Aerospace Medicine and Human Engineering
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Transcript of Aerospace Medicine and Human Engineering
Aerospace Medicine and Human Engineering
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• Established in 1918 with the founding of the Army Aviation Medical Research Laboratory at Hazelhurst Field.
• Research was conducted to support flyers in WW I.
STRESSES
P-38 Lightning
1941
410+ mph, 35,000’
P-47 Thunderbolt
1941
435+ mph, 42,000’
P-80 Shooting Star
1944
550+ mph, 45,000’
1st Jet
Air Supremacy• Theory that you must “control the skies” before you
can win on the ground– Bombers– Fighters– Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA, or Triple A)– Surface to Air Missiles (SAMs)
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=dogfights_mpfernandez_broadband&action=clip
DOG FIGHTS require flying an aircraft
to it’s limits
CREATING
STRESSES!
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• The study of flight physiology started with the balloon ascension of Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier.
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• French physicist Jacques Charles
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• John Jeffries and Jean-Pierre Blanchard
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• Coxwell and Glaisher
Beginnings of
Aerospace Medicine • The Father of Aviation
Medicine-Paul Bert• Conducted experiments
with barometric pressure• Proved the principle
effects of altitude on the body
• Made the first low-pressure altitude chamber
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine
• Sivel, Croce’-Spinelli and Tissandier• Conducted experiments by refraining from
oxygen.• Before they were aware that they were suffering
from oxygen starvation they became paralyzed. • Tissandier was the only survivor.
1875
Beginnings of Aerospace Medicine • Schools of Aviation Medicine
• The Signal Corp established an Aeronautical Division in 1907.
• In 1917, General Theodore Charles Lyster was the first chief surgeon, Aviation Section, Signal Corps, United States Army.
• In 1953, General Harry G. Armstrong participated in the establishment of the Aeromedical Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio.
Care of Flyers • The Armed Forces have doctors with
special training in the care of flyers.
• Flight surgeons perform periodic examinations on fliers to evaluate their physical and mental fitness.
• The flight surgeon is not only concerned about the pilot but also the conditions the pilot finds in the cockpit.
Flight Physical• Every year• When sick, you’re put on DNIF:
– “Duty Not to Include Flying”• Drug testing at any time• “GROUNDED!” Not words you want to
hear!– $800/month extra pay on flight status– Sometimes $12,000/year bonus– The joy of flying
Stress Test• 0-149 Low susceptibility
to stress-related illness• 150-299 Medium
susceptibility to stress-related illness.
• 300 + High susceptibility to stress-related illnessDaily practice of relaxationskills is very important for your wellness. Take care of itnow before a serious illness erupts or an affliction becomesworse.
READ PP. 2-31 TO 2-37
COMPLETE WORKBOOK, P. 35 & 39-40 (PARTS A & D)
Man and Machine • The matching of man and machine is constantly
under study by human engineering• Every control and instrument in the aircraft
must be developed with regard to the pilots needs
• The military has had standardization of the instrument panel since high-performance aircraft came into use
• “Basic T” design of instrumentation
• attitude indicator is in top center, airspeed to the left, altitude to the right and heading indicator under the attitude indicator.
Man and Machine • Servomechanisms are an important area of
interest to human engineering.• Another area of importance in human
engineering is in designing protective equipment for flight.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Balloons - Valuable for collecting
physiological data.• In 1931, Auguste Piccard perfected the
oxygen-pressure gondola for balloons.• In 1935, Captains Anderson and Stevens
ascended to 72,395 feet.• In 1957 Major Simons ascended to 102,000
feet.
Research on the Fringe of Space • The Excelsior balloon flights began in 1959
• Captain Kittinger rode in an open gondola protected only by his oxygen supply and pressure suit.
• On the first flight he jumped from the gondola at 76,400 feet.
• The second and third flights were completed successfully. On the third he ascended and jumped from a height of 102,800 feet.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Research Aircraft: X-1
• The first U.S. rocket aircraft.• Chuck Yeager became the first man to fly faster
the speed of sound.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Research Aircraft: X-2
• The X-2 was subjected to intense friction heating. • The pilot was protected with cooling equipment in
his pressure suit.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Research Aircraft: X-15
• The X-15 reached a speed of 4,534 mph and an altitude of 354,200 feet.
• Several pilots received astronaut ratings.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Research Aircraft: X-24B
• Wingless with a flat undersurface. • X-24B research program was conducted with
NASA.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Animal Astronauts
• Scientists and engineers began experimenting with rockets following World War II.
• Medical researchers then sent animals into the upper atmosphere.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Animal Astronauts
• Mice and other small animals were used for the early experiments.
• As rockets became more powerful, larger payloads could be sent into space.
Research on the Fringe of Space • Before American astronauts were rocketed
into space, two chimpanzees were used to test the mercury spacecraft and the flight plan.
Summary
1. Beginnings of Aviation Medicine2. Care of Flyers3. Man and Machine4. Research on the Fringe of Space