategic significance in the event of a conflict.

Tl, e ~reat body of the people moved in tbeil- usual course. Women and children passed to and fro through the streets, seemingly uncon­scions of any impending danger, and yet there were secret conferences held by a. small body of men, some of whom were Germans, some Americans, and some native-born subjects of foreign origin.

On Saturday evening, the 14th of J'anuary, they took up the subject of dethroning the Queen and proclaiming a new Government with a view of annexation to the United States.

The first and most momentous question with them was· to devise some plan to have the Unite d States troops landed. Mr. Thur st on, who appears to have been the leading spirit, on Sunday sought two members o.f the .Queen's cabinet and urged them to bead a movement against the Queen, and •to ask Minister Stevens to land the troops, as­suring them that in such an event Mr. Stevens would do so. Failing to enlist any of the Queen's cabinet in the cause, it was necessary to devise some other mode to a-ecomplish this purpose. A committee of safety, consisting of thirteen members, had been formed from a little body of men assembled in W. O. Smith's office . .A. deputation of these, informing Mr. Stevens of their plans, arrauged with him to land the troops if they would ask it "fur the purpose of protecting life and prop­erty ." It was further f~greecl between him and them th at in the event they should occupy the government building and procla,im a new gov­ernment he woulLl recognize it. The two leading members of the com­mittee, Messrs . Thurston and Smith, growing uneasy as to the safety of their persons, went to him to know if he woulcl protect them in the event of their arrest by the authorities, to which he gave his assent.

At the mass meeting, caned by the committee of safety on the 16th of January, there was no communication to the crowd of any purpose to dethrone the Queen or to change the form of government, but ouly

584 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

t,o authorize the committee to ta.ke steps to prevent a consUJJ'llilatiou of the Queen's ·purposes and to have guarantees of public safety. The committee on public safety bad kept their purposes from the public view at this mass meeting and at their small gatherings for fear of pro­ceedings against them by the government of the Queen.

After the mass meeting had closed a caU on the American minister for troops was made in the following terms, and signed indiscriminately by Germans, by Americaus, and by Hawaiia.u subjects of foreign. extra.ction:

1'0 His Excellency JOHN L. STEVENS, .Jme1·i.can MfoiBte1· Reside11 t:

HA. W AIIAN ISLANDS, Honolulu, Ja11ua.1·y 16, 1893.

Sm: We, the undersigned, citizens and residents of Honolulu, respe ct full y repre sent that ,, in view of recent tmhlic eveuts in this Kin"<lom, culminating in tho revolutionary acts of Queen Liliuokalani on Saturday 'last, the public safotv is menaced a,1111 lives and property al'e in peril, and we appeal t-0 you aud tho Uuhml States forces a-t your command for assistance.

The Queen, mtb the aid of armed force and accompanied by threats of violence and b loodsh ed from those with whom she wl\s acting, attenipted to Jiroclaim a new constitut ion; and while prevented for thE' time from accomplishing her object, de­clared l)llhlicly that she-would only defer her action.

This conduct and action was upon au occasion and under circumsta ,nces which ~:we created general alarm aud terror.

We are uuahle to prntect ourselves without aid, and, t h erefor e, pray for the pro· te ction of the United States forces.

HENRY E . COOPF.R, F. W. M CC HF.SNEY 1 \V. C. Wn.nEn, C. BOLTE, A. BROWN, .WILLIAM 0. SMITH, HENRY '"A'l1mno us E, 'l 'Illl:0, P. LA.NSIN0 1 ED. SUHR, L. A. THURSTON, JOHN EMMELUTH, \VM. R. CASTLE, J. A . .l\fCCa.''WLESS,

Citizen'a Committee of Safety.

The response to that call does not appear in the files or on the rec­ords of the American legation. It,, therefore, can not speak for itself. The request of the committee of safety was, however, consented to by the American mini ster. The troops were land ed.

On that very night the committee :assembled at the house of Henry Water.Lwuse, one of its members, living the next door to M:r. Stevens, and fina,lly determined on the dethronement of the Queen; selecte d its officer~ civil and military, and adjourned to meet the next morning.

Ool. J . .ti . Soper, an American citizen, was selected to eomma,nd the military forces. At this Waterhouse meeting it was assented to by all that Mr. Stevens had agreed with the committee of safety that in tbe event it occupied the Government building and proclaimed a Pro­visiona l Government he would recognize it as a de facto government.

When the troops were landed on Monday evening, Jauuary 10, about 5 o'clock, an<l began their march through the streets with their small arms, artillery, etc., a great surprise burst upon the community. To but few was it understood. Not much time elapsed before it was given out by members of the committee of safety that they were designed to support them . At the palace, with the cabinet, amongst the leaders of the Queen's military forces, and the great body of th e people who were loyal to the Queen, the apprehension came that it was a movt1-

11.A. '-N AIIAN ISLANDS. 585

ment hostile to the existing Government . Protests were filecl by the minister of foreign affairs and by the governor of the isla,ncl against tile landing of the troops.

Messrs. Parker and Peterson testify that on Tuesday at 1 o'clock t,hey called on Mr. Stevens, and by him were informed tha ,t in the event tlie Queen's forces assailed t,he iusurrectiouary forces he would inter­vene .

At 2 :30 o'clock of the same day the memberR of tbe Provisional Gov­ernmeut proceeded to the Governmen t building in squads and read their proclarr:ation. They had sepa,rated in their march to the Government buildiug for fe}lr of observation and a.nest. There was no sign of an insurrectiona ,ry soldier on the street. The committee of safety sent to the Governmeu t building a l\'lr. A . S. Wilcox to see who was there, and, on being informed that tl1erewere no Government forces on the grounds, proceeded in the manuer I have rela ,ted a,ud read their proclama .tion. Ju st before conclu<liug the reading of th is instrum ent fifteen volunteer troops appeared . Vlithin a half hour afterwa ,rd some thirty or forty ma.de their appearance .

A part of the Que.en's forcrs , numbering 224, were located at the st a.tion house, about one-third of a mile from the Government building. The Queen, with a body of 50 trooJ)S, was located at tbe pala ce, north of the Governmen t building a,bout 400 yards. A little northeast of the palace and some 200 yards from it, at the barracks, was another body of 272 troop s. These forces had 14 pieces of artillery, 386 rifles, and 16 revolvers . ·west of the Government building and across a nar ­row street were posted Capt. 'Wiltse a.nd bis troops, these likewise hav­ing artillery and small-arms .

The Government building is in a quadrangular -shaped piece of ground surr ounded by st reets. The American troops were so posted as to be in front of any movement of troops which should approach tlte Government building on three side s, the fourth beiug occupied by tl,emselves. An y at tack on the Governmeut 1.milding from the east side would expose the American troops to the direct fire of the atta ck­ing force. Any movement of troops from t,he pa.lace toward the Gov­ernment building in t.he event of a conflict between the military forces would have exposed th l'm to the fire of the Queen's troop s. In fact, it would lia.ve been impossible for a struggle between the Queen's forces and t he forces of the committee of safety to have taken place witl10ut exposing them to the shots of the Queen's forces. To use tbe language of Admiral Skerrett, tbe Americ an troops were well located if desigued to promote the movement for the Provisional Goverr.ul<.,utand very improperly located if only intended to protect Amenca1\ eit1izens in per,,on and property .

They were doubtl ess so locat ed to suggest to the Queen and her coun­sellors that they were in cooperation with the insurr ecti <;mary move­ment, and would when the emergency arose manifest it by active sup­port.

It did doubtl ess suggest to the men who read the proclama tion that tbey were having the support of tbe Ameri can minister and naval commander a.nd were safe from perso nal harm.

Wl.ty had the American minister located the troops in sucl1 a situa­tion and then assured tbe members of tbe committee of sa.fety that on their occupation of the Goverumen t building he woul<l recognize it as a. government de facto, ancl as such give it support? Why was the Government building designated to them as the place which, when their procbmation was announced therefrom. would be followed by his

586 HAW A !IAN I SLANDS .

recognition. I t was not a point of any strategic consequence. It di~ not invo lve the employment of a sing le soldi er.

A build ing was chosen where ther e weL'e no troops stationed, where there was no st1·uggle to be made to obtain access, with au American force immediately contiguou11, with the mass of the popula tion im­pre ssed with i ts unfriendly attitude . Aye, more than th is-b efore any demand for surrender had even been made ou the Queen or on t he commander or any officer of any of her military forces at auy of the points where her troops were located, the Am er ican minister harl recognized the Pr ovisional Government and wa,s ready to give it th e support of the United States ·troops!

J\fr. Damon, tl1e vice-president of the Provisional Government au d a membe r of the adv isory counc il, fir st went to the station house, whic h was in command of Marshal Wilson. The cabinet was th ere located. The vice-president importuned the cabinet and the military comma,nder to yield up the military forces on the grou nd th at the American minis ­ter bad recogn ized the Provisional Gover nment and that there ought to be no blood shed.

After consi der able conferenc e between l\:Cr. Damon and the ministers he and they went to the governm ent buihUng .

Th e cabinet then and th ere was prevailed upon to go with the vice ­president and some other friends to the Queen an d orge her to acqui­esce in the situation. It was pres s ed upon her by the ministers and other person s at tha ,t conference tbat it was useless for her to make a11y contest, because it was one with the U nitecl States; that she could file her protes t against what had ta.ken place and would be entitled to a hearing in the city of Washington. After consideration of more than an hour sbe finally concluded, under the ad vice of her cabinet and friends , to order the delivery up of her milita ry forces to the Pro­visional Governme nt under pro test. Th at paper is in the foJlowing form:

I, Liliuokalan i, b y tho grace of Goel ancl under the constitution of the Hawaiia ,n Ringdom, Queen, do hereby solemn ly protest aga inst auy an u all acts clono against myself and tho coustitutionitl G'lvernruent. of t he Hawaiian l{ingdom by cel'tain persons elairuing to have establish ed a provisional governmen t of and for this King­aom.

