Afar [Afro-Asiatic; Ethiopia] subject-agreement affixes · Paradigmatic opposition is the relation...

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“I propose that /a/-initial roots are in a class with consonant-initial roots because /a/’s in roots are completely unspecified.” (Fulmer 1997: 190)

Afar [Afro-Asiatic; Ethiopia] subject-agreement affixes These affixes are prefixed to Class I verbs (which begin with /e i o u/), but suffixed to Class II verbs (which begin with a consonant or /a/).

Class I Class II ‘know’ ‘open’ ‘close’ 2SG, 3SGF t–eɖeg–e fak–t–e alif–t–e

Paradigmatic opposition among morphological rules

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What is paradigmatic opposition in morphology?

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Paradigmatic opposition is the relation among alternative rules that may occupy the same position in the sequence of rule applications that defines a word form’s morphology.

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Plural personal forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ in three tenses (‘we are reading it’, etc.)

Present Past Future IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM Pos 1pl tu- na- ki- soma tu- li- ki- soma tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl m- na- ki- soma m- li- ki- soma m- ta- ki- soma 3pl wa- na- ki- soma wa- li- ki- soma wa- ta- ki- soma Neg 1pl ha- tu- na- ki- soma ha- tu- ku- ki- soma ha- tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl ha- m- na- ki- soma ha- m- ku- ki- soma ha- m- ta- ki- soma 3pl ha- wa- na- ki- soma ha- wa- ku- ki- soma ha- wa- ta- ki- soma

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Some forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ IV III II I STEM 0 tu- ki- soma -cho ‘which we read’ tu- ta- ki- soma ‘we will read it’

tu- ta-cho- ki- soma ‘which we will read’

Paradigmatic opposition is the relation among alternative rules that may occupy the same position in the sequence of rule applications that defines a word form’s morphology.

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It is the relation among alternative rules that may occupy the same position in the sequence of rule applications that defines a word form’s morphology. There are instances in which a single rule seems to be in competition with a sequence of rules. Under the approach that we have been exploring, these can be seen as instances in which a simple rule competes with a conflated rule. In some such instances, the simple rule prevails; in others, the conflation prevails.

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Competition among simple rules and conflated rules

Simple rule overrides conflated rule

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Personal forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ in three tenses (‘I am reading it’, etc.)

Present Past Future IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM Pos 1sg ni- na- ki- soma ni- li- ki- soma ni- ta- ki- soma 2sg u- na- ki- soma u- li- ki- soma u- ta- ki- soma 3sg a- na- ki- soma a- li- ki- soma a- ta- ki- soma 1pl tu- na- ki- soma tu- li- ki- soma tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl m- na- ki- soma m- li- ki- soma m- ta- ki- soma 3pl wa- na- ki- soma wa- li- ki- soma wa- ta- ki- soma Neg 1sg si- na- ki- soma si- ku- ki- soma si- ta- ki- soma 2sg ha- u- na- ki- soma ku- u- ku- ki- soma ha- u- ta- ki- soma 3sg ha- a- na- ki- soma ku- a- ku- ki- soma ha- a- ta- ki- soma 1pl ha- tu- na- ki- soma ha- tu- ku- ki- soma ha- tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl ha- m- na- ki- soma ha- m- ku- ki- soma ha- m- ta- ki- soma 3pl ha- wa- na- ki- soma ha- wa- ku- ki- soma ha- wa- ta- ki- soma

The Swahili si- rule

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Personal forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ in three tenses (‘I am reading it’, etc.)

