Aerospace Nuclear Science & Technology Division - Radiation Guiding in Active Nano...
Transcript of Aerospace Nuclear Science & Technology Division - Radiation Guiding in Active Nano...
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Radiation Guiding in Active Nano-Structures for Shielding and Nuclear Reaction Control
Systems
1aLos Alamos Academy of Sciences, LAAS, Los Alamos, NM 87544
Phone: +1 (505) 661-8767, email: [email protected]
Liviu Popa-Simil1a
Courtesy to Anand Pathak
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In outer space the radiation is complex having many origins, as galactic, solar and local from the spaceship own power system, that for the moment is dominant and is pounding the nuclear power systems for space. The actual nuclear reactors for space are using booms, and partial shielding, in order to reduce the radiation inside the crew chambers, and to be as light as possible. This solution has the disadvantage that it reduces the outside maneuverability space for docking and space-walk that has to take in consideration the radiation zones around the spaceship. The main radiation attenuation method is called mass, because no matter (with some approximation) what material we are using, in order to get a radiation attenuation ratio, about same mass is required, no matter if it is hydrogen, water or tungsten for electromagnetic radiations with energies above 300 keV, inside gamma ray domain.
Abstract.
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For neutron attenuation, light, neutron absorbent materials are used for shielding surrounded by gamma absorbent shielding, which all together makes the nuclear power source heavier by a factor of 2 to 10 times.
The novel material relies on trapping the gamma radiation and neutrons inside specially engineered nano-structures, which guides it along the structure, changing its direction without changing its energy.
This type of material may take the emergent radiation, and redirect it on a preferred escape direction or towards an absorbent element.
It may also turn around the neutrons, normally being lost outside through external surfaces and redirect them inwards to the reactor’s core, and increasing its reactivity. Adding electrically controlled structures on along the radiation guide, that acts as electrically controlled path switches, for radiation, it is possible to control the radiation final direction.
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Using the radiation switches we may drive the escaped neutrons towards the reactor core, increasing its reactivity and power, or towards an absorbent where it can do fuel breeding or special isotope production, and decrease the core, power and reactivity. This is what is called active nuclear reaction shielding, because it acts like the actual reflector drums and shielding. This material is also good for other applications very useful in space as radiation concentrators for imaging or non-imaging purposes, and radiation modulators.
The shield made of the new material is lighter that the actual shielding, and it may be used as reactivity control device, having a response time in micro-seconds being by at least 1000 times faster than the actual reflective drums, allowing the nuclear reactor power (amplitude) modulation up to MHz frequencies, good for neutrino communication systems.
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Radiation inside solar system
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mEv 2
=
V
A finite amount of energy
m=propellant mass M
E mn
M= shuttle mass
1
2
222 vpvmE ==
mvp =m
v
E p
0+
E’ p’
E” p”
Enucl=const vch=const
MMmvV +
=∆ ln
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Nuclear Reactor Radiation shield
Heat sink
Bio-shield/ propellant
crew
Nuclear reactor radiation
Exclusion zone
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R R R S S
S ? ?
?
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Radiant power and Surface for 1Gw
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Tempearture [C]
Powe
r [w/
m2]
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
1 Gw
Surfa
ce [m
2]
P [W]S-1Gw[sq.m]
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Radiation guiding
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Neutron transport guides
Focusing Neutron guides
Based on total reflection at grazing angles
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Neutron reflection on super-mirror
Does a nano-structures reflect neutrons of γ ?
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GCC= Glass Capillary Converters
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Grazing-Incidence X-Ray Diffraction
Sergey Stepanov Illinios Institute of Technology, BioCAT at the Advanced Photon Source,
Argonne National Lab, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg.435, Argonne, IL 60439
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The role of project science in the Chandra X-ray Observatory
Stephen L. O’Dell & Martin C. Weisskopf
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,
1’
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Secular reflectivity of iron for 14.4 keV x-rays A.Q.R. Baron, J. Arthur, S.L. Ruby
SLAC
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CRC Press – Carbon nano-tubes CNT
Radiation traping and guiding in nano-tubes
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X-ray and neutron capillary optics
1st generation:[m]
2nd generation:
[cm] 3rd & 4th generations:
[mm]
http://www.unisantis.com
http://www.iroptic.com
5th generation:
[µm – nm] n-capillaries
CHANNELING projects at LNF:
From Crystal Undulators to Capillary Waveguides
Sultan Dabagov, Massimo Ferrario, Luigi Palumbo and Luca Serafini
PAHBEB -2005, Erice,13 October 2005
Collaborations:
Italy, Russia, USA, France, Germany, Switzerland,
Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia
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5% 8%
11% 12% 80% 16%
n guided into a nano-tube
Optical Fiber n guiding
Cyclotron
Nuclear reactor
Reactor’s pool
Control room
(Juki card puncher, light guide)
0.18mm
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State of the art vs. needs
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Multiple sequential scattering equivalent to particle backscattering, but with smaller energy loss have a very small probability in crystals.
Nano-structure collective interaction in guiding radiation
Is there possible to use a nano structure at grazing reflection to use like a optical fiber?
Theory and simulations gave answer: YES !
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μn = −1.91304272(45) μN
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http://inspirehep.net/record/1117009?ln=en
nuSTORM - Neutrinos from STORed Muons Fermilab
FODO Cell
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Example of Nano-Hetero Structures
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Particle guiding in nano- tube structures
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Generation 8 Nano-waveguides for nuclear radiation advanced shielding
Ultra thin, ultra light active shielding for mobile ultra-small reactors
Credit for MD simulation movie to:
Generation 8
10 MW
5g239Pu/1Mmiles
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Five fundamental developments based on nano-technologies to improve the fission reactors
Micro-nano-patterned structures radiation guiding
µnps/RG
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Core is gold, drums are blue, with a green neutron-poison segment.
Actual rocket’s nuclear reactor control
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Vcontrol
Particle channel switch
Incident particle gyrator
Directed particle
Damp
Active zone
core
NEMS switch
nano-guide
Replaces control drum
Returned particle
τ≈ 1µs
τ≈ 1 s
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Compact, Solid-state Nuclear fission structure
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Fundamentals
We are here!
The research objective.
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R R R S S
S ? ?
?
Nuclear Reactor Radiation shield Heat sink
Bio-shield/ propellant
Exclusion zone
Improvements
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Shielding and Criticality Control Shielding is bulky, and requires several ft to stop neutrons Even the reactor is small the shielding is BIG !
Solution: Make a nano-structure that to guide inside and bend the radiation (neutrons, gamma) turning back towards the absorbing material.
Nuclear reactor control is slow, based on absorption rods mechanically actuated using mainly the delayed neutrons that represent <0.5%
Solution: Use nano-structure neutron guiding effect, adding an electro-sensitive material that may switch the pass, from turning back towards active zone or let pass along into an absorbent material.
Radiation nano-guiding structures
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Applications This is the goal: an electronically controlled compact nuclear reactor.
Radiation Detectors and Imagers
Radiation Shields and Concentrators
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Deep-space orbits shorter and faster but requires nuclear propulsion
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