Tha t I y ield to the superior force of ~he United Sta ,tes of America, whose minis ter plenipotent iary , His Excellency John L. Stevens, bas caused United States troops to be lauded at Honolulu and declarecl that be would support the saicl provi sional gov· ernment .

Now, lo avo id any colli sion of armed for ces and perhaps the loes oflifo, I do, under this prote-st, ancl impell ed by sai(l force , ,ie ld my author ity un t il su ch ti me as tb e Governm ent of the Unit e<l S tates sha ll , upon the facts being presented to it, und o the action of its re presentatives a,nd reinstate me in the authority which I claim as the const itutional sovereign of the Ritwa,jia ,n Islands .

Done at Honolulu thiB 17t h day of Janna ry, A. D. 1893. LILIUOK ALANI, R. SA:\IUEL P ARKF.R,

Minister of Foreign A.tfciirs. \Vi,r. H. CORNWELL,

Mi'lli8ier of Fi11a'IIC11. JT..N.n. §. . C.<UJIIl.RN; .

.Minister of the Interior. A. P . PET ERSON,

.tl.ttorney-Ge11cral.

All this was accomplished without the firing of a gun, without a dc:­mand for sur rend er on the pa.rt of t he insurrectionary forces until they had been converte d into a de facto government by the recognition of the American minister with American troops, then rea dy to inte rfere -in the event of :111 attack.

H AWAIIAN IS LANDS 587

In pursuance of a prearra,uged plan, the Government tbns estab­

lisbed hastened off commissiouers to Washington to make a treaty for

the put'pose of annexing tho Hawaiian I slands to the Unite d States . Du ring tbe progl'ess of the 111ovemo11t the committee of safotyt

alarmed at the fact that the insurr ectiouists had no troops and no

organization, despatchecl to Mr. Stevens three persons, to "Wit, ~1essrs.

L. A. Thurston, W. 0. Wilder, and H.F. Glade, "to inform him of tho situation and ascertain from him what if any protection or assh;tance

could be afforded by the United States forces fot· the pc-otection of life

and property, the unanimous sentiment a,nd feeling bei11g that life aod

propert y were in danger." Mr. Tburst-0n is a 11ative-bom subject; 1\fr.

Wilder is of American origin, but has absolved his allegiance to the

United States and is a naturalized subject; l\'lr. Glade is a Germau subject.

The declar ation as to the purposes of the Queen contained in tbo

formal request for the appoiutment of a committee of safety in view

of the facts which ha,ve been recited, to wit, the action of the Queon and her cabinet, the action of the Royalist, mass meeting, and the peace­

ful movement of her followers, indicating assuranc es of their abandon­

ment, seem strained in so far as a11y situa,tion then requiring the larnl­

ing of troops might exact. The request was made, too, by mon avowedly inte nd ing to overthrow

the existing government a,ncl subst i Lute a provisioua.J government there­

for, aod who, with such purpose in progress of being effected, could

not proc eed therewith, but fearing arrest and imprisoument and with­

out any thou ght of a,bando11ing that purpose, soug·ht the aicl of tl10

American tro ops in this situation to prevent any harm to their persous and property. To cousent to an application for such a purpose without

any suggestiou dissuading the applicants from it on the part of the

Arnerica ,n minister, with naval forces under his command, could not

otherwi se be const rued than as complicity with their plans. The committee, to nse their own language, say: "vVe itro unab le to

protect ourselves without aicl, aud, therefore, pray for the protection

of the United States forces." In less than thirty hours the petitioners have overturned the throne,

established a u,ew government, and obtained the recognition of foreign

powers. Let us see whether any of these petit;oners are American citizens,

ancl if so whether they were entitled to protection, and if entitled to protection at this point whether or not subsequently thel'Cto their

conduct was such as could be sanctioned as proper on the part of

American citizens in a foreign country . Mr. Henry B. Cooper is an American citiz en· was a member of the

the committee of safety; was a participant ft·om the beginning in

their schemes to overthrow the Queen, establish a Pro visional Govern­

ment, and visited Capt . Wiltse's vessel, with a view of securing the

aid of American troops, and made an encouraging report thereon. He, a,n American citizen, reacl the proclamation dethroning the Queen and

tablishing the Provi sional Government . Mr. F. W. McChesney is an American citizen; was cooperating in

the revolutionary movement, and had been a member of the adv isory

council from its inception. Mr. W. 0. Wilder is a naturalized citizen of the H awaiian Islan(ls1

owing no allegiance to any other conuh·y. H e was one of the origina l members of the advisory council, n11d one of the orat ors in tbe mass

meet ing on the morning of January 16.

588 HAW AI IAN ISLA:11.'DS.

Mr. C. Bolte is of German origiu, but a regularly natura.lized citizen of the Hawaiian Islands.

l\Ir. A. Brown is a Scotchman and has never been naturnlir.ed. l\lr. W. 0. Smith is a natfre of foreigu origin and a subject of the

Island s. :i\lr. Ilenry Waterl.Jouse, originally from Tasmania ., is a natnralized

citizen of the islauds. ' ~Ir._ Theo. F ._Lansing is a citizen of the United States, owing and

clannmg allegiance thereto. He has never been natt1ralized in tl.Jis COtllltry.

::\[r. Ed . Suhr is a German subject. :l\Ir. L. A. Thurston is a native-born subject of the Hawaiian Islands

of foreign origin. ' :l\Ir. John Emmelntb is an American citizen. l\Ir. W. R. Castle is a Hawaiian of foreign parentage. l\fr. J. A. MeCauclless is a citizen of the United States-never hav­

ing been natlll'alize<l here . . Six are Hawaiians subjects; five are American citizeus; one Eng­

lis}1, an~ O?-e German. A majority are foreign su~jects. I t will be observed that they sign as "Citizens' committee of

safety." This is the first time American troops were ever landed on tbese

islands at the instance of a, committee of safety without notice to ... ,he existiug government.

It is to be observed that they claim to be a citizens' committee of safety and that they are not simply applicants for the protection of the property a11cl lives of American citizens .

The cl1ief actors in this movement were l\fessrs. L.A. Thmston and W . 0 . Smith.

Alluding to the meeting of the committee of sa,foty held at Mr. vV. R. Castle's on Sunday afternoon, January 15, Mr. W. 0. Smith says:

After we adjonmed Mr. Thurston and l called upon the American minister again and informed l1im of what was being done. Among otl1er tbiugs we talkccl oYer with him what had better lJe done in case of our being arrested, or ext1·1'me or vio­lent measures being taken by the monarchy in regard to us. We did not know what steps would be taken, and there was a feeling of great unrest and sense of' danger in the communit.v. Mr. Stevens g:we assnnmce of bis earnest purpose to aiforcl all the protection that was in his power to 1)l"otcct life ancl property. He emphasized the fact that whil<J he woul<l call for the United States troops to protect life and J)l'Ope1·ty, he coulcl not rccoguizo any government until aetunlly estaulishecl.

Mr. Damon, the vice-president of the Provisional Government, TCturn­ing from the country on the even ing of the lGth, and seeing the troops in the streets, ,inquired of Mr. Henry .. Waterhouse, "Henry, what does all this mean1" 'l'o which he says, if he "remembers rightly," :Mr. Waterl.Jouse replied, "It is all up!" Ou being questioned by me as to bis understanding of the expression, "It is all up," he said he understood from it that the American troops had taken possession of the island.

l\Ir. C. L. Carter, at the government house, assured Mr. Damon that the United States troops would protect them. Mr. Damon was aston­ished when they were not immediately marched over from Arion Ilall to the government building and became uneasy. Ile only saw protec­tion in the bodily pre sence of the American troops in tl.Jis building. '£lie committee of safety, witb its frequent interviews with Mr. St.evens, Raw it in the significance of the position occupied by the United States troops and iu the assurance of Mr. Stevens that he would interfere for the purpose of protecting life and property , and that when they should

HAWAITAN ISLANDS . 589

have occupied the government building and read their proclamation dethroning the Queen and establishing the Provisional Government he would recognize it.

The committee of safety, recognizing the fact that the landing of the troops under existing circumstances could, according to all law and precedent, be done only on the reqnest of the existing Government, l1avi11g failed in utilizing the Queen's cabinet, resorted to the new device of a committee of safety, made up of Germans, British , Ameri­cans, and natives of foreign origin , led and directed by two native subjects of the Hawaiian Island~.

With these leaders , subjects of the Hawaiian Islands, the American minister consulted freely as to the revolutionary movement and ga,ve them assurance of protection from danger at the hands of the royal Government and forces.

On January 17 the following communication, prepared at the station house, which is one -third of a mile from the Government building and two-thirds of a mile from the residence of the American mini:;ter, was sent to him :

DEPARTMENT 0.1? Form1GN AFFAIRS, Ho11olulu, ,January 17, 1899.

Hie Exce11ency JORN L. STEVENS, Envoy Extrao 1·di11a1·11 a11cl .Jfi11ister Plenipotential'!J, etc.:

Sm: Hor llawai i,,n Majesty's Government, having been in formed thr.t certain per· i,ons to th em nnknown, have issued proclamation decla r ing a Provisiomil Govero went to exist in opposition to Her l\Ia,jesty's Go\·ernment, and having pretended to depose the Qneen, her cabinet and mar:shal, antl that certain t,reasonaule persons at present occupy the Government lrnilcliug in Honolulu with nn nrmed force, and pretending tbat your excellenc;v, on behalf of the United States of An Jerica, has recognized such f'ro\'isionnl Covernmeut, Her l\Iajcsty's cabiuetasksrespectfully, hrui your excellency recognizedsaitl Provisionnl Govel'Dment, ancl, if not, Her1Jajcsty's Government under the above e::dsting cir cumsta nces resp ect folly requests the assistance of your Govern­ment in preserving t,he peace of the country.