Present Past Future IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM IV III II I STEM Pos 1sg ni- na- ki- soma ni- li- ki- soma ni- ta- ki- soma 2sg u- na- ki- soma u- li- ki- soma u- ta- ki- soma 3sg a- na- ki- soma a- li- ki- soma a- ta- ki- soma 1pl tu- na- ki- soma tu- li- ki- soma tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl m- na- ki- soma m- li- ki- soma m- ta- ki- soma 3pl wa- na- ki- soma wa- li- ki- soma wa- ta- ki- soma Neg 1sg si- na- ki- soma si- ku- ki- soma si- ta- ki- soma 2sg ha- u- na- ki- soma ha- u- ku- ki- soma ha- u- ta- ki- soma 3sg ha- a- na- ki- soma ha- a- ku- ki- soma ha- a- ta- ki- soma 1pl ha- tu- na- ki- soma ha- tu- ku- ki- soma ha- tu- ta- ki- soma 2pl ha- m- na- ki- soma ha- m- ku- ki- soma ha- m- ta- ki- soma 3pl ha- wa- na- ki- soma ha- wa- ku- ki- soma ha- wa- ta- ki- soma

The Swahili si- rule

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Conflated rule overrides simple rule

e.g. -ta-cho overrides -cho

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Conflated rule overrides simple rule

e.g. -ta-cho overrides -cho

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Some forms of Swahili KUSOMA ‘read’ IV III II I STEM 0 tu- ki- soma -cho ‘which we read’ tu- ta- ki- soma ‘we will read it’

tu- ta-cho- ki- soma ‘which we will read’


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Locality

Conditions on the application of morphological rules are generally local.

Three notions of locality X → Xz The application of the rule may be conditioned by the

properties of X. XY → XYz The application of the rule may be conditioned by the

properties of Y. X → Xz The application of the rule may be conditioned by the rule that

produces X.

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Locality

Instances of local conditioning in morphology

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Syntactic constraints believe believable die *die-able break breakable cough *coughable collapse collapsible vanish *vanishable convert convertible bloom *bloomable defend defensible fall *fallable divide divisible elect electable work workable like likeable laugh laughable read readable live livable repair reparable reverse reversible wash washable

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Phonological constraints

black blacken fine *finen fat fatten dull *dullen length lengthen high *highen loose loosen long *longen wide widen low *lowen

candid equivalent expensive hilarious valid

*candiden *equivalenten *expensiven *hilariousen *validen


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Morphological constraints

happy happiness invite invitation tranquil tranquility attend attendance warm warmth serve service brave bravery commence commencement adequate adequacy cover coverage real reality realize realization national nationality nationalize nationalization vital vitality revitalize revitalization legal legality legalize legalization actual actuality actualize actualization

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happy happiness invitation tranquil tranquility attendance warm warmth service brave bravery commencement adequate adequacy coverage real reality realize realization national nationality nationalize nationalization vital vitality revitalize revitalization legal legality legalize legalization actual actuality actualize actualization

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Morphological constraints balm embalm embalmment franchise enfranchise enfranchisement battle embattle embattlent joy enjoy enjoyment bitter embitter embitterment large enlarge enlargement body embody embodiment list enlist enlistment camp encamp encampment noble ennoble ennoblement chain enchain enchainment power empower empowerment circle encircle encirclement rich enrich enrichment courage encourage encouragement roll enroll enrollment danger endanger endangerment shrine enshrine enshrinement dear endear endearment slave enslave enslavement feeble enfeeble enfeeblement throne enthrone enthronement force enforce enforcement title entitle entitlement


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Morphological constraints balm embalm embalmment franchise enfranchise enfranchisement battle embattle embattlent joy enjoy enjoyment bitter embitter embitterment large enlarge enlargement body embody embodiment list enlist enlistment camp encamp encampment noble ennoble ennoblement chain enchain enchainment power empower empowerment circle encircle encirclement rich enrich enrichment courage encourage encouragement roll enroll enrollment danger endanger endangerment shrine enshrine enshrinement dear endear endearment slave enslave enslavement feeble enfeeble enfeeblement throne enthrone enthronement force enforce enforcement title entitle entitlement


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Morphological constraints balm embalm embalmment franchise enfranchise enfranchisement battle embattle embattlement joy enjoy enjoyment bitter embitter embitterment large enlarge enlargement body embody embodiment list enlist enlistment camp encamp encampment noble ennoble ennoblement chain enchain enchainment power empower empowerment circle encircle encirclement rich enrich enrichment courage encourage encouragement roll enroll enrollment danger endanger endangerment shrine enshrine enshrinement dear endear endearment slave enslave enslavement feeble enfeeble enfeeblement throne enthrone enthronement force enforce enforcement title entitle entitlement Rule deriving verb in en-/em- “potentiates” nominalizing -ment rule


Semantic constraints

amputate amputee employ employee evacuate evacuee honor honoree mentor mentee sign signee train trainee haul *haulee orbit *orbitee sweep *sweepee

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Semantic constraints

amputate amputee employ employee evacuate evacuee honor honoree mentor mentee sign signee train trainee haul *haulee orbit *orbitee sweep *sweepee

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A case of nonlocal conditioning?

