AF 202

Objectives

Review

Airport layout and visual aids

Airport operations

Interception Procedures

Taxiway Markings

Yellow centerline

Double yellow edge marking when edge is not easily defined

Double dashed yellow edge marking when adjoining pavement is intended for aircraft (i.e. ramp)

Taxiway Markings

Enhanced CenterlineNo more than 150 feet from hold short line

Hold Short

Runway Hold Short Line

ILS Hold Short Line

Hold Short

Hold short ofrunway approach

Taxiway Lighting

Edge Lights – Steady Blue

Centerline Lights – Steady Green

Clearance Bar Lights – 3 Steady YellowCan be located at taxiway Intersections

Taxiway Lighting

Runway Guard Lights – YellowAlternating lights next to taxiwayRow of in ground lights

Stop Bar Lights – Steady RedUsed in low visibilityIn pavement row of lightsUsed to confirm ATC clearance

Runway Markings

Runway DesignatorsPrinted magnetic direction‘L’ – Left ‘R’ – Right ‘C’ – Center

Runway Centerline

Runway Aiming point2 broad stripes 1000 ft from threshold

Runway Markings

Touchdown Zone MarkersMarked every 500 feet

Threshold Markers8 lines or dependent on runway width

Runway Markings

Types of Runways

Runway Markings

Visual and Non-Precision

Runway Markings

Precision Runway

Runway Markings

Relocated ThresholdCan NOT land or

takeoff

Runway Markings

Displaced ThresholdCan takeoffCan NOT land

Runway Markings

Blast Pad

Runway Markings

Combo Deal

Runway Markings

Closed

Runway Lighting

Runway Centerline (RCLS) – White

Touchdown Zone (TDZL) – White2 rows100 feet past threshold to 3,000 feet

Taxiway Lead Off/On – Alternating green and yellow

Runway Lighting

Land and Hold Short – Flashing whiteRow of lights

Runway End Identifier (REIL) – Flashing white

Runway Edge – White, yellow, red, greenYellow is the last 2,000 ft or half (shortest)Red on end of runway, green on approach

Runway Lighting

Runway Lighting IntensityHIRL – High Intensity Runway LightingMIRL – Medium Intensity Runway LightingLIRL – Low Intensity Runway Lighting

Runway Lighting

ApproachLights

Runway Lights (VASI variations)

Runway Lighting

PAPI and tri-colored VASI

Runway Lighting

Runway Status Light (RWSL)Runway Entrance Lights

Takeoff Hold Lights

Final Approach Runway Occupancy signal○ Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

flashes if runway is occupied

Runway Lighting

Other Markings

Runway Holding Position

Holding Position (Beginning of Runway)

Other Markings

Holding Position for Approach Area

ILS Holding Area

Other Markings

Position (Location) markings

Direction (Destination) Markings

Other Markings

Runway Distance Remaining

Ground Receiver Checkpoint

Other Markings

Airport Beacons

White/Green – Civilian Airport White/Yellow – Seaport White/White/Green – Military White/Yellow/Green - Heliport

Land And Hold Short

Controller can clear a pilot for LAHSO when there is an intersecting runway

Pilot must determine if there is enough Available Runway Distance

Pilot in Command has final authority to accept clearance (cannot be forced)

LAHSO – AF/D

Wake Turbulence

Large Aircraft generate large wingtip vortices

Vortex generation is governed by weight, speed and shape of wingHeavy, slow, and clean configuration gives

the greatest vortex strength

Wake Turbulence

Small aircraft must be separated from large and heavy aircraft by 3 minutes

3 minute separate rule does not applyParallel runway father than 2500 ftWhen departure point is within 500 ftWhen PIC waivers the rule

3 minute rule cannot be waived if behind a heavy aircraft

Wake Turbulence

Land/Takeoff before the rotation point of an airplane that just took off

Land/Takeoff after the touchdown point of an airplane that just landed

Unexpected Maneuvers

ATC services is based on observed or known trafficControllers establish sequence and spacing

Controllers can anticipate minor maneuvers like ‘S’ turns

Controllers cannot anticipate 360 turnsMust request or be asked by ATC

Intersection Takeoffs

Pilots are expected to taxi to the beginning of the runway

Pilot can request intersection takeoff

ATC Light Signals

Special VFR

Must be done in controlled airspace only

Clearance must be obtained from ATC when in class B, C, D airports

Clearance must be obtained from nearest tower, FSS, or center when in class E airport

Special VFR

Must be requested by pilot

Weather RequirementsVisibility of at least 1 statute mileRemain clear of clouds

At nightPilot and aircraft must be IFR certified

Surveillance Environment

Surveillance is available at class B, C and D TRSA (Terminal Radar Service Area)

Initial contact is made with approach control

Altitude should be reported along with position

Surveillance Environment

Upon departing, initial contact is often made with Clearance DeliveryType aircraft, location on field, course

heading, requested altitude, ATIS.

Ground is simply contacted for taxi clearance

After tower you will be transferred to departure

Surveillance Environment

A Mode C transponder is required for most surveillance environments

Mode C is altitude encoding which means the controller can see your altitude

Why is the altitude off in the 172R transponder?

Surveillance Environment

Surveillance Equipment

RadarRadio waves bounce off targetsHas limitations and so the pilot is still

required to ‘see and avoid’Waves can be bent by temperature

inversionsLine of sight onlyLow altitude aircraft are harder to see

ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRSB)Like a “secondary” radar system

Reinforces primary radar and aids in rapid target identification

Includes interrogator, transponder, and radarscope

Surveillance Equipment

ASR – Surveillance RadarOften used for non-precision radar

appraoches

PAR – Precision Approach RadarUsed for precision radar approaches

Airport Surface Detection Equipment (ADSE)Provides ground radar surveillanceSome transponders have ground mode

Interception Procedures

“Identification intercepts during peacetime operations are vastly different than those

conducted under increased states of readiness.”

Here are the peacetime procedures…

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

If intercepted contact air traffic control immediately or guard 121.5

“If the U.S. military intercepts an aircraft and flares are dispensed in the area of that aircraft, aviators will pay strict attention!!!!!!”

Interception Procedures

Phase OneAircraft will be approached from the sternTwo aircraft will attempt identification

Phase TwoIntercepted aircraft should expect to visually

acquire the lead interceptorThey will get closer to read your tail number

Interception Procedures

Phase 3After identification, flight leader will turn

away followed by wingman

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

Interception Procedures

Peace out