\Ve have the honor to be your excellency's obedi.ent servants, $A)1UF.L p A RKER,

.Mi11islel' Fol'eii,n .tlffairs. WM . ll . CORNWELL,

Minislel' of Fi11a11ce. J OHN F. COLBURN,

.Mi.nistel' of the Interior. A. P. P1n1mso::-.,

.ti tlol'l1ey-G ,m eral.

In it will be observ ed the declaration that the Provisional Govern­ment is claiming to have had his recognition. Tbe reply of :i.\Ir. Stevens is not to be found in the records or files of the legation, but on those records appears the following entry:

UNI1'EID STATRS L EGATION, Ho11olril11, ,January 17, 1893.

About 4 to 5 p. m. of this date-am not certain of the precise time-the note on file from the foul' ministers of the cleposecl Queen, inquiring if I had recogoizNl the Provisional Government , came to my hands while l was lyinir sick on the conch. Not far from 5 p. m.-I did uot think to look at my watch-I aclclressecl a. short note to Hon. Samuel Parker, Hon. Wm. H. Cornwell, lion. John F. Colburn, and Hon. A. P. Peterson, no longer regarding thorn a.s ministers, informing them that I bMl rec­ognized the Provisional Government.

JOHN L. $TEVENS 1 United Stat/J8 .i!Iini;1ter.

This communication was received at the station l1ouse and read by all of the ministers and by a number of other persons .

After this Mr. Samuel ~L Damou, the vice-presideut of the Provi­sional Government, and Mr. Bolte, a member of the advisory council, came to the station house and gave information of the proclamation

590 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

and asked for the delivery up of the station hottse, tho former urging that the government had been recognized by the Americau ministe r, an(] that a,ny struggle would cause useless bloodshed .

The marsha l declared that he was able to cope with the forces of the Pro\"i~ional Government and those of the United States successfully, if tl1e latter interfered, and that he would not surrende r except by the wri tt en order of the Qneen .

After consi<lcr,tble conforeuce, the cabinet went with Messrs . Damon au <l Bolte to tho Govemment building and met the Pr ovisiona l Gov­ermuent, and there indicated a dispo::-itiou to yield, but said that they must first consult with the ciueen.

Tlte members of the Queen's cabinet, accompanied by :oirr. Damon, prt.•ceded by the police, and met the (lueen. There wero also present :Messrs. H. A . Widemauu, Paul Neumann, E . 0 . l\Iacfarlane, J . 0 . Ca,rter, and others .

As to what occurred there I invite your attention to the following statement, made by the vice-pre,;ident of the Provisional Govern­ment, and certified by him to be correct:

Q. In that conversation you asked for a surr<'mlcr of the forces a.ncl tl1e ministe r s adYised itf

A. Tho ,lifforent ouos spoke and they all reco1u1uendod it. Ea,,h one spoke. At fir~t Jndgo Wiclemann wa5 opposecl to it , bnt he fin:1Jl.r change,\ his mind on tho :uh-ice of M.r. Nenmann .. Mt·. Neumann advisetl yiehling. Each 0110 acll"ised it .

Q. \:Vas the a dvii-e of Neumann and tho cal>inet b:1sed on the idea that the Queen would have to couteucl with the United States forces IH! woll as tho forces of the Provis ional Governmenti

A. It was the Queen's idea that she could surrender peuclin~ a settlement at ·wash­ing ton, and it w;~s on th,it condition that she ~ave up. lf I ro1nernber right I s1)oke to her also . I saHl she eonld surrender or abcl1 cate under protest.

(l . Aull that the J>rotest wouhl be consiclored at a later pcriocl at Waslaiogton f A. At a later per iod.

* • * • • .. I know it was the Queen's idea thnt .Mr. Stevens was in sympathy with this movo­

ment. (>. llut I nm asking now ns to what reasons the ministers i:a.ve for her ncqui­

t:SC•mcef A. It was their icloa that it was use loss to carry on; that it would be provocative

of bloo,lshed and tron hlo if she persisted in tl10 matter lon~er; that it was wiser for her to ,1h<licate U1Jder protest and have a heariug a,t a later time; that the fol·cea a~aiust h,•r wen , too st1·uug .

Q. Ditl lhl'y indicate tho United States forcos in any wayf A. I clo uot rcmc1111Jc-r their rloitlg ao. <i. Do ~·on know wl1other or uot at that timo they worn untler the impression that

tho United States forces wl're iu symJrnth~ · wiLh the reYolution i A. Be.,·oticl an imp,·ession T know uothiug dcfiuitc. Q. What was the rosuH of i,his conference with the Qucou 'l \Vhatwas ngreed on f A. She signed a document su.rronderiug her .rights to tho Provisional Go,ernmcnt

under J>rotcst. • • • #

She was reluctant to agree to this, bnt was advised that the ,\·hole sd . ect wauld eomo 111) for fiunl consideration at \\'ashiugton .

* • • # * • • I ,lid tell her thaL she wouhl h:we a l)Orfect r ight to be heard at a later period. Q . Dy the United Statos Governmentt .A. Yes.

All the persons present except J\Ir . D~m on formally state :rnd certify that in t,his discussion it was conceded by all tha,t l\Ir. Steveus had recognized the Provisional Go,·emment . This l\1r. Damon says lie does 11ot clearly recollect, but tlJat he is under the impression tha ,t a,t that time the Provisional Government had been recognized. Save Mr. Damon, these witnesses testify t o tbe impression made on the ir minds aud on tbat of the ("lueell. that the American minister and the America n nav a l commaudor were cooperating iu the insurrectiouary movement.

RAW AIIAN ISLANDS . 591

.A..s a resu lt of the conforence, there was tben and th1:1re prepared the protest wliich has beell cited.

The time occupied in this conference is indicated in the follo\\·ing lau-g uago by Mr. Damon : ·

Wo wont over (to the Palaoo) between 4 and 5 an<l remained un1;iJ 6 discussing the situation.

Mr. Damon and the cabinet retnrued to the Provisional Government, presented the protest, and rresi .clent Dole iu<lorsed on the same:

Received by the hands of the late cabinet this 17th day of JanuarycA· D. 1893. SANFORD ll. JJOLR,

Chairman of the Executire Com,cil of Provitio11al Goverm1ie11t.

After this protest tbe Queen ordered the delivery -up of the station lionsc, where was an important portion of the military forces, and th~ uarracks, wllere was another force.

'I'be statements of many witnesses at the station house and at the co11fercnce witl1 the Queen, that tbereply oO,fr . Stevens to the cabinet on tl1e subject of recognition had been received when Mr. Damon and J\Ir. Bolte called there, and also the statements at tlle conference with tlle (~ueen that the recognition had taken place, are not contradicted by Mr. Daaion; but wl.ien inquired of toucbing tllese matters, he uses sncll expressions as" I can not remember. It might luwe been so."

Mr. Damon says that he is under tlle impression that he knew wllen he went to this conference with the Queen that the recognition bad ~aken place.

l\Ir. Bolte, another member of the ProYisional Government,in a formal statement macle and certified to by him, shows very much confusion of memory, but says: " I can 11ot say what time in the cla.y 1iir. Stevens Rent his recognition." He tbinks it was after sunset.

1\Jr. Hemy ·waterhouse, another memuer of the Provisional Govern­ment, sa.ys: "We had taken possession of the barracks and station house before the recognition took place."

It will be observed that I have taken the communication of the Queen's ministers and the memorandum of Mr. Stevens as to his reply and foe time thereof, to wit: "Not far from 5 p. m. I did not think to look at my watch ."

This information was then transmitted to the station house, a dis­tance of two-thirds of a mile, and before the arrival of Messrs. Damon and Bolte. This fact is supported by nine persons present at the inter­view with Mr. Damon and .l\lr. Bolte. TLen another l)eriod of time inte1'venes bewee11 the departure of l\Ir. Damon and the cabinet, pass­ing over a distance of one-third of a mile to the Government building. Then some further time is consumed in a conference with the Provisional Government before tlie departure of Mr. Damon and the cabinet to the palace, where was tlrn Queen. The testimony of all persons present p1:oves that the recognition by Mr. Stevens bad then taken place. Subsequent to the signing of the protest occurre d the turniug over of the military to the P rovisional Government .

Inquiry as to the credibility of all these witnesses satisfies me as to their clrnracter for veracity, save one person , Mr. Colburn. Ile is a merchant, an d it is said be makes misstatements in business trans­actions. No man can reasonably doubt the tmth of the statements of the witnesses that Mr. Stevens had recognized tJ1e l'.)rovisional Govern­ment before Messrs . Damon and Bolte went to tbe station house.

Recu rr ing to l\1r. Stcvens's statement as to the time of his reply to th e

592 HAWAIIAN ISLA~rns .

lette r of the cabinet, it does not appear ho'll long before this reply he bad recognized the Provisional Government . Some wituesRP.S fix it at three aud some at half-past three. According to J\fr. Damon be went over with the cabinet to meet the <iueen between four and five, all(l, taking into account the periods of time as indicated by the sevcra ,l events antecedeut to th is visit to the palace, it is quite probnble tbat the recognition took pla.ce iii the neighborhood of 3 o'clock. Tbis wonld be within one-balf hour from the time tbat Mr. Cooper com­menced to read the proclamation establishing that Govern!llent, and , allowing twenty minutes for its reading, in ten minutc-s thereafter the recoguitiou must have taken place .