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Aronoff 1976, 53f The denominal adjective suffix -al “does not attach to the class of nouns of the form XVment (i.e. the class of nouns of the form Xment, where X is an independently occurring verb)." ornament *ornaV ornamental excrement *excreV excremental regiment *regiV regimental fragment *fragV fragmental employment employ *employmental discernment discern *discernmental containment contain *containmental derangement derange *derangemental


✓ conforms to Aronoff’s generalization ✘ does not conform to it

✘ adjustmental ✘ governmental ✓ apartmental ✓ incremental ✓ compartmental ✓ instrumental ✓ complemental ✘ judgmental ✓ condimental ✓ lineamental ✓ decremental ✘ managemental ✓ departmental ✓ monumental ✓ detrimental ✓ ornamental ✘ developmental ✓ pedimental ✓ documental ✓ regimental ✓ elemental ✓ rudimental ✓ environmental ✓ sacramental ✓ excremental ✓ segmental ✓ experimental ✓ sentimental ✓ firmamental ✓ supplemental ✓ fragmental ✓ temperamental ✓ fundamental ✓ vestmental

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Another apparent case of nonlocal conditioning

Second-person singular imperative active forms in Sanskrit (5th and 9th conjugations)

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Stem formation in the present-system conjugations in Sanskrit

Conjugation Affix Example

Thematic 1st suffix -a BHŪ ‘be’ : bhava- 4th suffix -ya NAH ‘bind’ : nahya- 6th suffix -a VIŚ ‘enter’ : viśa- 10th suffix -aya CINT ‘think’ : cintaya-

Athematic 2nd none DVIṢ ‘hate’ : dviṣ- 3rd reduplicative prefix BHṚ ‘carry’ : bibhṛ- 5th suffix -no/-nu SU ‘press out’ : sunu-

7th infix -na-/-n- YUJ ‘join’ : yuñj- 8th suffix -o/-u KṚ ‘do’ : kuru- 9th suffix -nā/-nī KRĪ ‘buy’ : krīṇī-


Thematic conjugations

Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem

Inflectional realization

C__ V__ — portmanteau

-āna -dhi -hi

1st (a) BHŪ ‘be’ : bhava- bhava

4th (ya) NAH ‘bind’ : nahya- nahya

6th (á) VIŚ ‘enter’ : viśa- viśa

10th (aya) CINT ‘think’ : cintaya- cintaya

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Stem formation in the present-system conjugations in Sanskrit

Conjugation Affix Example

Thematic 1st suffix -a BHŪ ‘be’ : bhava- 4th suffix -ya NAH ‘bind’ : nahya- 6th suffix -a VIŚ ‘enter’ : viśa- 10th suffix -aya CINT ‘think’ : cintaya-

Athematic 2nd none DVIṢ ‘hate’ : dviṣ- 3rd reduplicative prefix BHṚ ‘carry’ : bibhṛ- 5th suffix -no/-nu SU ‘press out’ : sunu-

7th infix -na-/-n- YUJ ‘join’ : yuñj- 8th suffix -o/-u KṚ ‘do’ : kuru- 9th suffix -nā/-nī KRĪ ‘buy’ : krīṇī-


Athematic conjugations

Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem



-āna -dhi -hi

2nd (root) I ‘go’ : i- i-hi

DVIṢ ‘hate’ : dviṣ- dviḍ-ḍhi

3rd (reduplicating) BHṚ ‘carry’ : bibhṛ- bibhṛ-hi

5th (no) ĀP ‘obtain’ : āpnu- āpnu-hi

SU ‘press out’ : sunu- sunu

7th (nasal infixing) YUJ ‘join’ : yuñj- yuṅg-dhi

8th (o) KṚ ‘do’ : kuru- kuru

9th (nā) KRĪ ‘buy’ : krīṇī- krīṇī-hi

AŚ ‘eat’ : aśnī- aś-āna

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Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem



