AERODROME TRAINING COURSEModule 5 Part 1 Visual Navigation Aids

LEARNING OUTCOME

On completion of this module participants will be able to explain the requirements of visual aids to facilitate aerodrome operations.They will have an understanding of :IndicatorsMarkingsLightsSignsMarkers

With access to reference material participants will be able to determine the detail requirements of Visual aids for Navigation

INDICATORS

• Wind Direction Indicators

• Landing Direction Indicator

• Signalling Lamp

WIND DIRECTION INDICATORAn aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator

• Visible from aircraft in flight• Visible from aircraft on the

movement area• Visible from control tower• Free from effects of air

disturbances• If the aerodrome is intended

to be used at night WDI should be illuminated

LANDING DIRECTION INDICATORLanding direction indicator, needs to be visible to those using it

or ORANGE

If aerodrome operations at night Landing indicator needs to be illuminated

SIGNALLING LAMP

Shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome and will be located in the Control Tower

RED, GREEN and

SIGNS MOVEMENT AREA

Mandatory Signs Information Signs Signs shall be illuminated in accordance with

the provisions of Appendix 4 when intended for use:

a) in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 800 m; or

b) at night in association with instrument runways; or

c) at night in association with non-instrument runways where the code number is 3 or 4.

MANDATORY SIGNS

GUIDANCE SIGNS

SIGNS - LOCATION

MARKINGS RUNWAYSRUNWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE

MARKINGS TAXIWAYS

TAXIWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE

THRESHOLD MARKINGS

DISPLACED THRESHOLD

RUNWAY SIDE STRIP

Runway side stripeWhite line with the outer edge on the approximate edge of the runway• width 0.45m on runways up to 30m wide• width 0.9m on runways 30m or more • Runway greater than 60m wide Line located 30m from runway centreline

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION

0.9m0.9m

1.05m

0.9m

0.15m

PATTERN A 4 Lines and 3 spaces at 0.15m each

RUNWAY HOLDING POSITIONS

RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTING Required for:•Runway night•Precision Approach day or Night•Recommended for Take-off RVR below 800m

Location•On Edge (or not more 3m outside edge) equidistant centreline•Uniformly spaced not more tan 60m for instrument runway and 100m non instrument

Characteristic •White unless displaced threshold or optional yellow last third or 600m•Variable intensity

RUNWAY CENTRELINE LIGHTS

Required for:•Precision Category 2 & 3•Take-off RVR 400 or less

Location•Centreline 60cm offset if required•15m spacing

Characteristics•White to 900m RWY End•Variable White Red 900m – 300m•Red last 300m

RUNWAY THRESHOLD/ END LIGHTS

TAXIWAY LIGHTING

Edge – Blue

Centreline – Green

Spacing – dependent on RVR requirements

TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING

•Omni-directional BLUE• Located as close to outside edge, or not more than 3m outside edge • Visible up 30° from horizontal, elevated but frangible• Shielded at intersections, exits or curves to minimize confusion• Spaced uniformly not more than 30m• On curve at radius divided by 4

TAXIWAY CENTRELINE

• Uni-/Bi-/Omni-directional GREEN• Show green and yellow from centreline to perimeter of ILS critical area • Visible to aircraft only in the vicinity of taxiway• Along centreline markings or offset max. 300mm• Spaced at max 30m along straight sections – except precision CAT III max 15m • Spaced on taxiway curve not to exceed 7.5m

SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMWhere practicable installed for non-instrument and instrument non-precision runways used for night operations.

Location/ConfigurationExtends out to 420m from threshold. Centreline lights spaced every 60m (30m optional)Single crossbar at 300mLighting either single source or barrette

PRECISION APPROACH CAT 1 ALS

Extends out to 900m from threshold.High intensity uni-directional whiteLighting single source or barretteCentreline spacing 30mCrossbars spacing 150m

PRECISION APPROACH CAT 2,3 ALS

Configuration as for CAT 1 ALS with the addition of side row barrettes from 300m to threshold spaced at 30m in line with centreline lights

VASIS

Visual Approach Slope Indicator System•T-VASIS dual sides runway•AT-VASIS single side of runway•PAPI Dual or single side of runway•APAPI•Red/White VASIS – no longer Annex 14 system

T-VASIS

On path centre – wing-bar shows white

Slightly high - fly down units progressively show white

Grossly high - all fly down show white

Slightly low – fly up units progressively show whit

Grossly low – wing-bar and all fly up show red

PAPI – PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR

PAPI

PAPI - MEHT

Minimum Eye Height over Threshold on slope (MEHT)

•Annex 14 – 2.12 AIP to contain nominal approach angle and MEHT

•Annex 14 requires PAPI to be set to achieve minimum wheel clearance/ threshold for most demanding aircraft regularly using runway as per table 5-2

PAPI - MEHT

AIRCRAFT MEHT

AIRCRAFT MEHT

AIRCRAFT MEHT

APRON LIGHTS Flood lights

Edge lights

Lead in Guidance Systems

OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS Required for obstructions that penetrate any

obstacle limitation surface as defined in Annex 14 Chapter 4 – Appropriate Aeronautical Study first must be undertaken to ensure appropriate level of safety.

Also required marking of obstacles.

OBSTRUCTION MARKING

OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING

OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING

Obstacles with height (Y) greater than 45m intermediate lights must be shown

Light spacing (x) in accordance with Appendix 6

Number of levels of lights = N = Y (metres)X (metres)

OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS

LIGHTING SERVICEABILITY 10.4.1 A light shall be deemed to be

unserviceable when the main beam average intensity is less than 50 per cent of the value specified in the appropriate figure in Appendix 2. For light units where the designed main beam average intensity is above the value shown in Appendix 2, the 50 per cent value shall be related to that design value.

Category 1 85% serviceable

Category 2 & 3 95% serviceable

AERODROME ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

SECONDARY POWER REQUIREMENTS