Assuming that the recognition took place at ba;lf-past 3, tllere was not at the Government building with the Provisional Government e;ceccliug 60 raw soldiers .

Iu conversation with me l\fr . Stevens said that ho know the barracks and station-house had not been de livered up when ho recoguizccl the Provisional Government; that he did 11ot care anything about that, fOi· 25 men, wen a.rrucd, could have run the wllole crowd.

The re appears on the files of the legation this communication:

His Excellency JOHN L . STEVF.NS, United Slale8 Alinistiw Rlltident :

GOVERNlrnNl' BUILDING,

Honolulu, Janua,·y 17, 1899.

Sm: I acknowledge rec!'ipt of your valtted communication of this day, recognizing the Hawaiian Provis iona.J Government, and express deep appreciation of the same.

We h ave conforrecl with tile ministers of the late governm ent, and h11ve made demand upon tho marshal to surrender the sfatiou-bouse. ,ve are not actually yet in J?Ossessiou of t,he station-house; but as night is appro:tching anll our forces may be msufficient to maintain order, we request the immetliate support of the United States forces, and would reqnest tl1at the commander of the U. S. forces take com­mand of our military forces; so that they may act together for the protection oi the city.

Respectfully yours, SAN F ORD B. Dou:,

Cluiinnai• Executive Co1111cil •

.Afte r the recognition by Mr. Stevens, Mr. Dole thus informs him of his having seen the Qneen's Cabinet and demacled the smrender of the forces at the sta ,tion-house. This paper contains the evidence that before l\fr. Dole had ever had any conference with the Queen's minis ­ters, or made any demand for the surreuder of her military forces, the Provisional Government hacl been recognized by Mr. Stevens.

On this paper is written the following: The above request not complied with.-STEVENS.

This is the only reference to it to be found on the records or among th e files of the legation.

This memorandum is not dated. With the Provisional Government and its forces in a two-acre lot, and

the Queen's forces unlli::iturbed by their presence, this formal, digni­fied decla,ration on the part of the .President of tbe Provisional Govern­ment to the .American minister, after first tl1anking him for his recog ­nition , informing him of bis meeting witl1 the Queen's cabinet aucl admitting that the statiou -l1ouse had not been surrendered, and stat­ing tbat his forces may not be sufficient to ma.iutain order, and asking that the American commander unite tlle forces of the United States with those of the Provi::;iona 1 Government to protect the city, is in ludi­crous contr ast with the declaration of the American ministe r in his

HAW AIIAN ISLANDS . 593 pr ev ious letter of recog nit ion t hat tl1e Provi sionnl Government was in full possess ion of the Gov cn nne11t lrnildings, tli e n,rchive s. t lie treasury, aud in contro l of the Il awniiau capi tal.

In Mr. Ste veus's dispatch to Mr. Fo ste r, No . 79, J anuary 18, 18!)3, is tll is paragraph:

As soon as prac ti cab le a Prod!lional Gover nment wM const it nt,eil, Mmposed ol four highly respectable men, with Judge Dolo nt Urn J1onrl, he ha .vi11g l'esig,w<l b is

!,Jaco on the suprc ml\ bench t-0 nBsnme thi1:1 r PfipouRihil ity. He was 1.)01·11 in Hono­ulu, of American l)arentag e, educntcd here autl in tbtJ U11itctl States, noel is of tho

highest r ep utati on among all citiz ens , IJoth nat in11 .ind wltites. P. C. Jones ill a nat ive of Boston, Mass., w ealthy, possessmg propcrt~· intH<'Sts in tho island, ond a reside nt h ere for many years. The other t,wo 111e111 bers ure of the h ighest reSJH·•·ta­bility. The commit tee of public safct ,y foJ'tLwith took possc11sion of tho Covemuu• nt t.uiltlin~s, archives, and trea,iury, and insti~llod the Pl'o visional Government at t he hea<ls of the respectiv e de1iart meuts. Thi s being an accomplis/1ed fad, I 1n-0111ptly reo­a1111i::ed the P.roviaio11al Got'er11me11t as t/ie DE 1.-ACTO gorct·11111ent of the Hawaiian I~la11cla. The English ministe r, the Portugese cbarg6 d'aJfoircs, the French and the Japanese rommissiouers promptly did lbe same; those, with myself, being th o only memliera of tho diplomatic corp s residin g here .

Road in the li ght of what has immediatel y pre ceded, it is clear that be recogn ized tbe Provisi onal GoYemm cnt Yery soon after the proclarna Uon of it was made. Th is procla mati on annou nced tlJC organizatic,n of tbe Go vern ment, i ts form aud oflkials . The qu ick re«·ognition -.. &8 the performance of bi s p ledge to tl1e committee of fiafety . Tho re(,l,g­nition by fol'Cign JJOwerR, as herein stated, if- incorrect. 'rt 1ey are cl ,1,((:<l. on the 18th, the da y foll owil1g that ot' l\Ir. Stevens.

On the day of the revo1nt iou neitl1er th e P ortugu ese clrnrg~ d' af­faire s nor the French commissioner hncl any communication, \'lr itten or or al, with t l1e Prov isionnl GoYermncnt tmt il after dark, wl1e.i th ey went to tlt e Govcrnme11t building to 1mden,tnnd t11e situa ltt1>u of affairs . They did not th en announce their r e<'ogni tion.

The Br itish minister , e\'Cral hour s after l\lr. Steveus's re«'ognit ion , believing tha t tlte P roYh,ioual Governmerrt was susta ined by th e Amer­ica n mini ster and nav al forces, a11d that th e Queen's troops could not and ough t not t-0 enter tnt o a str uggle with the Uni ted Stnt ~s forc es, and l1aving so pr eviou sly inform ed the Queen's cabinet , did go to the P rovisio nal Gov ernmen t and ind icat e his purpo se to recogn i.tc it .

I can not assme myself about the nction of tlJe Japauclio commis­sioner. Mr. Stev ens was at his home sick, and some one evideut ly misinformed him as to the tlue e :first .

In a let ter of the Haw ai ian commi ssioners t,,o Mr. Fo ster, dated Feb ­ru ary 11, is this pa ragraph:

Sixth. At tl1e tim o tho Pr o,isiona l Governme nt took possession of the Governmcn~ bu ildings 110 American troop s or officers were present or took part in such pro c<'rd­iogs in any m:11111or whatov1·r. No p ubli c r eC'-oguiti on w~s accorde1l th o Provisioua l Govemm cnt by tho Amer ican mi11ister unt,il tl ,ey w ere in possession of th o Gov, ·ru­ment liuilding 9, t ho arc hiv es. n11<1 the tr eoso r y, supported by sei:ernl /11u1<ll'ed m·m ed mm and after the abdica tio11 by Ilic Q11ee11 a11d t/1et11rre11cler to the Prn cisioiial Oorer11111cnt of her .forcu .

l\!a.rk the ,vords, "a.nd after the nb<l ica tion by the Queen and th e suneud er to tllo rrovi sionn l Gove1·11111(•11t of h er forces." It is sig11cd L. A. Thur ston, W . C. vTilder, Willi nm R. Cnstle, J. Marsde n, an d Oharles L . Cart er .

D id the spiri t of ann exa tion mi s lead these gen tlemen. If n ot, " bat ma lign infl uen ce tempt ed President Dole to a cont rar y statem en t in hi s cited letter to t11e A mol'ican miui ste r1

The Gov ernm ent, b11ildi11g is a ta ste ful structure, witl1 ampl e sp ace for the wants of a city gove rnm ·eot of 20,000 peop le. l t is near the

FR 9 .J.-A PP II-- 38

594 TIAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

centct of a 2-acre lot. Iu it the legislature and snpreme c·,ouu bold tLeir sessions ancl tlie cabinet ministers lrn ,·e their oilices .

Iu one corner of this lot in tl1e rear is au ordinary two -story struc:tnre con taming eight rooms. This building ,rns used by the tax assessor, the 1>11peri11tclHlent of waterworks, aud the Government survey oilice. In another corner is a small wooden structure containing two rooms used by the board of health.

These constitute what is termed in the corrcspoudencc between the Pro,·isional Government aud tlae Arnerica11 minister aud the Govern­ment of the United States "government clcpartrnental buildings."

·whatever lack of hannouy of st~1temeut as to tiwc may appear iu tl1e cvitle11ce, the statements in documents :u1tl the consecutive order of events in which tho witnesses agree, a.11 do force tts to but one con­clusion - that the American minister recognized the P1·0Yisioual Gov­ernment on tl1e sim11le fact tuat it had ente1·cd a hou,-c designated somc:times as tlic Go,ernmcnt buillli11g and sornetimc::; as Aliiolani HalE'( sic), wl1ich had never beeu reganled as te11able ill military opera­tions and wa,s uot so regarded by the Queen'::; ofncers iu the disposi­tion of thoir military forces, these being at the ,-tation house, at the paln,.:c, aml at the barracks.

l\lr. Stc ,·eus co11sultcd freely with the leaders of the revolutionary movement from the eveuing of tlJe 14tL. 'l'hcse dixcloi;ed to him all thcir plans. 'l'lH•,r fcarctl arrest and puui:,:l1me11t. He promised tlaem protection. They ueccled the troops ou ::;hore to ovcrnwe the (Jueen',; supporters and Government . This Le agreed to all(l did furnish. They hatl few arm::; H,nd 110 trai11ed soldiers. Titer <lid not mean to fight. It was arranged between them a11tl the American miuistcr that the proclamation tlethrouing tile Quce11 a.ncl organizing a provisional gov­ernme11t should be read from tho Government building aud he wonl<l follow it with a spcclly recognitio11. All this was to be done witlJ American troops providecl with small-arms a11cl artillery across a uar­row street witlii11 a, stone's throw. ~'his was douc.