-āna -dhi -hi










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Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem



-āna -dhi -hi










if the root ends in a vowel

if the root ends in a consonant

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Some 5th-conjugation verbs aś-nu-hi ‘attain!’ vṛ-ṇu ‘cover!’ āp-nu-hi ‘obtain!’ ūr-ṇu-hi ‘cover!’ ṛdh-nu-hi ‘thrive!’ vṛ-ṇu ‘choose!’ kṣi-ṇu ‘destroy!’ śak-nu-hi ‘be able!’ ci-nu ‘gather!’ śṛ-ṇu ‘hear!’ tṛp-ṇu-hi ‘be pleased!’ su-nu ‘press out!’ du-nu ‘burn!’ stu-nu ‘praise!’ dhi-nu ‘nourish!’ stṛ-ṇu ‘strew!’ dhū-nu ‘shake!’ hi-nu ‘impel!’ dhṛṣ-ṇu-hi ‘dare!’ ci-nu ‘note, observe!’ mi-nu ‘fix!’ jagh-nu-hi ‘devour!’ mi-nu ‘damage!’ ti-nu ‘crush!’ rādh-nu-hi ‘succeed!’ pṛ-ṇu ‘fill!’



Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem


C__ V__ —

portmanteau -āna -dhi -hi










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Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem


C__ V__ —













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Present- system

conjugation

Member lexeme and

present-system stem


C__ V__ —













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N.B.: aśnīta ‘you (pl) eat!’ (etc.)

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Some 9th-conjugation verbs Singular Plural Singular Plural aś-āna aś-nī-ta ‘eat!’ mṛd-āna mṛd-nī-ta ‘rub, crush!’ krī-ṇī-hi krī-ṇī-ta ‘buy!’ lu-nī-hi lu-nī-ta ‘cut!’ gṛ-ṇī-hi gṛ-ṇī-ta ‘sing!’ vṛ-ṇī-hi vṛ-ṇī-ta ‘choose!’ grath-āna grath-nī-ta ‘tie!’ śṛ-ṇī-hi śṛ-ṇī-ta ‘crush!’ gṛh-āṇa gṛh-ṇī-ta ‘seize!’ stabh-āna stabh-nī-ta ‘prop!’ jā-nī-hi jā-nī-ta ‘know!’ stṛ-ṇī-hi stṛ-ṇī-ta ‘strew!’ pu-nī-hi pu-nī-ta ‘cleanse!’ aś-āna aś-nī-ta ‘attain!’ prī-ṇī-hi prī-ṇī-ta ‘please!’ kuṣ-āṇa kuṣ-ṇī-ta ‘tear!’ badh-āna badh-nī-ta ‘bind!’ kliś-āna kliś-nī-ta ‘distress!’ math-āna math-nī-ta ‘shake!’ dhū-nī-hi dhū-nī-ta ‘shake!’ muṣ-āṇa muṣ-ṇī-ta ‘steal!’ puṣ-āṇa puṣ-ṇī-ta ‘thrive!’


ROOT PRS-STEM

SUFFIX 2SG

5th conjugation āp -nu -hi ‘obtain!’

su -nu ‘press out!’

9th conjugation krī -ṇī -hi ‘buy!’

aś -āna ‘eat!’

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The application of the -hi rule is apparently conditioned by the final segment of the root, despite the intervening suffix: an apparently nonlocal condition on the application of a morphological rule.


ROOT PRS-STEM

SUFFIX 2SG

5th conjugation āp -nu -hi ‘obtain!’

su -nu ‘press out!’

9th conjugation krī -ṇī -hi ‘buy!’

aś -āna ‘eat!’

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But these facts can instead be seen as involving local conditions on the application of two conflated rules: a -nu-hi rule and a -nī-hi rule.