Then e<>mmcntcd arguments and importunities to the military com­mander a,ud the Qnceu that the United States bad recognized the Provisional Govel'llment ancl would support it; that for them to per­sist involved useless blootlsiled.

No soldier of the Provisional Government ever left the 2-aere lot. The Queen finally surrendered, not to these so ldiers and their leaden,

but to the Provisional GoYermncnt on the convfotion that the Ameri­can minister and the American troo1>s were promoters and supporters of the reYolntion, ancl tha ,t slie conhl only ap1>ea.l to tlte Government of the United States to render justice to her .

The leaders of the revolutionary movement would not have under­taken it but for l\Ir . Steven s's promise\ to vrotect tbem against anydauger from the Government. But for this their ruass meeting would uot have been held. nut for this no request to laud the troops would have been made. Uacl tho troops not l>ecn lauded no measures for the organi.i;a­tion of ,t nc\Y Government wonhl h,we been taken .

The American lllinis.ter antl the revolntioum·y leaders lrn.d dct~rmined on a,nnexation to the United States , and had agreed on the part each was to act to the very cutl .

Prior to 1887 t,vo-thil'ds of the fo1·eigners cli<l not become natural­ized . The America11s, British, and Germans es1)ccially would 1Jot give up the protection of those strong goYcrnments and rely upon that of the Hawaiian Islauds. To such persons tlie constitution of 1887

_I-IA W .6.IIAN I SLANDS. 5D5

declare d: ",Ve ucetl your vot e to overcome that of our owu nat i,e su~jects . 'l'ake the oatll to support the Hawaiian Government, with a distinct reservatio11 of allegiance to your own." Two -thi rds of the Europeans and Ameri cans now voting were thus induced to vote ma strnnge country with the pledge that such act did not a1foct the ir citi­zenship to their native country . The purport and form of this affida­vit apvea r in the citations from the constitution of 1887 and the form of oath of a fore1gu voter. See page 12.

The list of registered voters of American mid European origin, in­cluding Portuguese, discloses 3,715; 2,091 of this nnmber are .Por-tu­gnesc. Only eigl1t of these impor ted Portugne .se have ever been nat­uralized in tltesc islauds . To this should be added 106 persons, mostly negroes, from the Cape Verde Isla11Cls, who came here voluntarily sev ­eral years prior to the perio<l of state importa tion of laborers.

The commander of the military forces of the Provisional Governmen t on th e day of the dethr011ing of the Queen and up to tl1is hour l1as never given up his Amer ican citi zenship, but expressly reserved the same in the form of oath alrnady disclosed and by a continuous asser­tion of the same .

The advisory council of the Provisional Government, as establishe d by the proclamation, consisted of John Emmeluth, an American, not naturalized; Andrew Brown, a Scotchman, not naturalized; C. Bolte, naturalized; James F. 1\forgan, naturalized; Remy Wa terhouse, nat­uralized; S. M. Damon, na,tive; W . G. Ashley, an Ameri can, not na.tura.Iize<l; E. D. Tenney, an American, not natur alized; F. W. Mc­Ohesney, a,n America,n, not naturalized; vV. C. ·wilder, natura.lized; J. A . l\:lcOandless, an America,n, uot naturalized; 1.V. R. Castle, a na,tive ; Lorriua A . Thurston, a native; F. J. 'Wilhelm, an American , not naturalized,

One-half oft .his body, then, was made up of persons owing allegianc e to the United States and Great Brit~~in.

'l'he anne xati on mass meeting of the lGth of J anuary was made up in this samo manner .

On the 25th of Febrna ry, 18.J.3, under pressure of British nava l forces, the King ceded the countr y to Lord George P anlet, "subject to the decision of the British Gove.nuneut a/for full information ." ~rha t Government res tored their independence. It made a deep impress10n on the native mind .

This na tional experience was recalled by J udgo Wideman 11, a Germa n of clrn.racter and wealth, to the (~ueen to satisfy her tha ,t the esta,blish­meu t of the Provisioua,l Governmen t, through the action of Capt. Wiltse and M:r. Stevens, wonld be repu<lia.ted by the United States Govern ­ment, and that she could appeal to it . Mr. Damon urged upon he r t]iat she would be entitled to such a hearing . He was the repres enta tive of the Provisional Government, and accepted her pro t est and turned it over to Pr esiden t Dole. This was fo1lowed by la,rge expenditure s from her private purse to preser 1t her cause and to invoke ber restoration .

That a deep wrong ha,$ been done the Queen and the Jta,tive race by American ol1icials perva des the native mind and that of the Queen, as well as a hope for redress from the United States, there can be no doubt .

In this coune0tio11 it is important to not e the inability of the Ra-­waiian people to cope with any great powers, and their recognition of it by nevet· offering rcsistli.nce to their enci'oachments.

The suddenness of tho landing of t he United States troops, the rea.cl.· ing of the proclamat ion of the Provisioual Government almost in their

596 IIA W AIIAN ISLANDS .

prese111~e, and the quick recognition by Mr. Stevens, ea,sily prepn ,rcd bor for the suggestion that the President of the United States had HO kuowle<lge of these occurrences and must know of and a,pprove or dis· approve of wbat had occurred at a future time. Tbis, too, must ha,e coutrilrntcd to ber disposition to accept the snggestiOllS of Judge Wide· mauu and Mr. Damon. ludeed, who could have su1)posed that the circumstances surrounding her could have beeu foreseen and sanctioned deliuerately l>y tLe President of the lJnited States.

Her uniform conduct and the prevailing sentiment amongst t11e na. tives point to her bcliefas well as theirs that the spirit of justice on the part of the Presideut would restore her crown.

Attention is no,v invited to the following table, showing the census of tile Hawaiian Isb11ds by districts andisla ,ncls in 1800:

Latest offici<tl ce11s1t.S of the Ilazcaiiafl Isla'll<ls, take11 December £8, 1890, by districts a11d isla11ds.

IlAWAll.

Jlilo . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 035 P11ua,... ... ............. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . ~3-! 1':lll.......... .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . 2,57 7 1'ior1h Kona ...•. . .....•... ••...•••...• ........••.... .. . 1,7 53 Sontti K1111a • ••••••• . • : .• • ..•.•.•.. • •••••••••••••••••••• 1,812 North Kolm la .................... . ..................... 4, :$03 Sonth Kolrnla. .. . . . . ... ...... ......... .. . . .. . ... . . . .. . . 538 Haruakua...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 002

:}6, 754

M.\t;l.

Lab nin:\ .. . .. . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . .. . .. ... . . . . . 2, 113 '1'ail11kn ...................... . ........................ 6. 708 Haua ........ ...... . . ..... ........ . ..... .......... . . ... 3,:nO Maka woo.............................................. 5,266

17. 3i\7 Molokai . . . . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . • . . .. . . . . . . . . 2, G:{2 Lauai.... .•. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,1

O ,\I TII,

Honolulu . . ............ . ................................ 22, 807 Ewa ........ . . . ........ . ......... . .................... . . 2,155 \Vai a11a, . . ................... . .......................... 903 \Va ialua ,, .................. ...... . ... . .............•••.. 1,286 Koolnulna ................................ . . .. ......• •. . 1,444 Koolau1iuko .......................... . .. . ... .... . . .•.. . 2, 4\!9

31,194

KAUAI.

Waim ca . . .• . • . • . • .... . . . . .. .... ... . .. . .. . . ...•. . • •• •. 2,523 NoilHLu . . .. . . .•. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .• . . .. . • . . . . . . . . .. . • . •• . 216 Koloa. .... ...•.. .•.. .•... .. . .•.. ••.. •. • ••. . • •. . . • • ••• • 1,755 ICawaih:tu . . ... . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ... .. . .. . . . . . • . . . • . . 2,101 Haualc i • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 2, 472 Lihue • .• •••. . .•.•.••• •. ••• • .• . • . • . . ••• •• . • •. . •• •• •••. 2,792

11,85 9

HA WAJ! AN I SLANDS . 597

Total population, 1890, 89,990. 'l'otal population, 1884:, 80,578. The island of Oahu, on which H onolulu is situa.ted, appear s, the n , to

bave bad a population of 31,194:. Tbe total population was 89,97 0 . This total has been increrLSPd since by adding · several thousa ,nd Japa­nese contract laborers . Fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and ninety­six a majority of the people , lived on the other islands .

Nothing was known of the revolntionary movement at Honol ulu in the other islands until severa l days after its accomplishment, and no opportu11ity to consider and approve or reject it has been permitted.