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Where L is a verbal lexeme that belongs to an athematic conjugation, •  has R as its root, •  has X as its present-system stem, and •  has w as its second-person singular imperative active

form, then the form of w is as in the following table.


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Athematic conjugations Where L

belongs to w arises through the application

provided that of the rule to the form

Conj5 [(c) © (a)] R R ends in a consonant

(a) R R ends in a vowel

Conj9 [(c) © (b)] R R ends in a vowel

(d) R R ends in a consonant

other athematic (c) X


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Simple rules of inflectional affixation (a) {Conj5 athematic} : X → X-nu (b) {Conj9 athematic} : X → X-nī (c) {athematic 2sg impv act} : X → X-hi (d) {Conj9 athematic 2sg impv act} : X → X-āna


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Some apparent cases of nonlocal conditioning in affix order Chichewa (Bantu; Zambia, Malawi) a-ku-máng-il-an-iːts-a ~ a-ku-máng-íts-il-aːn-a 3PL-PROG-tie-APPL-REC-CAUS-FV ‘they make each other tie with (a rope)’

Mapuche (Araucanian; Chile, Argentina) llellipu-ñma-fal-ye-nge-me-y ~ lellipu-ye-ñma-fal-nge-me-y request-IND.OBJ-FORCE-PL-PASS-TH-AGR ‘they have to be requested many things’ Chumbivilcas Quechua (Quechuan; Central Andes) kiki-la-n-kuna ~ kiki-n-kuna-la self-just-3-PL ‘just themselves’

More apparent cases of nonlocal conditioning

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Where does conflation come from?

On the surface, conflation seems like a paradoxical phenomenon. On one hand, it doesn’t seem like a necessary principle for the definition of a language’s morphology, since a conflated rule is simply built up from two smaller rules that are already part of a language’s morphology. Yet, as we have seen, the definition of a language’s morphology can often be simplified by appealing to rule conflation; anomalous phenomena cease to be anomalous once conflation is assumed.

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It seems that there are at least two factors that contribute to the incidence of conflation: one is cognitive, the other historical.

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Cognitive dimension of rule conflation

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Rule conflation is one kind of formulaic language.


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Formulaic language comprises linguistic expressions that, despite the fact that they have systematic internal structure, must (for at least some purposes) be treated holistically, being stored and accessed as wholes. Three reasons for formulaic status •  In some cases, an expression is formulaic because its meaning or

grammar does not follow from its parts (idioms - the last straw; opaque collocations - French windows; nonlexical idioms - the Xer, the Yer)

•  In some cases, an expression’s meaning and grammar are regular, but it has special status because it is accepted as the conventional way of expressing something (phrases linked to particular contexts - Long live the king, as shown in Table X; transparent collocations - answer the phone, commit a crime)

•  In some cases, an expression is so frequent that it is processed more efficiently by storage than by computation (get sick, fall down, bake a cake, it’s time for lunch)


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Snowclones going to X like I’ve never Xed before X is the Y of Z the only good X is a dead X whatever Xs your Y my X runneth over got X? if X is wrong, I don’t want to be right Im in ur X Ying ur Z yes Virginia, there is an X not the Xest Y in the Z a few X short of a Y that’s not an X. that’s an X X me no Xs don’t hate me because I’m Y to X or not to X Xcore Xgate I’m not an X, but I play one on TV I am X, hear me Y (Dammit Jim,) I’m an X, not a Y we don’t need no stinkin’ X have X will travel save an X, ride a Y

in space, no one can hear you X X is the new Y Eskimo words for snow in Soviet Russia, X Ys you I for one welcome our X overlords X and Y and Z, oh my! take this X and shove it when I say X, what I really mean is Y WWXD? we’re gonna need a bigger X X is hard, let’s go shopping these are not the X you’re looking for there once was an X from place B… (the limerick) there’s no crying in X! X 2: Electric Boogaloo my kingdom for a(n?) X I [shape] X this is your brain on X the first rule of X is, you don’t talk about X I X, therefore I am consider the X all your X are belong to us it’s X all the way down


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In a usage-based model of language, the organization of a speaker’s language is determined by their linguistic experience. In such a model, formulaic language has a valued status because it is processed more quickly than compositional language (e.g. kick the bucket vs fill the bucket).