Lieut. Fox, of Admiral Skerrett's staff, flunishes me the following informa tion, in the shape of a memorandum, showing the movements of .American troops to and from American vesse ls in H0nolt1ln : Account of the forces landecl from the U , S.S. Boston at Houolnln, Januar y 16, 1893,

togethe r with those landed from an<l retu rn ed t o the ship at different times : L anded at 4 :30 or 5 p, m ,

1 January 16-

Three com panics of b uc jackets, 36 each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 108 One company ruarines ancl two musicians .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 M uaici ans for batt,1lion . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Officers-9 naval , 1 mariue . . . . . . ... .... . . . . .. _.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Extra men landed -J annary 24 for Camp Boston . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 F ebruary 16 for Camp Bostun . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 March 15 for marine guar<l. . ... . •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 March 17 for Camp Boston . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

162

18

T ota l nnm ber of men an,l officers landed for sen-ice . . .... .... .. ... . .. .. . . 180 Ret urned on board:

J :~~::f ~l: ::~ : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : i F ebruary 3, Lieut. Young's company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 February 3, officers .... ... . ..... .. .... ... ... .... . ....... . . . ...... .. ...... . 2 February 23, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 February 'l:7, men . . . . ... .. .. ......... .. . . . . . . .. ......... .......... . . .. .. .. 2 February 28, one marine and one blue jae k d , . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 l\'Iarch I, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 March 13, ruen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 1 March 15, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 March 18, men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mar ch 20, Lieut . Coffinan's comp:iuy. .... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 March 20, otlicers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 March 22, men . . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

89

Total number of men antl officers returnecl beforn April 1. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. •.. . 89 Total nnml.Jer of men and officers lanclell l1ofore Apt·il 1. ........... . . . .... . .• . . . 180

Total num her left on sl1oro l\farch 20, 1893.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 91 On February 15 Lieut . Yonng's corop:my lauded for t,he admira .l's review an<l

returnecl after tho review the same day, There were 36 ruen iu the <.:Ornpany an<l 2 officers. The total 11um1ber of men at Camp Boston.-

!~~;} t ~ufl~~~;a· ·. : : : : :: :: :·. : :: ::: :: : : : : :::::: :: : : : ·.:: :: ::: : ::: ·. :: : :: : : : : : : : 5~

.April 1, marines at Government bnildiug ... . . • . . . . .. ..... . . . .. . . . .. .. . ... . 33 April 1, officers..... . .. . . . .... . . .. .. . .. . .. ... . . . ... ........... .. . . .. .. .. . . 1

T otal force withdra.wn fr<>m shore April 1, 1893 . .. . .. . . •• • . . . . . ••••. . •••• 92

The United States troops, it tlrns appca.rs, were doing military duty for the Provisional Governm ent before the protectorate was assumed , jn st as afterwards . 'rhe condition of the community at the time of the assumption of the protectorate was OI1e of quiet and acquiescence ,

598 HA\VATIA:N ISLANDS.

penuing uegotia ,tions with the United States, so far as I have been able to learn.

A few days befo:·e my arrival here news of the witlldrnwal by 'lhe Presid eut from tile Senate of th e treaty of annexation aud his purr,ose to send a commissioner to inquire iuto t.lle rovolntion was recefred.

Au organization known as tllc Anne:rntiou Club commenced to obtain signatures to a petition in favor of annexati ou. This work has been <·outiuued ever since.

Tlle resnlt is reportc::1 ou July o, 1803, thus:

Hon. J. II. RLOt;.l'.T, V. S. E. E . cf M. P.

llK.1.0QUA!lTl ~lt S ANNRXATlON CLUl1, H ouolulu, II. 1., July 9, 1893.

In answer to you;:- communication of May l would say that 1.ho names on our gr<'at regi1;ter to date aro 5,500 aud that wo o.ro advised of UJO od<l 011 rolls not yet enterccl on tho Qtlu,r islands.

Of those which o.i·e cnteretl I would estimate that J,218 are Ameri c~ns, l>oin~ 90 odd per cent of the total number of Americans on the iijlands aud 20 ocltl per ceut of those on the club rolls.

English 251, being 26 per cent of those on the islands a,ncl 4 per cont of clnb rolls . One thousand aucl twent .y-two Hawaiians, being 11 per cent of those on islands

and 18 per cent of clnb rolls. Two thousand two hunw:ed and sixty-one Portngncse, being 73 per cent of Portu­

gneae on jij)amls and 41 vcr cent of club rolls . Sixty -nino Nonvegiaus, being 50per cent of those on islands and 1 per cent of

club rolls. Th .ree hunclrccl and tifty -ouo Germans, being 53 per cent of thoso on islands and

6 1,er cent on elu b rolls . Others, 328, unclassi lied .

I have the honor to be your obedient 11orvant, J. W. ,JOXES,

Secretary A1rnexation Olitb.

Compare this with the exhibit in the following table:

Tltc cc11su8 of 1890, by age a11d nationality, showi11g number of registered voter , .

Nationality. Under 15 15 to 30 30 to 45 O,·er 45 years. years. yen rs . years.

------------- !- -- --- --- -- -----1- ---Kati-res ................ . ................ 10, ~40 0,329 6,716 8,151 34. 436 8,777 Half castes ... .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . . ... . . .. ... H 4''i 1, 744 742 273 6, J~0 777 Ra" ~aiian ·l.iorn fo1'oig ucrs --- -· - · · -· · - ·· G>i97 4il 14:l 84 71 495 1,!6 Ameri ca11s ........................... "I i2.5 551 W2 467 1 9·, s 637 British . . . . . . . . • .. • . . . . . . . . .. . . . • . • . . . .. : 6 :ii5 515 378 1: 34i SOS Gerrn:tnij .... •• ••. .. • . ••• .. ••• . • . . .. . . . • : l~ 293 292 204 1, 0:!4 38'J J<'rcn!'I,... ... ........................... .. .. .. ... . 12 22 36 70 22

!~r:~:rt\~~;~:.:.:_:_:_:_:.~:.:_:.:.:_:.~~:.:_:_:_:.:.:_-::::: 2·:~i :::~~ ::m :Ji 1:J~r 2

•0~~

i~,:~·:t~~·s·:::·:::::::::::::::::::::::: ~i 7·r;~ 5·m 1~t 12· ~: I 42

Otlier nttlionnht!c~. . . • . .. •.. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 116 192 102 419 136

Tota l .. . .... .... ... . .. . .. .. .. . .... , 23, 51S I 29, 1181 24, 137 1 13, 2171 60,990 I 13,593

Denominations, as shown by tho ccns11s of 1884, were : Protestants, 29,685 ; Roman Ca.tho Ii ca, 20,072; and unreported, 30,821. Of th is l:i.tter 17,639 were C!Jinoso aud 116 were Japanese. At the recent census this feature of the work was omitted .

This shows tlle number of registered voters and the looseness of th e method of the Amrnxation Club.

After my arrival the adherents of the Queen commenced to obtain signatures amongst the nat ives against annexation, under at.tacks from the press and annexationists of treasonable purposes . They report 7,000 sig-11atures. In addition to this, 1)etition against annexation by whites, little circulated, contains 249 signatures .

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 599

The Portuguese have generally signed the anncxatio11 rolls. These, as I have already statc<l, nre nearly nll Portuguese subjects. A major­ity of the whites of Arnericau a,ud Emopeau birth wl10 lnwe signed the same roll are not Hawaiian subjects and are uot entitled to vote under any laws of the Kingdom.

The testimony of leading anncxationists is that, if the qnrnn:ion of anucxatfon was submitted to a popular vote, excluding all persons who could not rc::id and write except foreigners {under the Australia ,u-bal­lot i:,y:::.tem, which is the law of the land), that allllexation would be de­feated.

From a careful inquiry I am satisfied that it would be defented by a vote of at lea;-;t two to one. If th e votes of persons cla.iming allegiauce t-0 foreign countries were excluded, it would be defeated by more than five to -one.

The undoubted sentiment of the people is for the Queen, against the Provisional Government and against annexation. A majority of the wl1ites, e~pecif1lly Americans, are for annexation. ·

The naLive registered vote in 1890 was 9,700; tbe foreign vote was 3,8fl3. This native vote is generally aligned against the annexation whites. }lo relief is hoped for from admitting to the right of suft'ra.ge the overwbelrniug Asiatic population. In this situation the annexatfon whites declare that good government is unattainable.

The controlling element in the white population is connected with the sugar industry. In its interests the Government here has negotiated treaties from time to time for the purpose of securing contract laborers for terms of years for the plantations, and paid out large sums for their transportation and fol' building plantation wban-es, etc.

These contracts provide for compelling the laborer to work faithfully by fines and cfamage suiti:; brought by the planters against them, witb the right on the part of the planter to deduct the damages and cost of suit out of the laborer's wages. They also provide for compelling the laborer to remain with the planter during the contract term. They are sanctioned by law and enforced by civil l'emeilies and pe11al laws. The general belief amongst the planters at tl1e so-called revolution was that, notwithstanding the laws against importing labor into the United States in the event of their annexation t.-0 that Goverument, these laws would not be made operalive in the Tfawaiian Islamls on account cf their peculiar conditions. Their faith in the lrnilding of a cable between Ilouolulu ancl San Francisco, and large expelH1itures at Pearl Harbor in the event of annexation have also as much to do with the desire for it .

In addition to these was the hope of escape from duties on rice and fruits and receiving the suga ,r-bounty, either by general or special law.

The repeal of the duty on sugar in the l\foJ<inley act was regarded a severe blow to their interests, !'Ind the great idea of statesman­ship has been to do something in the shape of treaties with the United States , reducing their duties ou agricultural prodgcts of the Hawaiian Islands, out of which profit might be derived. Annexation has for its charm the complete abolition of aU duties on tbefr exports to the United States .

The annexationists expect the United States to govern the islands ( by so abridging the right of suffrage as to place tlJem iu control of the whites.

The Americans, of wbat is sometimes termed the l>etter class, in point of iutelligence, refinement, and good morals, are fully up to the best standard in American social life. Theil' homes are tastefnl and disti.J1-

600 IIA W AlIAN IS LAN OS.

guished for a gencrons ho,q>ih1lity. Edncatinn and religion receive at their hauds zealous support . 'l'he 1·e111ai11der of them contain good people of the labo1·i11g class all(l the vicious cl1aracters of a seaport city . The .so geueral obsenatiom, ca11 be applied to the Eugli::lh aml. Germa11 population.

The native population, nmulJeriug in 1890 40,622 persons, containeu 27,901 able to read and write . No cou11try in Europe, except pe1·­hnps Germauy and Bngland, can make such a showing . WhiJc the native gcnera,lly 1·eacls and \VTites in natiYe and Eugli.-;h, he usually speaks the Ka11aka hM1guage. Foreig·ners genera lly ac')uire it . The 01.iiuese and J apa11ese Jear11 to use it aud kuow very little English.

Among the mttives tl1ere is uot :1 supel'ior cla:.s, indicated l>y great wealth, enterprise, and culture, directing the race, as with the whites. This comes from ,-everal causes.

In tlle tlistribL1tiou of l:1,nd:; most of it was assigned to the King, cl1iefs, some whites, and to the Government for its support. Of tbe masses 11.132 persons reC'eiYed 27,830 acres-about two a,ud a half acres to a.n iudividual-calleLl Kuleanas. The majority received 11othi11g. The foreigners soon tradeLl the cl.liefs out of a large portion of their shares, aud later purchased from the Governme11t government la,nds and obtained long leases . on tbe crown lands. Avoiding details it must be said tbat the native Jlever held nrncll of the laud. It is well known tl1at it has been al>out seventy years since he commencerl to emerge from idolatry and the simplieityof thongbtand habits a11d immoralities belonging to it . National tra<lition has done little for him, and before the whites led him to education its iuflt1ence was not operative. Uutil within tlie last twenty years white leaden; were generally accepted aud preferred by the Kiug in bis selections of cabinets, nobles, and judge::;, aud uative leadership was not wanted.

Their relig'ious affiliations are with the Protestant and Cath olio churches. They are over-generous, llospitable, almost free from re­venge, Yery courteous-especially to fernales . Their talent for orat ory :rntl the higher bra ,uche:s of mathematics is unusually marked . In per son they have large physique, gl)od feature,;, aud the complexion ofthti brow11 races. They have been greatly advanced by civilization, but ha,e done littl e towa,l'(ls its ad varwement. The Rmall amount of tlliev­ingan<l ab~ence ofbeg-gary .u·e more 1m1rked tlrnn a.rnongst tl1e be:;t races of' the worl1l. Wl1at tl1cy are ca,pable of uuder fair conditions is an nni-ol ,·<·ll problem.

Idol,- and idol worship have long since disappeared. The followiug observatioJJs in rclatio11 to popuhition are present ed,

though some repetition will be obsel'\·etl: 'l'he 1)01mlatiou of the Hawaiian fahrn<ls can beRt be stndi~d, by one

uufawiliar with tho native tongue, from its several cem,us repol'ts. A.. census is takeu eYery six yenr~. 'l'he last revort is for tl1e year 1890. From this it appears thnt the whole population numbers sn,nno. This 11umuer includes natives or, to use a110ther desig11ati c111, Kanakas, lialt ~caste::; (pcn,oHs · containing a.11 admixture of other than native blood in any propol'tiou witli it ), H awaiian-l>orn foreig-uer::; of all races or 11atio11alities other tl1n11 11ati,es, Americans, British, Germa,11s, Freut.:L. Portug1iese, Norwegi:ms, C!Jine..,;;e, Polynesians, and other na tioual i ties .

(In all the official documents of f.!Je Hawaiian lt'-la11ds, whether in relatiou to nopnlatio11, 0" ·1JC•r1<hip of proJ)ert.r, taxation, or a11y other questiou, the designation ''.Alllcric·an," "Briton," "Geru1au," or other foreign nationality does not discriminate betwceu the 11atltra.li.zed citi-

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 601

zeris of the Hawaiian Islands and those owing allegiance to foreign countries.)

Americans number 1,9~8; natives ancl half.castes, 40,612; Chinese, 15,301; Japanese, 12,360; Portugue se, 8,602; British, 1134-4; Germans, 1,034:; .Freuch, 70; Norwegia .ns, ~27; Polyuesians, 588, and other for­eigners, 419.

It is well at this point to say thn,t of the 7,4!l5 Hawaiian-born foreign­ers 4,117 are Portuguese, 1,701 Chiuese a.nd J apanese, 1,617 other white foreigners, :rnd 60 of otller natioua lities .

There are 58,714 males. Oftllese J8,3(i4 are pure natiYes and 3,085 are 11alf-ca,stes, making together 21,449. F ourteen tliou:-nnd five hundred aud twenty-two (14,522) are Chinese . The Jap,uic;-;e number 10,079. The Portuguese contribute 4,770. These four nationalities furnish 50,820 of the male population.

lfal ca. The Americans .. ....... . .......... . ................ . ... l, 298 'l'l,e British.. .. . . . .. ............ . ............... .. ... . ... 982 Th e Germans .... . ................... • ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 The French.... . ........... ... .................. . ........ 46 The Norwegians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

These :fiye nationalities combined furnish 3,170 oft.he total male pop­ulation.

The first four nationa.lities wheu compared witb tbe last five in male population are nearly sixteenfold the largest in number .

The Americans are to those of the four aforementioned group of nationalities as 1 t-0 39- nearly as 1 to 40. ·

Portngu~se have been brought here from time to time from the l\Jadcira and Azores 1slancls by the Hawa iian Government as laborers, on plantations, just as bas been doue in relatiou to Chinese, Japanese, Polynesians , etc . They are the most ignorant of all imported laborers, and reported to be very thievish. They are not pure Europeans, but a commingling of many races, especially tlle negro . They intermarry with the natives and be long to the laboring classes. Very few of them can read and write. '£heir children are being taught in the public schools, as all races a.re. It is wrong to class them as Europeans.

The character of the people of these islauds is and must be over­wbel mingly Asia.tic. Let it not be imagi11etl that tbe Chinrse, Japan­ese, and Portuguese disappea ,r at the end of their contract term . l!'rom the report of the ius1)ector -in-cliief of Japanese immigrants on March 31, 1892, it appears that twe1Jty ''lots" of Japanese immigrants have been brought Lcre by the Hawaiian Government, numbering 21,110. Of these, 2,517 have returned to ,Ta pan; 8,592, having worked out tlieir contract term, remai11, aurl 9,62G are still workiug out their coutract term. More than 'i5 por cent may be said to Jocate here pcrrna.nenrly.

There are 13,0G7 Chinamen engaged in variou:-, occupation~, to wit: 8,7G3 laborers, 1,479 farmers, 133 tislinmen, 74 driYers aud teamsters, 5G4 mechanics, 42 planters a11d ra11cher~, 7'i6 merch,1nts and traders, lli4 clerks and salesmen, 12 professio11al meu and teac!Jers, a11cl l ,Ou6 iii various other occupntions .

Thr number of merchants and traders in the entire country is 1,238. Of this number 776 are Chill amen and 81 are .Americans.

The largest part of the retail trade seems to be couducted by Clli­uameu.

Of 20,536 laborers on i:-ngar plantations only 2,617 are Chinese . Of this 1at1cr number only 3HU are coutrac:t laborer B.

'l'he l'ortn gue.-,e population in 1884 amounted to 9,377 and in 18f10 to 8,602, a loss of 775. These have been leaviug in consiclerable nnm bers

602 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

for tbe past eighteen months, making their way genera.Hy to the United States. In 1890 the ma les were classified as to occupation thus: La­borers, 2,G53; farmers, 136; :fisherm en, 3; mariners , 10; drivers and team s ters, G3; mechanics , 167; planters and ranchers, 17; merchants and traders, 5G: clerks and salesmen, 13; profes sional men and teach­ers, 11; other occupat ions, 123 ; total, 3,266. On the cane plantations there are of male Portuguese 277 under contract and 1,651 day labor­ers.

Of the population in 1892 , 20,536 wer e laborers on sugar-cane plan­tations, 16,723 be iug Portuguese, Japane se, and Chin ese. Of the whole number, 10,991 are contra ct laborers. The remaind er are designa ted as day labor ers. The total number of laborers in tbe islands by the census of 1890 was 25,466.

ln 1890 there were 23,863 male laborers. Of this number, 18,728 were Chinese aml Japanese. At this period there were 41,073 persons of all occupations. Of this number, 24,432 were Chinese aud Japanese.

Of th e total number of persous of Europ&1,n aud American origin in the various avocation~ it appears t hat 1,106 were Americans, 819 British, 518 Ger;mans, 45 .U'rench, and 200 Norwegians, making a total of 2,H88 persons .

The natives furnished 8,871 persons a,nd the half -castes 884. The Hawaiians, therefor e, may be sa id to h ave furni shed 9,755. There are 196 persons desig nated as planters and ranchers. Of this

number, 18 are Americ~ns, 30 are British, and 6 are Germans. The r ema ind er are principally Japanese, Port ugu ese, Chinese, and Hawai­ians.

There are 5,181 persons designated a,g farmers. Of the se 3,392 are natives and half -castes aud 1,500 arc Chinese. TheRe two. furui slt 4,779, leaving a residue of 402 taken from all other nation alities. Of these, 2G are Americans.

lt will be interesting if not pleasing to exa mine tlie number of the sexes by uatio11alities.

The grand total of the population is 89,990 . The male populat ion is 56,714, the females are :-n,276.

The 1tatives and half -castes furnish 21,449 male s and 19,174 females. 'l'he Ubinese fumish 14,522 mal es and 779 females. 'l'he Japan ese furnish 10,070 males and 2,281 females. The Portuguese furnish 4,770 males and 3,832 females. The American males are 1,208, females 630. 'l'he Br iti sh males are 982, females 3G2. The German males are 729, fema ies 305. This disparity of the sexes applies to all nationalities save the nativ e

ra ce. The most striking feature is that the Chinese men outnumb er the ir

women by more thau 18 to 1. The Japanese men outnumber their women by nearly fi.ve to one. In all foreign 11ationalities the males larg ely exceed the females in

numbers. The natives and ha,lf.castes furnish near ly two-thirds of the women. For a moment let us see how far this disparity of sexes in 1884 com­

pares with that of 1890: In 1854 there were 51,539 males, 29,039 females, and a total popula­

tiO'IL of 80,578. In 1890 the males numbered 58,714, the females 31,276

1 and th e total

n11D1ber was 89,990.