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In a usage-based theory, the sharp distinction between lexicon and grammar is abandoned; rather, they form a kind of continuum, with many constructions drawing upon both. Though movement: Tired though they were, they agreed to play another game. (Cf. *when, *after, *because.) Idiom: They let the cat out of the bag (the cat : object) The cat was out of the bag (the cat : subject) How long has the cat been out of the bag (wh-movement, inversion) That cat’s been out of that bag for weeks now (deixis) Formulaicity has tended to be discussed as a property of syntactic combinations, but it applies just as well to morphological combinations.


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A lot of theorizing about morphology is based on the assumption that a whole word form is either stored or computed. But nothing excludes the possibility that combinations of certain parts of a word form might be stored as units. Recall that Durrant 2013 used corpus data to demonstrate the extremely high frequency of certain suffix combination in Turkish and that Bilgin 2016 confirmed experimentally that these frequent suffix sequences are stored and retrieved as wholes.


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Thus, some rule conflations can be seen as a natural outcome of cognitive tendencies. There is also, however, another explanation for their existence.


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Historical dimension of rule conflation

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We have repeatedly seen evidence that one morphological rule can be dependent on another rule (its carrier rule); rule conflation is a formalization of this dependency. There are clear historical explanations for many such dependencies. Recall that if an affix appears in more than one position in the same word form, that is likely a sign that a dependent rule has more than one carrier rule in the definition of that word form.

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We have repeatedly seen evidence that one morphological rule can be dependent on another rule (its carrier rule); rule conflation is a formalization of this dependency. There are clear historical explanations for many such dependencies. Recall that if an affix appears in more than one position in the same word form, that is likely a sign that a dependent rule has more than one carrier rule in the definition of that word form.


Xhosa (Niger-Congo; Lesotho, South Africa) (a) nd-a-ye ndi-theth-ile (full form)

1SG-PLUP-AUX 1SG-speak-PERF ‘I had spoken (long ago).’ (b) nd-a-ndi-theth-ile (contracted form)

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Full and contracted forms of singular subject forms of the remote past progressive and remote past perfect in Xhosa

Remote Past Progressive ‘plow’ Remote Past Perfect ‘ask’ class full contracted full contracted 1st

ndaye ndilima ndandilima ndaye ndiɓuzile ndandiɓuzule 2nd

waye ulima wawulima waye uɓuzile wawuɓuzile 3rd 1 waye elima wayelima waye eɓuzile wayeɓuzile 3 waye ulima wawulima waye uɓuzile wawuɓuzile 5 laye lilima lalilima laye liɓuzile laliɓuzile 7 saye silima sasilima saye siɓuzile sasiɓuzile 9 yaye ilima yayilima yaye iɓuzile yayiɓuzile 11 lwaye lulima lwalulima lwaye luɓuzile lwaluɓuzile 14 ɓaye ɓulima ɓaɓulima ɓaye ɓuɓuzile ɓaɓuɓuzile 15 kwaye kulima kwakulima kwaye kuɓuzile kwakuɓuzile

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In this example, the univerbation of an auxiliary has resulted in dependent-carrier relations.


Dependent-carrier relations can also arise as part of a historical process known as the externalization of inflection.

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NOM ra=me ra-meDAT ra-s=me ra-s-me-s ra-me-sADV ra-d=me ra-d-me-d ra-me-dGEN r-is=me ra-me-sINSTR r-iti=me ma-me-ti

Georgian (Kartvelian) ra- ‘what?’


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NOM ra=me ra-me DAT ra-s=me ra-s-me-s ra-me-s ADV ra-d=me ra-d-me-d ra-me-d GEN r-is=me ra-me-s INSTR r-iti=me ma-me-ti

Georgian (Kartvelian) ra- ‘what?’ + =me ‘indefinite’ = ‘anything’


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NOM ra=me DAT ra-s=me > ra-s-me-s ADV ra-d=me > ra-d-me-d GEN r-is=me INSTR r-iti=me



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NOM ra=me > ra-me DAT ra-s=me > ra-s-me-s > ra-me-s ADV ra-d=me > ra-d-me-d > ra-me-d GEN r-is=me > ra-me-s INSTR r-iti=me > ra-me-ti



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Thus, in addition to arising from cognitive tendencies, rule conflations may also arise as a natural outcome of historical changes.


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A theoretical issue

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A theoretical issue

Constructive vs abstractive approaches to modeling morphology

Finite forms of Bulgarian KRAD ‘steal’

Present

Preterite Imperfect Aorist

1sg kradǝ́ krad’áx krádox 2sg kradéš } kradéše kráde 3sg kradé 1pl kradém krad’áxme krádoxme 2pl kradéte krad’áxte krádoxte 3pl kradǝ́t krad’áxa krádoxa

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4.3 Affix combinations expressing extra meaning A theoretical issue

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Present


1sg kradǝ́ krad’áx krádox 2sg kradéš } kradéše kráde 3sg kradé 1pl kradém krad’áxme krádoxme 2pl kradéte krad’áxte krádoxte 3pl kradǝ́t krad’áxa krádoxa

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Significative absence

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Present


1sg krad-ǝ́ krad-’á- x krád-o-x 2sg krad-é-š } krad-é-š-e krád-e 3sg krad-é 1pl krad-é-m krad-’á-x-me krád-o-x-me 2pl krad-é-te krad-’á-x-te krád-o-x-te 3pl krad-ǝ́t krad-’á-x-a krád-o-x-a

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A constructive approach to the inflection of KRAD

Block A Block C A1. {pres} : X → Xé C1. {pres 1 sg} : X → Xə A2. {impf} : X → XÁ C2. {pres 2 sg} : X → Xš A3. {aor} : X → X́o C3. {–1 sg} : X → Xe C4. {pres 1 pl} : X → Xm

C5. {1 pl} : X → Xme Block B C6. {2 pl} : X → Xte B1. {pret} : X → Xx C7. {pres 3 pl} : X → Xət B2. {pret aor –1

sg} : X → Xe C8. {3 pl} : X → Xa

Identity Function Default (IFD) {} : X → X

Morphophonology V₁V₂ → V₂; stress on V₁ transfers to V₂. A → e before palatals; otherwise A → ’a. x → š before front vowels.

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sg} : X → Xe C8. {3 pl} : X → Xa



92


Significative absence:

process of elimination

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Abstractive approach to KRAD

Present


1sg Xǝ́ X’áx X́ox 2sg Xéš } Xéše X́e 3sg Xé 1pl Xém X’áxme X́oxme 2pl Xéte X’áxte X́oxte 3pl Xǝ́t X’áxa X́oxa

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No significative absence

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sg} : X → Xe C8. {3 pl} : X → Xa



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Conflation rule

Where RN is the narrowest rule in Block N realizing the morphosyntactic property set σ, then [RC © [RB © RA]] is the rule of exponence realizing σ.

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The conflated rules for aorist forms Conflated rule Equivalent formulation

[IFD © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 1 sg} : X � X́ox [C3 © [B2 © A3]] {pret aor 2 sg} : X � X́e [C3 © [B2 © A3]] {pret aor 3 sg} : X � X́e [C5 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 1 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxme [C6 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 2 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxte [C8 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 3 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxa

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The conflated rules for aorist forms Conflated rule Equivalent formulation

[IFD © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 1 sg} : X � X́ox [C3 © [B2 © A3]] {pret aor 2 sg} : X � X́e [C3 © [B2 © A3]] {pret aor 3 sg} : X � X́e [C5 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 1 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxme [C6 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 2 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxte [C8 © [B1 © A3]] {pret aor 3 pl}⟩ : X � X́oxa

97


No significative absence

7/27/17

Afar [Afro-Asiatic; Ethiopia] subject-agreement affixes · Paradigmatic opposition is the relation...

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Transcript of Afar [Afro-Asiatic; Ethiopia] subject-agreement affixes · Paradigmatic opposition is the relation...