HAWAIIAN !$LANDS . 603

'rh e males increased from 1884 to 1800, 711i5; the females inc1<iased from 1884 to 1890, 2,~:n .

Dudng this periotl tliere ::ippcars to have been the following gains and losses by natio11alities:

Gains: B alf-castt•s 1,968; ILiwaiian -born foreigners (mostly Portu­gneso), :3,!b55; Brit ish , 62; Japa nese, 1:3,244.

Losses: Natives, 5,578 ; Americans , 1:38; Germans, 5GG; Freuch, 122; Portuguese , 775; i'.\orwegians, 135; Chinese, ~,G38; Polyn esians, 308.

The net gain is 0,412. H :ul it not been for the large importation of J apa nese for plantation labor ers there woultl ltave been a net 1oss of 2,H:ti.

There was a net loss of E uropeans and Americans combined num­bering 890.

Wl1ile the population is increasing in DUIJ\bers the per cen t of fom:iles is largely decreasrng.

In 186G Urn percentage of females was 45.25; in 1872 it was 44.37; in 18i8, 41.19; in 1884, J G.0-1; in 1890, 34.70.

This condition ha s been reached by the importation of cont r act labor by the Hawaiian Govern ment for tho suga r plantations .

Iu 1890 there was in th e island of Oahu a population of 31,194. Of this numb er 1,239 were Americans .

Th ere was in tlie islan d of H awaii a population of 26,754. Of tl tis nunil..>er 289 were Americans.

In the i:-<ln,uds of l\folokai and Lanai there was a, population of 2,826 .

Of this number 23 were A mericans. In the isla nd of Maui there was a population of 17,3.37. Of th is nmn ­

ber 211 were Americans. 111 the i~lauds of Kauai and Niiha n there was a popul atio n of 11, 859.

Of this numbe r 112 were ArneJ·icaus. The total population was 89,U90. Of this numbe r 1,928 -were Ame r­

icans. I t appeal's that in 1800, the period of the la st census, in a population

of 89,990 persons 51,GlO wero una,ble to read a11d write. The nati YCS

an d half -castes, numbe ring 40,012, hall 27,901 able to read a nd write . The Chine se, with a population of lJ,301 persons , had 13,277 unable

to read and write. The J apauese, wit h a popul ation of 12,360, had 12,053 persons unable

to read and write . The P ort uguese, with a population of 8,602, bad 6,276 unab le to read

ancl write. Th e mini ster of finance inform s me that the taxes paid by Amel'icaus

and Eur opeans amount to $274,516.74; those by natives , $71.3 8G.83; half-castes , 826,868.GS; Chines e, $87,266.10; Japa nese, $67,a~G.07; othe r n::ttionalit ies, $729.82.

He also informs me that the acre age on which tax es are paid by va,rious natioualities is:

E urop eans and Americans, 1,052,492 acres; na tives, 257,457 acres ; half -castes, 531,545 acres; Chinese, 12,324 acres; J apaucse, 200 acres ; other nationalitie s, none.

The surve yor-genera l report s the Crown lands for 1803 as contain­ing 915,288 acres . Of these ~1e repor ts 04,116 acres available for lease . Of this latter number only 47,000 acre s are report ed to be good arable hind. R e likewise reports the Government land as containin g 828,:.no acres. il e reports these estimated in 1890 to be worth $2,12 8,850. The annu al income frnm them is $G7,036. Of this income , $19 ,50Q is from wharfage aud $7,800 from ren t of land with building s thereon.

604 IUWAIIAN ISLA~ms .

The cane and a rab le l:wd is estimated at 35,150 acres . It is important here to recall bis statement made to the legislature in 1891, in the following la.ngoage:

Most Govorat.ne11t lands at tho prosont timo consis t of mere romna,nts loft here and the re, nnd of tho worthloss and twt;ala hlo 11ortions remaining nfter the rest batl been sold.

And in the same communic·ntion he declares tba ,t between the years 1850 and 1860 uea,l'ly a,11 the desirable Government lancl was sold, gen­era lly to native~. In 1890 the <'Cnsns report diR<:loses that only 4,695 persons owned real estate in the se islands. With a population estimated at this time at 95,000, the vast numb er of landless people here is discouraging to the idea of immigrant s from the United States bein i? able to find encouragement in the matter of obtaini ng homes in these islandil. 'l'he landless condition of the m1,tive population grows out of the original distribution aml not from shift lessness. To them homesteads should be offered rather than to str augers. The census repor ts of the Hawaiian Islands pretend to give the nn,tive population from the period when Capt. Cook was here until 1890. Tbeseshow a, rapid diminutio n iD numbers, whicl1, it is claimed, indicate the final extinct ion of the race. Very many of these 1·eports :tre entirely coujectural and others are carelessly pr epare d. Tl1:tt of 1884 is believed by many intelligent persons here to overstate the 1lativ e strength and, of course , to discredit any compari son with tha t of 1890. All deduct ions from such compar isons are discredited by an omission

to consider loss from emigrati on. Ja rvis, in his l1istory of the Hawai ian Islands, published in 1847, says: Great numbers of h ealthy Hawaiian yonth have left in whaJe ships and othe r vessels and never returned.

The number annually afloat is computed at 3,000. At one t ime 400 were counte d at Tahiti, 500 iu Oregon, 50 at Pnita, r eru , besides unknown numb ers in Europe and the United State~ . In 1850 a law was pa,~scd to prohibit natives from leaving the islands . Tl1e reason for it is stated in tlJe following preamble: Whereas, by the census of tho islands taken in 18¼9, tho populati on decronsetl ai tho rate of 8 per cout in 1848, antl by the censns taken iu 1850 the population de­cronsetl at the rate of 5} pe1· cont iu 18-19; wberens the want of labor is severely felt by pl:u1tors and other agriculturists, whereby the price of provisions ancl other produce has been unprecedentedly enhancetl, to the great prejudice of the islands; whereas, many natives ha,·o emigrated to California and there died in great misery; antl, wherons, it is desirable to preve n t such loss to th o nation and such wretchedne ss to ind ividu als, otc.

Thi s act remained in force nntil 1887. How effective it was when it existed there is no mean s of ascerta.ining. 1:low much emigrat ion of the native ra ce has taken place since its rep eal does not appear to L:\\'e been inquired into by the Hawaiin.n Government. A~snming that tbe re ha.a bee~ none and that the census tables are correct, except that of 1884, the best opinion is that the decrease in ~be native popula ­tion is slight now an d constantly less. It s final ext inction, except by amalga mntion with Americans, Europeans, and Asiatics, may be dis­pensed with in all future calcu lations . . My opinion, derived from official data and the ju dgment of intelligent per~ons, is that it is not decrnasing now and will soon increase. TIJe foregoiog pages are respectfully submitted as the connecte d report iJ1dicated in your instructions. l t is based upon the statem ents

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 605.

of individuals and the ettamination ,of public documen~. Most of Ghese ar e hereto annexed.

Th e parti san feeling naturally atta ching to witnesses made it neces· sary for me to take time for forming a correct judgment as to their cba,racter. All this had to be done with out the counsel of any other per so:1.

Mindfu l of my liability to error in some mat ters of detail, but be ­lieving in the general correctness of the informati on report ed an d con­clusion~ reached, I can ouly awa,it the j udgment of others .

I am, sir, very re spectfu lly, your obedi ent servant, J AME S H. BLOUNT,

Specia,l Oonwiissioner of tlie UnUed Sta tes.

No.18.

Mr. Blou nt to JJ[r. Gresham.

HONOLULU, HA WAII.AN lsLAND S, No. 14.] J'uly 19, 1893.

Sm : On t he 28th ulUmo I sent t hrough Mr. Mills a communica ,tion ­to Pr esident D ole, a copy of which is inclosed herewith .

Mr. MilJ.s reported that President Dole said he d id not rem ember th e letter to Mr. Stevens; that he would examine his papers and see if a reply to such communic ation could be found . He asked if such a paper was in th e legation .

A. copy of the letter in ques t ion was sent to you with my No. 11 of th e 28th ultimo.

The omission of a reference to th e admission of Mr. Stev ens's recog­ni tion was done to avoid infor ming him of my knowledge of this fac t .

.A. gre at effort has been con tinuously made to suppress such informa ­tion. Absol ute falsehood s have in some insta,nces been resorted to by men of whom bette r conduct would have been expec t ed.

Since Mr. Mills's conversatio n with Pr esident D ole I called on hirn in person an d asked him if he would n ot give me a reply to my letter . He said he desired to tal k with Mr . Damon, who ha d cha,rge of some of thei r private papers, which he bad locked up in his bank, before he answered me.

This waa several days ago and I presum e I shall hear nothing fur­ther from him on the subject.

Mr. W. 0. Smith said to me on one occasion that he th ought 11Ir. Stevens had given to P reside nt Dol e the lette r of recognition of' tlle· Provisional Government to be used on the happening of some event . Ile repre sented that the matter was in his mind vaguely . Th is was repeated on anothe r occas ion. It is quite possible that thi~ reply may in some way bring out othe r facts, and for that reaso n it is not desired to furnish it.

There is a habit of mind amongst all pe-0ple here , no mat ter how careful of their condu ct in oth er respect s, to exaggerate and mislead in polit ical ques tions, and especially in relat ion to the pre sent condit ion. of affairs . ·

Some of the papers from the United States arriving here contai n a. letter of ex -Queen Liliuokalani to M1-. Stevens, dated J anuary 17,.